Endorsed by

Designation: A 194/A 194M – 09 Manufacturers Standardization Society

of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards

Standard Specification for

Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or
High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 194/A 194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 through 4 A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
in. and metric M6 through M100 nominal. It also covers Iron and Steel Hardware
austenitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 in. and M6 A 276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
nominal and above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure A 320/A 320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions with- Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service
out the purchaser’s permission are not allowed. A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended
The material may be further processed by centerless grinding for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution Range
annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and B 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc
strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor- on Iron and Steel
dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary Deposited on Iron and Steel
Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood. B 696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 through S8) of an Deposited
optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when B 766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-
specified in the inquiry, contract, and order. mium
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the F 1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to
applicable“ M” specification designation (SI units), the mate- Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units. Fasteners
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units F 1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Threaded Fasteners (Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system UNR))
must be used independently of the other. Combining values F 2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,
specification. Within the text, the SI units are shown in Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
brackets. 2.2 American National Standards:4
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B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads

B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
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1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 194/A 194M–08b. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
cation SA-194 in Section II of that code. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads 5. Common Requirements
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts 5.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specification shall
B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts conform to the requirements of Specification A 962/A 962M.
These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimen-
3. Terminology sions, marking, certification, optional supplementary require-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: ments, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of
Specification A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with

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3.1.1 Austenitic Grades—All grades with a prefix of “8” or
this specification. In case of conflict between the requirements
“9.”
of this specification and Specification A 962/A 962M, this
3.1.2 Ferritic Grades—Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, specification shall prevail.
7M, and 16.
3.1.3 Lot—Unless otherwise specified (see Discussion be- 6. Manufacture (Process)
low), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and
grade produced by the same manufacturing process. 6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall
3.1.3.1 Discussion—When Supplementary Requirement S5 be made by one of the following processes:
is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of a 6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining
lot shall apply: optional),
3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 Nuts—The quantity of all the nuts of a 6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or
single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of 6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,
steel and made by the same manufacturing process. or consumable-arc remelting.
3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts— (see 8.2 and 8.1.2.1)— 6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to
All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe, poros-
the same heat number and heat treated in the same batch if ity, and other defects.
batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat treated in the 6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall
same continuous run of not more than 8 h under the same be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.
conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment is used. 6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by cold forging or by
3.1.4 Type machining from cold-drawn bars shall be stress-relief annealed
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 Nuts—Variations within the grade at a temperature of at least 1000 °F [538 °C].
designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by 6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by
manufacturing process. machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be given
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 Nuts—Variations within the grade any stress relief annealing treatment.
designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical addi- 6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall
tions made for machineability. be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged,
3.1.5 Series—The dimensional relationship and geometry hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet
of the nuts as described in ANSI B 18.2.2 or B 18.2.4.6M. the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be
reheated above the critical range of the steel, quenched in a
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4. Ordering Information suitable medium, and then tempered at a temperature not less
than the following:
4.1 The inquiry and order for material under this specifica- Minimum Tempering Temperature, °F
tion shall include the following as required to describe the Grade [°C]
material adequately: 2H 850 [455]
2HM 1150 [620]
4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue 3 1050 [565]
date and revision letter, 4 1100 [595]
4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces, 6 and 6F 1100 [595]
7 1100 [595]
4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9), 7M 1150 [620]
4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and 16 1200 [650]

12, and Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with this
4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any. specification need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and
4.2 Coatings—Coatings are prohibited unless specified by 7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be done at or above the
the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8). minimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining,
When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take and tapping operations. This final stress relief may be the
special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under- tempering operation.
stood. 6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum
4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used of 1 h at the temperature.
in low temperature applications (Specification A 320/A 320M). 6.5 Grades 8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN,
4.4 Proof Load Testing—See Supplementary Requirement 8MLN, 8MLCuN, and 9C nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or
S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn
and configurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4. bars.

