Review: origin and

structure of the
earth
HYDROSPHERE BIOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
 TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL
SHS-SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

and

rocks PART 1

Prepared By: Mr. Alexander Gerimi A. Basilio

1.Identify the examples of minerals.
2.Explain the different characteristics of minerals.
3.Differentiate minerals based on their properties.
4.Develop awareness on the importance of minerals
around us.
minerals?
minerals This is a
granite
Building blocks of rocks.
Mineralogists use the criteria
to determine whether a
material is classified as a
mineral or not.

Solid substances that are

present in nature and can be
made of one element or more
elements combined together
(chemical compounds).
There are over 4,000
naturally occurring minerals
on Earth. They come in a
wide variety of colors,
shapes, sizes, textures and
all sorts of different
physical characteristics.
Graphite is the mineral used in
wooden pencil. Halite is the mineral
found in salt.
Your cellphone is made up of
different minerals. The cars that we
drive, the roads that we travel, the
building that we live in, are some
examples of products derived from
minerals.
We use diamonds for jewelry and also for
construction applications as the tips of saw
blades and variety of other industrial uses.

Fluorite, most famous for its inclusion in

toothpaste, when you see the name
fluoride on a toothpaste that means it's
made out of the mineral fluorite.

Talc is a very common mineral that is

ground into a fine powder. It's very soft, and
it's used in baby powder.
What makes a mineral?

Homogeneous Solid - minerals

should have definite volume
and rigid shape.
What makes a mineral?

Naturally Occurring - a product

of Earth’s natural processes.
What makes a mineral?

Inorganic - it must be
product of Earth’s physical
processes.
What makes a mineral?

Definite Chemical Composition -

represented by a chemical
formula.
EXAMPLE

QUARTZ

SiO2
EXAMPLE

PYRITE

FeS2
What makes a mineral?

Orderly Crystalline Structure -

atoms of minerals are
arranged in an orderly and
repeating pattern.
Silica tetrahedron
4 OXYGEN ATOMS
1 SILICON ATOM
 TEST
YOURSELVES!
TEST YOURSELVES!
• SOLID
• NATURALLY OCCURING
• INORGANIC
• FIXED CHEMICAL FORMULA
• SPECIFIC ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT

IS LIQUID MERCURY
A MINERAL?
TEST YOURSELVES!
• SOLID
• NATURALLY OCCURING
• INORGANIC
• FIXED CHEMICAL FORMULA
• SPECIFIC ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT

IS BITUMINOUS
COAL A MINERAL?
TEST YOURSELVES!
• SOLID
• NATURALLY OCCURING
• INORGANIC
• FIXED CHEMICAL FORMULA
• SPECIFIC ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT

IS ICE A MINERAL?
TEST YOURSELVES!
• SOLID
• NATURALLY OCCURING
• INORGANIC
• FIXED CHEMICAL FORMULA
• SPECIFIC ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT

IS SULFUR A
MINERAL?
RESULT FROM THE
MINERAL’S INTERNAL
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
 Sulfur appears yellow and has a kind of a
rotten egg smell, is because of how these
sulfur atoms are arranged inside

Quartz sometimes appear clear, and that's

because of how the atoms are arranged the
mineral

Halite tastes salty because of how the atoms are arranged

Internal structure
Of A diamond
Internal structure
Of a GRAPHITE

MADE FROM A MIINERAL CALLED

GRAPHITE
RESULT FROM THE
MINERAL’S INTERNAL
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
PROPERTIES of minerals
Mineralogists observes these properties to identify minerals:

• Color - mineral’s color may change depending

on the surface.
• Streak - color of mineral in powdered form.
• Hardness - minerals resistance to scratching.
color

PURE QUARTZ IS COLORLESS

AMETHYST – A PURPLE VARIETY
OF QUARTZ
STREAK The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in
finely powdered form

Used by pawnshops to
determine if a gold jewelry is
real or not.

Non-metallic minerals have

either a white streak or a
very light colored streak

STREAK PLATE
hardness
What is Mohs Scale of Hardness?

This scale is a chart of relative hardness

of the various minerals (1 - softest to 10 -
hardest). Since hardness depends upon
the crystallographic direction (ultimately on
the strength of the bonds between atoms in
a crystal), there can be variations in
hardness depending upon the direction in
which one measures this property.

