Duty cycle guide
Load
S1 Continuous running duty
The duty type S1 can be defined as operation at a
constant load maintained for sufficient time to allow
the machine to reach thermal equilibrium.
Time
Temp For a motor suitable to this duty type, the rating at
which the machine may be operated for an unlimited
period is specified.
This class of rating corresponds to the duty type
whose appropriate abbreviation is S1.
max temperature attained Time Figure 1 - Continuous running duty: Duty type S1
ΔT Time sufficient to allow the machine to reach thermal equilibrium
Duty cycle guide
IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) uses different duty cycles designations to describe
electrical motor operating conditions.
S2
The term duty defines the load cycle to which the machine is subjected, including, if applicable, starting, electric
braking, no-load and rest de-energized periods, and including their durations and sequence in time.
Short time duty
The duty type S2 can be defined as operation
Load at constant load for a given time, less than that
required to reach thermal equilibrium, followed
by a time de-energized and at rest of sufficient
duration to re-establish the equilibrium between
the machine temperature and that of the coolant
temperature.
Time
Temp For a motor suitable to this duty type, the rating at
which the machine, starting at ambient temperature,
may be operated for a limited period is specified.
This class of rating corresponds to the duty type
whose appropriate abbreviation is S2.
A complete designation provides the abbreviation
of the duty type followed by an indication of the
max temperature attained Time
duration of the duty (S2 40 minutes).
Figure 2 – Short-time duty: Duty type S2
ΔTc Operation time at constant load
ΔT0 Time de-energize
Load Time of one load cycle T
S3 Intermittent periodic duty
Load
Time of one load cycle T
S5 Intermittent periodic duty with electric
braking
The duty type S5 is defined as a sequence of
The duty type S3 is defined as a sequence of
identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a
identical duty cycles, each including a time of
starting time, a time of operation at constant load,
operation at constant load and a time de-energized
a time of electric braking and a time de-energized
Time and at rest. The contribution to the temperature- Time
and at a rest.
rise given by the starting phase is negligible.
Temp Temp
A complete designation refers to the duty type and
A complete designation provides the abbreviation
gives the same type of indication of the previous
of the duty type followed by the indication of the
case.
cyclic duration factor (S3 30%).
Figure 5 – Intermittent periodic duty with electric braking: Duty type S5
Figure 3 – Intermittent periodic duty: Duty type S3 ΔT* Starting/accelerating time
ΔTc Operation time at constant load ΔTc Operation time at constant load
max temperature attained Time ΔT0 Time de-energized and at rest max temperature attained Time ΔTf Time of electric braking
ΔT0 Time de-energized and at rest
Cyclic duration factor = ΔTc/T
Cyclic duration factor = (ΔT* + ΔTc + ΔTf)/ T
S4 Intermittent periodic duty with starting
Load
Time of one load cycle T
The duty type S4 is defined as a sequence of
Load Time of one load cycle T
S6 Continuous operation periodic duty
identical duty cycles, each cycle including a
significant starting time, a time of operation at The duty type S6 is defined as a sequence of
constant load and a time de-energized and at a identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a
rest. time of operation at constant load and a time of
Time Time operation at no-load. There is no time de-energized
A complete designation provides the abbreviation and at rest.
Temp Temp
of the duty type followed by the indication of the
cyclic duration factor, by the moment of inertia of A complete designation provides the abbreviation
the motor JM and by the moment of inertia of the of the duty type followed by the indication of the
load JL, both referred to the motor shaft (S4 20% cyclic duration factor (S6 30%).
JM = 0.15 kg m2 JL = 0.7 kg m2).