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA,B,C,D
Colum-
Manga- Phospho- Chromium, Molyb- Tita- Other
Grade UNS Carbon, Sulfur,E Silicon, Nickel, bium and Nitrogen,
Material nese, rus, denum, nium, Elements,
Symbol Number % % % % Tanta- %
% % % % % %
lum, %
1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2, 2HM, carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
and 2H
4 carbon, 0.40–0.50 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 . . . ... 0.20–0.30 . . . ... ... ...
molyb-
denum
3 Type 501 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 ... 0.40–0.65 . . . ... ... ...
6 Type 410 S41000 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6F Type 416 S41600 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
min
6F Type S41623 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... Selenium,
416Se 0.15 min
7, 7M Type 0.37–0.49 0.65–1.10 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.75–1.20 ... 0.15–0.25 . . . ... ... ...
4140/
4142/
4145,
4140H,
4142H,
4145H
8, 8A Type 304 S30400 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... ... ...
8C, 8CA Type 347 S34700 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... ... 10 x ... ...
carbon
content,
min
8M, 8MA Type 316 S31600 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ... ...
8T, 8TA Type 321 S32100 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 . . . 5x ... 0.10 ...
(C+N)
min -
0.70
max
8F, 8FA Type 303 S30300 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . ... ... ... ...
min
8F, 8FA Type S30323 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... Selenium,
303Se 0.15 min
8P, 8PA Type 305 S30500 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 11.0–13.0 . . . ... ... ... ...
with
restricted
carbon
8N, 8NA Type S30451 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16
304N
8LN, Type S30453 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16
8LNA 304LN
8MN, Type S31651 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16
8MNA 316N
8MLN, Type S31653 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16
8MLNA 316LN
8R, 8RAF XM19 S20910 0.06 4.0–6.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.5–23.5 11.5–13.5 1.50–3.00 . . . 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.40 Vanadium,
0.10–0.30
8S, 8SA S21800 0.10 7.0–9.0 0.060 0.030 3.5–4.5 16.0–18.0 8.0–9.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.18
8MLCuN, S31254 S31254 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 ... ... 0.18–0.22 Copper,
8MLCuNA 0.50–1.00
9C, 9CA N08367 N08367 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 0.18-0.25 Copper
0.75
16 Chromium 0.36–0.47 0.45–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.15 ... 0.50–0.65 . . . ... ... Vanadium,
Molyb- 0.25–0.35
denum AluminumB
Vanadium 0.015
A
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
B
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble.
C
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Where ellipses (…) appear in this table there is no requirement.
E
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
F
As described in Specification A 276.
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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 2 Hardness RequirementsA
Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5

Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

Hardness Hardness, Hardness B
C Scale B Scale min Scale, min
1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70
2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84
2H to 11⁄2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
2H over 11⁄2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79
2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84
3, 4, 7, and 16 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94
6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ...
8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 126 to 300 32 max 60 min ... ...
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN,
8MLCuN, and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8LNA, 8MLNA,
8MLCuNA, and 9CA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 25 max 88 min ... ...
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A
Where ellipses (…) appear in this table there is no requirement.

6.6 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, Lot Size Samples
8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA, and 9CA nuts shall Up to 800 1
801 to 8000 2
be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, 8001 to 22 000 3
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and the nuts shall subsequently Over 22 000 5
be carbide-solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time
8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the
at a temperature to dissolve chromium carbides followed by
manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut
cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the
selected from each nominal diameter and series from each
carbides.
grade and heat number following completion of all production
7. Chemical Composition heat treatments.
8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M:
7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition 8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested by Brinell or Rockwell
requirements prescribed in Table 1. methods to ensure product conformance.5
8. Mechanical Requirements 8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met.
8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8—Tests on the
8.1 Hardness Test: number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be
8.1.1 Requirements: performed by the manufacturer.
8.1.1.1 All nuts shall meet the hardness requirements speci- 8.1.5 Test 2—In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1
fied in Table 2. the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample
8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 7, 7M, nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of
and 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5 all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the
shall meet the minimum hardness specified in Table 2. temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at
8.1.2 Number of Tests— (Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 4, 7, and 16 room temperature.
and all types of Grade 6):
8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance
with the following table shall be performed by the manufac- 5
An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been
turer following all production heat treatments: removed but is permitted.