Frederich Mohs – 1812

German Mineralogist
PROPERTIES of minerals

• Cleavage - mineral’s resistance to being broken and fracture.

• Crystalline structure or habit.
• Diaphaneity/amount of transparency - ability to allow light to
pass through it. This is affected by chemical makeup of the
mineral sample.
• Luster - how light is reflected off a surface
Crystalline structure or habit
 Degree of transparency or the
diaphaneity ability of light to pass through it.

transparent translucent
A mineral is considered A mineral is considered
transparent, if the outline of translucent, if it transmits
an object viewed through it light, but no objects can be
is distinct (e.g quartz) seen through it. (e.g Calcite)
opaque
A mineral is considered
opaque, if even on its
thinnest edges, no light is
transmitted. (e.g Gratonite)
PROPERTIES of minerals
• Tenacity - describes the minerals reaction to stress.

• Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder

• Malleability- a mineral can be flattened by pounding with a hammer
• Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire
• Flexible but inelastic- Minerals are bent but they remain in the new
position
• Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they bring back to their
original position
• Sectility- ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife
WhAt’S MoRE
The statements below show the common mineral properties
or uses. Identify other properties exhibited by the minerals.
Choose your answer from the given choices.

BRITTLENESS DUCTILITY LUSTER

MALLEABILITY SECTILITY

1. All true minerals can be drawn into wires

DUCTILITY
 BRITTLENESS DUCTILITY LUSTER
MALLEABILITY SECTILITY

2. A mineral can be hammered /flattened

MALLEABILITY
BRITTLENESS DUCTILITY LUSTER
MALLEABILITY SECTILITY

3. Overall sheen of mineral

LUSTER
 BRITTLENESS DUCTILITY LUSTER
MALLEABILITY SECTILITY

4. A mineral can be turned into powder

BRITTLENESS
BRITTLENESS DUCTILITY LUSTER
MALLEABILITY SECTILITY

5. A mineral can be cut by a knife

SECTILITY
SUMMARY
First thing we talked about was how minerals are the building
blocks of rocks and how they have lots of uses on Earth

To be considered a mineral it must meet our five criteria

• It must be a solid
• It must be naturally-occurring
• It must be Inorganic
• It must have a specific composition
• It must have a definite structure
SUMMARY
Mineralogists observes these properties to identify
minerals:

• Color
• Streak
• Hardness
• Cleavage
• Crystalline Structure or Habit
• Diaphaneity
• Luster
• Tenacity
WEEK 2 TASK (online class only)

All week 2 tasks will be

uploaded later on google
classroom

Read about the topic

“ROCKS”
Thank you!!!
 TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL
SHS-SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

and

rocks PART 2

Prepared By: Mr. Alexander Gerimi A. Basilio

Review: MINERALS
1. What are the building blocks of rocks and it is
mostly found in the geosphere?

MINERALS
2. Pyrite is a yellowish mineral that looks like gold and is
commonly called fool’s gold. What is the property of
mineral exhibited by pyrite wherein it reflects light and
with metallic look?

LUSTER
3. Which property refers to the resistance of
mineral to scratching?

HARDNESS
4. What do you call to the tendency for a mineral to
break along flat surfaces?

CLEAVAGE
5. In its powdered form, the mineral hematite is
reddish. Which mineral property is described?

STREAK
To be considered a mineral it must meet our
five criteria:

SOLID
NATURALLY OCCURING
INORGANIC
FIXED CHEMICAL FORMULA
SPECIFIC ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT
1. Identify the three types of rocks;
2. Classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks; and
3. Appreciate the importance of rocks in our daily life.
 WHAT ABOUT ROCKS?
Petrology is the study of rocks and the
processes that form and transform them.

Mineralogy is the study of the chemistry,

crystal structure and physical properties
of the mineral constituents of rocks.

Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals. Petrologist classified

rocks based on how they were formed. In general, rocks are classified
as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
 Rocks and stones consist of the same material.
Rocks are made of smaller stones and stones are
made from rocks.

Rocks can be described as a large piece of

stone that is difficult to be carried in the hand. On
the other hand, stone is just a small piece or
pebble that can be carried in the hand.
ROCKS
 from the Greek word for "fire"

formed from hardening and crystallization of magma

or molten material that originates deep within the
earth.
Quartz

Biotite Mica Minerals

Plagioclase
Feldspar
Granite
MAGMA is a molten LAVA is a molten rock
rock stored under the that has reached the
Earth’s surface. Earth’s surface through
volcanic vents.
 Magma leaves the mantle and
crust through the volcanic eruption
these magma solidifies to form a
certain type of rock the igneous rock.