Figure 6 – Continuous-operation periodic duty: Duty type S6
ΔT* Operation time at constant load
max temperature attained Time Figure 4 – Intermittent periodic duty with starting: Duty type S4 max temperature attained Time ΔT0 Operation time at no load
ΔT* Starting/accelerating time
ΔTc Operation time at constant load Cyclic duration factor = ΔTc/ΔT0
ΔT0 Time de-energized and at rest
Cyclic duration factor = (ΔT* + ΔTc)/ T
S9 Duty with non-periodic load and speed
S7
variations
Continuous-operation periodic duty
with electric braking
Load Time of one load cycle T Load The duty type S9 is defined as a duty in which
The duty type S7 is defined as a sequence of generally load and speed vary non-periodically
identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a within the permissible operating range. This duty
starting time, time of operation at constant load includes frequently appplied overloads which may
and a time of electric braking. There is no time de- greatly exceed the reference load.
Time
energized and at rest. Time
For a motor suitable to this duty type, the rating
Temp
A complete designation provides the abbreviation Temp at which the machine may be operated non-
of the duty type followed by the indication of both periodically is specified. This class of rating
the moment of inertia of the motor JM and the corresponds to the duty type whose appropriate
moment of inertia of the load JL (S7 JM = 0.4 kg m2 abbreviation is S9.
JL = 7.5 kg m2).
Figure 9 – Duty with non-periodic load and speed variations: Duty type S9
ΔT* Starting / accelerating time
Figure 7 – Continuous-operation periodic duty with electric braking: Duty type S7 ΔTs Time under overload
max temperature attained Time ΔT* Starting/accelerating time max temperature attained Time ΔTc Operation time at constant load
ΔTc Operation time at constant load ΔTf Time of electric braking
ΔTf Time of electric braking ΔT0 Time de-energized and at rest
Cyclic duration factor = 1
S10 Duty with discrete constant loads
S8
and speeds
Continuous-operation periodic duty
with related load/speed
The duty type S10 is defined as the operation
The duty type S8 is defined as a sequence of characterized by a specific number of discrete
Load identical duty cycles, each consisting of a time Load values of load maintained for a sufficient time to
Time of one load cycle T
Time of one load cycle T
of operation at constant load corresponding to a allow the machine to reach thermal equilibrium. The
predetermined speed of rotation, followed by one minimum load during a duty cycle may have value
or more times of operation at other constant loads t1 t2 t3 t4
zero and be relevant to a no- load or rest condition.
corresponding to different speeds of rotation.
P1 P2 P3 P4
A complete designation provides the abbreviation
Pref Time
Time
A complete designation provides the abbreviation of duty type followed by the indication of the per unit
of the duty type followed by the indication of the Temp quantities p/Δt for the partial load and its duration,
moment of inertia of the motor JM and by the and by the indication of the per unit quantity TL
Temp moment of inertia of the load JL, together with the which represents the thermal life expectancy of the
load, speed and cyclic duration factor, for each insulation system related to thermal life expectancy
speed condition (S8 JM = 0.7 kg m2JL = 8kgm2 in case of duty type S1 with rated output, and
25kW 800rpm 25% 40kW 1250rpm 20% 25 kW by quantity r which indicates load for a time de-
1000 rpm 55%). energized and at rest (S10 p/Δt = 1.1/0.4; 1/0.3;
0.9/0.2; r/0.1 TL = 0.6).
max temperature attained Time Time
Figure 8 – Continuous-operation periodic duty with related load/speed: Duty type S8
ΔT* Starting/accelerating time Figure 10 – Duty with discrete constant loads and speeds: Duty type S10
ΔTc1; ΔTc2; ΔTc3 Operation time at constant load
ΔTf1; ΔTf2 Time of electric braking ΔΘ1; ΔΘ2; ΔΘ2 Difference between the temperature rise of the winding at each of
the various loads within one cycle and the temperature rise based on duty cycle S1
Cyclic duration factor = (ΔT*+ΔTc1)/T; (ΔTf1+ΔTc2)/T; (ΔTf2+ΔTc3)/T
ΔΘref Temperature at reference load based on duty type S1 t1; t2; t3; t4: time of a
constant load within a cycle P1; P2; P3; P4: time of one load cycle
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