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
⁄
14 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860
3⁄8 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620
7⁄16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940
1⁄2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300
⁄
58 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900
3⁄4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100
7⁄8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300
1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900

1 1⁄ 8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500
1 1⁄ 4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000
1 3⁄ 8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000
1 1⁄ 2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800

All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH HexI
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650
58⁄ 11 0.226 18 080 16 950
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650
1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450

11⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

11⁄4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450
11⁄2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi.
D
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
E
Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi.
F
Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi.
G
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
H
Based on proof stress of 80 000 psi.
I
Based on proof stress of 75 000 psi.

Temperature, Proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and

GradeA °F [°C] configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or Table 4 is
1 850 [455]
2, 2H, 2HM 1000 [540] only required when S9 is specified in the order or inquiry.
3, 4, 7, 7M 1100 [590] 8.2.2 Number of Tests:
16 1200 [650]
8.2.2.1 The manufacturer shall test the number of nuts
A
Nuts intended to be coated with zinc or cadmium (marked in accordance with specified in 8.1.2.1 following all production heat treatments.
the requirements of Supplementary Requirement S8) are not subjected to the Nuts that would require a proof load in excess of 160 000 lb/f
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requirements of 8.1.5 (See Appendix X2).

8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M— or 705 kN may be furnished on the basis of minimum hardness
Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and requirements. Testing of nuts requiring a proof load in excess
the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to of 160 000 lb/f or 705 kN is covered in Supplementary
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(1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimen- Requirements S1 amd S4.
sional changes; and (3) maintain thread fit. 8.2.3 Test Method—The test shall be run using a threaded
8.2 Proof Load Test: mandrel or a test bolt in accordance with Specification A 962/
8.2.1 Requirements—The nuts listed in Tables 3 and 4 shall A 962M.
be capable of withstanding the proof loads specifin therein. 8.3 Cone Proof Load Test:

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, kNA
Nominal
Threads Stress Area
Size, Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Pitch mm2
mm
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
M6 1.0 20.1 18.0 16.6 20.8 18.7 29.2 20.8
M8 1.25 36.6 32.8 30.2 37.9 34.0 44.1 37.9
M10 1.50 58.0 51.9 47.9 60.0 53.9 69.9 60.0
M12 1.75 84.3 75.5 69.5 87.3 78.4 101.6 87.3
M14 2.0 115.0 102.9 94.9 119.0 107.0 138.6 119.0
M16 2.0 157.0 140.5 129.5 162.5 146.0 189.2 162.5
M20 2.5 245.0 219.3 202.1 253.6 227.8 295.2 253.6
M22 2.5 303.0 271.2 249.9 313.6 281.8 365.1 313.6
M24 3.0 353.0 315.9 291.2 365.4 328.3 425.4 365.4
M27 3.0 459.0 411.0 378.7 475.1 426.9 553.4 475.1
M30 3.5 561.0 502.1 462.8 580.6 521.7 676.0 580.6
M36 4.0 817.0 731.2 674.0 845.6 759.8 984.5 845.6

All Types of Grade 8, and

Grades 9C and 9CA
Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Heavy HexH HexI
Area,
mm2
M6 1.0 20.1 11.1 10.4
M8 1.25 36.6 20.1 18.8
M10 1.50 58.0 31.9 29.9
M12 1.75 84.3 46.4 43.4
M14 2.0 115.0 63.3 59.2
M16 2.0 157.0 86.4 80.9
M20 2.5 245.0 134.8 126.2
M22 2.5 303.0 166.7 156.0
M24 3.0 353.0 194.2 181.8
M27 3.0 459.0 252.5 236.4
M30 3.5 561.0 308.6 288.9
M36 4.0 817.0 449.4 420.8
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
C
Based on proof stress of 825 MPa.
D
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
E
Based on proof stress of 930 MPa.
F
Based on proof stress of 1205 MPa.
G
Based on proof stress of 1035 MPa.
H
Based on proof stress of 550 MPa.
I
Based on proof stress of 515 MPa.