The rocks forms from the cooling

and hardening of molten magma in
many different environments.

The chemical composition of the

Temperature range: magma and the rate of which it cools
700 °Celsius - 1300 °Celsius determine what rock forms.
 Pumice Obsidian

Forms when magma makes

its way to Earth’s surface as lava
and then cools. The crystals are Andesite Rhyolite
very small (fine grained) since
the cooling process is fast.

Basalt
 Diabase Diorite
It cools slowly beneath the Earth
surface and are created by
magma. The intrusive igneous
rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained). Gabbro Pegmatite

Peridotite
Diabase - Used as a construction stone for thousands of years.

One of the most famous stone

structures ever made by humans.
Stones of the monument's inner
circle are made of diabase. They
were transported about 240 miles
from Wales to the monument site
in England in about 2100 BC.
Stonehenge
 COMPOSITION

FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and

silicates

MAFIC - dark in color; made up of

magnesium and iron

INTERMEDIATE – between mafic

and felsic

ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color

Texture- overall appearance of rock

APHANISTIC - fine grained

PHANERITIC - coarse grained

PORPHYRITIC - large crystals with

small crystals

GLASSY - non-ordered solid from

rapid quenching

PYROCLASTIC - composite of
ejected fragments
 Forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic,
igneous, sedimentary

Quartzite Marble Slate Phyllite

 Transformation of one rock type into another, and may change
the minerals composition and the texture

Regional Contact
due to changes in pressure mainly by heat due to
and temperature over large contact with magma
region of the crust
banded or layered texture due to its exposure to high
temperature and pressure

Slate Phyllite Gneiss

characterized by the absence of banding or layering and can
be observed to have small or large grain sized minerals

Quartzite Marble
 Provide information about surface conditions
that existed in the Earth’s past.

Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments

of materials called sediments, accumulate in layers
and over long period of time harden into rocks.

Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered

sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary
rocks.
Sandstone Chalk Limestone
 WEATHERING
EROSION DISSOLUTION
There are several geological
processes that lead to the creation
of this type of rock such as

PRECIPITATION LITHIFICATION
refers to the movement of rocks, debris and other
products of weathering from one location to another.
a chemical weathering called dissolution, makes
water slightly acidic which slowly wears away rocks.
is the process by which clay, sand and other sediments on the
bottom of the ocean or other bodies of water are slowly
compacted into rocks from the weight of an overlying sediments.
 a. Clastic Sedimentary rock

b. Chemical

TYPES OF
c. Organic
 formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks
and shells.

Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Shale

formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.

formed when a body of seawater

becomes closed off and evaporates.

Halite
rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris

composed of organic matter in

the form of plants fragments.

Coal
Classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

SEDIMENTARY

Chalk
Classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

METAMORPHIC

Marble
Classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

IGNEOUS

Gabbro
Classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

SEDIMENTARY

Sandstone
Classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

METAMORPHIC

Slate
 Compaction &
Cementation

Sediments Sedimentary Rock

Magma

Igneous Rock

Metamorphic Rock
rocks are as
important now as
they hAvE EvER bEEN…
rocks are as important
now as they have ever
bEEN…
SUMMARY from part 1 – part 2
First thing we talked about was how minerals are the building
blocks of rocks and how they have lots of uses on Earth

To be considered a mineral it must meet our five criteria

• It must be a solid
• It must be naturally-occurring
• It must be Inorganic
• It must have a specific composition
• It must have a definite structure
SUMMARY from part 1 – part 2
Mineralogists observes these properties to identify
minerals:

• Color
• Streak
• Hardness
• Cleavage
• Crystalline Structure or Habit
• Diaphaneity
• Luster
• Tenacity
SUMMARY from part 1 – part 2
Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals. Petrologist
classified rocks based on how they were formed. In
general, rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rock.

There are two types of igneous rocks: Extrusive &

Intrusive

There are two types of metamorphic rocks: Foliated and

Non- Foliated
SUMMARY from part 1 – part 2
There are three types of Sedimentary rocks: Clastic,
Chemical and Organic

There are several geological processes that lead to

the creation of this type of rock such as
Erosion/Weathering, Dissolution, Precipitation and
Lithification.
Thank you!!!