8.3.1 Requirements—This test shall be performed only lae or both) based upon the proof stresses shown in Table 5 and
when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue Table 6 of Specification A 194/A 194M.
between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Nuts in the size 8.3.2 Number of Tests—The manufacturer shall sample and
range 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 in. inclusive and M6 to M36 inclusive shall be test the number of nuts specified in 8.1.2.1. The lot shall be
proof load tested. Nuts not in this size range and all types of considered acceptable if the sample nut(s) withstand(s) appli-
Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Also, nuts manufac- cation of the cone proof load without failure.
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tured to dimensions and configurations other than those cov-

ered by Specification A 962/A 962M, ANSI B 1.1, ANSI 9. Dimensions
B 1.13M, ANSI B 18.2.2, and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M are not 9.1 Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape, and in accordance
subject to the cone proof load test. The cone proof load applied with the dimensions for the hex or heavy hex series, as
shall be determined in accordance with the Cone Proof Load required, by ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. Unless
requirements in Specification A 962/A 962M (tables or formu- otherwise specified, the American National Standard Heavy

TABLE 5 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Inch

Proof Stress – psi, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 4, 7, & 16
6F & 7M
Hex 120 000 135 000 150 000
Heavy Hex 130 000 150 000 175 000

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Metric
Proof Stress – MPa, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 4, 7, & 16
6F & 7M

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Hex 825 930 1035
Heavy Hex 895 1035 1205

Hex Series shall be used and nuts shall be either double 12. Certification
chamfered or have a machined or forged washer face, at the 12.1 The producer of nuts shall furnish a certification to the
option of the manufacturer, and, conform to the angularity purchaser or his representative showing the results of the
requirements of ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy
9.2 Unless otherwise specified, threads shall be in accor- Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering
dance with ANSI B 1.1 or ANSI B 1.13M, and shall be gaged temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, and
in accordance with ANSI B 1.2 and ANSI B 1.13M as de- 7M.
scribed in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2. 12.2 Certification shall also include at least the following:
9.2.1 Nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall be 12.2.1 A statement that the fasteners were manufactured,
UNC Series Class 2B fit. Metric nuts up to and including M24 sampled, tested and inspected in accordance with the specifi-
nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H. cation and any supplementary requirements or other require-
9.2.2 Nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC ments designated in the purchase order or contract and was
Series Class 2B fit or 8 UN Series Class 2B fit. Unless found to meet those requirements.
otherwise specified, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. Metric 12.2.2 The specification number, year date, and identifica-
nuts over M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series tion symbol.
tolerance 6H.
13. Product Marking
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10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 13.1 All nuts shall bear the manufacturer’s identification
10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good mark.
commercial finish. 13.2 Nuts shall be legibly marked on one face to indicate the
10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 1⁄4 through 11⁄2 grade and process of the manufacturer, as presented in Table 7.
in. and M6 through M36 and in any grade other than Grade 8 Marking of wrench flats or bearing surfaces is not permitted
become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the unless agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3 shall be 13.3 For purposes of identification marking, the manufac-
employed. turer is considered the organization that certifies the fastener
10.3 If a scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accor-
specified on the purchase order. dance with the specification and the results have been deter-
mined to meet the requirements of this specification.
11. Retests 14. Keywords
11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his repre- 14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on fasten-
sentative are specified in Supplementary Requirement S2. ers; plated

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification itself.

S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested
S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load
8MN nuts may be specified. When Supplementary Require- specified in Table 8 and Table 9. Testing nuts requiring proof
ment S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from loads over 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is only required when
cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subse- Supplementary Requirement S4 is invoked. The hardness
quent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made limits of Table 2 do not apply to strain hardened nuts. Nuts

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 7 Marking of NutsA S3.2 An“ L” shall be added to the marking, as shown in
Nuts Hot- Nuts Machined Nuts Manu- Table 7, for nuts so tested.
Grade and Forged or from Bar factured in
Type Cold- Stock Accordance S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts
Punched with 6.6
1 1 1B ...
S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over
2 2 2B ... 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is required. Testing shall be performed
2HB 2H 2HB ... in accordance with 8.2 to the loads required in Table 10 and
2HMB 2HM 2HMB ...
3 3 3B ...
Table 11. The maximum load will be based entirely on the
4 4 4B ... equipment available.
4LC 4L 4BL ...
6 6 6B ... S5. Control of Product by Heat Number
6F 6F 6FB ...
7 7 7B ... S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is
7LC 7L 7BL ... required and this supplementary requirement is specified, the
7MB 7M 7MB ...
8 8 8B 8A
manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each ship-
8C 8C 8CB 8CA ment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary
8M 8M 8MB 8MA requirement is specified, a certificate including the results of
8T 8T 8TB 8TA
8F 8F 8FB 8FA
the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat
8P 8P 8PB 8PA chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer.
8N 8N 8NB 8NA
8MN 8MN 8MNB 8MNA S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade
8R 8R 8RB 8RA
Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 °F
8S 8S 8SB 8SA
8LN 8LN 8LNB 8LNA S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 °F [540
8MLN 8MLN 8MLNB 8MLNA
8MLCuN 8MLCuN 8MLCuNB 8MLCuNA
°C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as
9C 9C 9CB 9CA determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain
16 16 16B size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test.
A
Where ellipses (…) appear in this table there is no requirement.
B
The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6). S7. Coating on Nuts
C
See Supplementary Requirement S3.
S7.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the
purchase order all information required by the coating facility.
made in accordance with this requirement shall be marked with Examples of such information may include but are not limited
the Grade symbol underlined. to the following:
S7.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification
S2. Retests by Purchaser’s Representative
and type, thickness, location, modification to dimensions, and
S2.1 The purchaser’s representative may select two nuts per hydrogen embrittlement relief.
keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 5⁄8 in. and M16 and smaller,
one nut per keg for sizes over 5⁄8 in. and M16 up to and NOTE S7.1—Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of
load carrying ability.
including 11⁄2 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for
sizes larger than 11⁄2 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to S7.1.2 Reference to Specifications A 153/A 153M, B 633,
the tests specified in Section 8. B 695, B 696, B 766, F 1941, F 2329, or Test Method F 1940,
or other standards.
S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 4, Grade
7 or Grade 7M Nuts S8. Marking Coated Nuts
S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specified for S8.1 Nuts coated with zinc shall have ZN marked after the
Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have CD
requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for marked after the grade symbol.
Grade L7 shall apply. When low-temperature requirements are NOTE S8.1—As an example, the marking for zinc-coated 2H fasteners
specified for Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and will now be 2HZN rather than 2H*.
requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for
Grade L7M shall apply. Depending on the size of nuts, separate S9. Proof Load Testing
test samples of the same heat may be required and shall be S9.1 Proof load tests of nuts made to dimensions, thread
processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which the pitch, and configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or
test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar Table 4 shall be made using loads agreed upon between the
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stock or nut is smaller than 5⁄8 in. [16 mm] in diameter. manufacturer and the purchaser.

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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 8 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, lbfA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Threads Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, in. per in. in.2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 3 480 3 160 3 950 3 480
⁄
5 16 18 0.0523 5 760 5 240 6 550 5 760
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 8 510 7 740 9 675 8 510
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 11 690 10 630 13 290 11 690
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 15 610 14 190 17 740 15 610

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 20 020 18 200 22 750 20 020
58⁄ 11 0.226 24 860 22 600 28 250 24 860
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 36 740 33 400 41 750 36 740
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 46 200 41 580 53 130 46 200
1 8 0.606 60 600 54 540 69 690 60 600

11⁄8 8 0.790 75 050 67 150 82 950 75 050

11⁄4 8 1.000 95 000 85 000 105 000 95 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 110 970 98 640 123 300 110 970
11⁄2 8 1.492 134 280 119 360 149 200 134 280

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A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
C
Based on proof stress of 100 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 85 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 80 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
D
Based on proof stress of 125 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 115 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 105 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.

TABLE 9 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, kNA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Thread Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, mm Pitch mm2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
M6 1.0 20.1 15.3 13.9 17.3 15.3
M8 1.25 36.6 27.8 25.3 31.3 27.8
M10 1.50 58.0 44.1 40.0 49.9 44.1
M12 1.75 84.3 64.1 58.2 72.5 64.1
M14 2.0 115.0 87.4 79.4 98.9 87.4
M16 2.0 157.0 119.3 108.3 135.0 119.3
M20 2.5 245.0 186.2 169.0 210.9 186.2
M22 2.5 303.0 209.0 187.9 240.9 209.0
M24 3.0 353.0 243.5 218.9 280.6 243.5
M27 3.0 459.0 300.6 268.5 332.7 300.6
M30 3.5 561.0 367.5 328.2 406.7 367.5
M36 4.0 817.0 506.5 449.4 563.7 506.5
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36.
C
Based on proof stress of 690 MPa up to M20 mm; 620 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 585 MPa M27 to M30; and 550 MPa for M36.
D
Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36.
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 A 194/A 194M – 09
TABLE 10 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — InchA
Proof Load, lbfB
Nominal Threads Stress Area,
Size, in. per in. in.2 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Grade 1 Heavy Hex
Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
15⁄8 8 1.78 231 400 267 000 311 500
1 3⁄ 4 8 2.08 270 400 312 000 364 000
1 7⁄ 8 8 2.41 313 300 361 500 421 800
2 8 2.77 360 100 415 500 484 800
2 1⁄ 4 8 3.56 462 800 534 000 623 000
2 1⁄ 2 8 4.44 577 200 666 000 777 000
2 3⁄ 4 8 5.43 705 900 814 500 950 250
A
ANSI B 18.2.2 in the size range over 11⁄2 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
3 or Table 8. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

TABLE 11 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — MetricA

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Nominal Proof Load, kNB
Thread Stress Area,
Size, Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Pitch mm2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
mm Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
M42 4.5 1120 1002.4 1159.2 1349.6
M48 5 1470 1315.7 1521.4 1771.4
M56 5.5 2030 1816.9 2101.0 2446.2
M64 6 2680 2398.6 2773.8 3229.4
M72 6 3460 3096.7 3581.1 4169.3
A
ANSI B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 7.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
4 or Table 9. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS

X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars,
hardness that results from plastic deformation below the for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the
recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is pro- outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and
duced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly
to the desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the
degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechani-
its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of cal properties of a given strain hardened fastener are dependent
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from which it
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross- is machined.

X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS

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X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above ap- 780 °F [415 °C]. Therefore, application of zinc coated fasteners
proximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius) should be limited to temperatures less than 390 °F [210 °C].
of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 °F [320
given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement, °C]. Therefore, application of cadmium coated fasteners should
or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately be limited to temperatures less than 300 °F [160 °C].

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SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 08b, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2009)

(1) Revised Supplementary Requirement S8.1 to change the (2) Added new Note S8.1.
marking of coated nuts from an asterisk (*) for zinc to ZN and
from a plus sign (+) for cadmium to CD.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 08a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved August 1, 2008)

(1) Added reference to Specifications B 633 and F 2329 in

S7.1.2.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 08, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2008)

(1) Added new 4.4 and Supplementary Requirement S9 and

revised 8.2.1 for proof load testing for nuts not covered in
Tables 3 and 4.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 07b, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved April 1, 2008)

(1) Added Nitrogen for Grades 8T and 8TA in Table 1.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 194/A 194M – 07a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved December 1, 2007)

(1) Added Note S7.1.

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