Bibliography –

1.BIOLOGY NCERT TEXTBOOK

2.BIOLOGY LAB MANUAL
3.https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2
021.02.18.21252028v1.full
4.https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slides
how-control-your-blood-sugars
5.https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabet
es.html

Page No. 22
Conclusion –
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is considered to be a major health
problem that is predicted to turn into a global epidemic. In
developing countries, the number of people with diabetic
gradually increasing day by day; as well as complication like
diabetic retinopathy will continue to rise. Retinopathy is the
potential sight threatening condition; it is a significant public
health problem all over the world. Adequate treatment of the risk
indicators might prevent and reduce the burden of these diseases
and improve the quality of health care services.

Page No.21
Page No.20
Treatment of Diabetes –
Doctors treat diabetes with a few different medications. Some of these drugs are taken
by mouth, while others are available as injections.

Type 1 diabetes

Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your body
isn't able to produce.

There are four types of insulin that are most commonly used. They're differentiated by how
quickly they start to work, and how long their effects last

• Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 3 to 4

hours.

 Short-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 6 to 8 hours.

 Intermediate-acting insulin starts to work within 1 to 2 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours.

 acting insulin starts to work a few hours after injection and lasts 24 hours

or longer.

Type 2 diabetes -

Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2 diabetes. If lifestyle changes

aren't enough to lower your blood sugar, you'll need to take medication These drugs

lower your blood sugar in a variety of ways

Page No. 19
Page No.18
 Diagnostic test for diabetes
Diabetes is diagnosed and managed by checking your glucose level in a blood test.
There are three tests that can measure your blood glucose level: fasting glucose test,
random glucose test and A1c test .

Fasting plasma glucose test - This test is best done in the morning after an
eight hour fast (nothing to eat or drink except sips of water).

Random plasma glucose Test - This test can be done any time
without the need to fast.

A1c test - This test, also called HbA1C or glycated hemoglobin test,
provides your average blood glucose level over the past two to three
months. This test measures the amount of glucose ttached to
hemoglobin, the protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen.
You don't need to fast before this test

Oral glucose tolerance test. In this test, blood glucose level is first measured after an
overnight fast. Then you drink a sugary drink. Your blood glucose level is then checked
at hours one, two and three.

Page No.17
Page No. 16
 TYPE 1 DIABETES TYPE 2 DIABETES
frequent urination Increased appetite
Fatigue Frequent urination
Skin infections Increased appetite
Blurred vision Genetical itchiness
-Dizziness Sudden weight loss
- Unexpected cramping Regular yeast infection
Genital itchiness Blurred vision
*Slow healing of wounds Excess thirst
Unexplained weight loss - Having skin disorder
Increased appetite Regular Slow healing
yeast infections

Page No.15
Page No. 14
Symptoms of diabetes include:
Increased thirst.

• Weak, tired feeling.

Blurred vision.

Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.

• Slow-healing sores or cuts.

• Unplanned weight loss.

• Frequent urination.

Frequent unexplained infections.

Dry mouth.

Other symptoms
In women: Dry and itchy skin, and frequent yeast infections or urinary tract
infections.

• In men: Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle strength .

Type 1 diabetes symptoms: Symptoms can develop quickly-over a few weeks or

months. Symptoms begin when you're young - as a child, teen or young adult.
Additional symptoms include nausea . vomiting or stomach pains and yeast
infections or urinary tract infections.

Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes symptoms: You may not have any symptoms at
all or may not notice them since they develop slowly over several years.
Symptoms usually begin to develop when you're an adult, but prediabetes and Type 2
diabetes is on the rise in all age groups.

Gestational diabetes: You typically will not notice symptoms. Your obstetrician will
test you for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of your pregnancy
.

Page no. 13
 Causes of diabetes –
The cause of diabetes, regardless of the type, is having too much glucose circulating
in your bloodstream. However, the reason why your blood glucose levels are high
differs depending on the type of diabetes

Causes of Type 1 diabetes: This is an immune system disease. Your body attacks and
destroys insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. Without insulin to allow glucose to
enter your cells, glucose builds up in your bloodstream. Genes may also play a role in
some patients. Also, a virus may trigger the immune system attack .

Cause of Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes body's cells don't allow insulin to work as it
should to let glucose into its cells. Your body's cells have become resistant to insulin.
Your pancreas can't keep up and make enough insulin to overcome this resistance.
Glucose levels rise in your bloodstream.

Gestational diabetes : hormones produced by the placenta during your pregnancy make
your body's cells more resistant to insulin. Your pancreas can't make enough insulin to
overcome this resistance . Too much glucose remains in the blood stream .

Page No.12
Page No.11
 Risk Factors –
Factors that increase your risk differ depending on the type of diabetes you ultimately
develop.

Risk factors for Type 1 diabetes include:

• Having a family history (parent or sibling) of Type 1 diabetes.

• Injury to the pancreas (such as by infection, tumor, surgery or accident).

• Presence of autoantibodies (antibodies that mistakenly attack your own body's tissues or
organs).

Physical stress (such as surgery or illness).

Risk factors for pre-diabetes and type-2 diabetes –
Family history (parent or sibling) of prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes.

Being African-American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian- American race or Pacific

Islander.

 Being overweight.

 Having high blood pressure.

 Having low HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) and high triglyceride level.

 Being physically inactive.

o being age 45 or older.

o Having gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9

pounds.

 Having polycystic ovary syndrome.

 Having a history of heart disease or stroke.

 Being a smoker.

Page No.10
LESS COMMON TYPES OF DIABETES INCLUDE -

• Monogenic diabetes syndromes: These are rare inherited forms

of diabetes accounting for up to 4% of all cases. Examples are

neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: This is a form of diabetes specific to people

with this disease.

Drug or chemical-induced diabetes: Examples of this type

happen after organ transplant, following HIV/AIDS treatment or are

associated with glucocorticoid steroid use.

Page No.9
Page No.8
 Types of Diabetes –
Type 1 diabetes
This type is an autoimmune disease, meaning your body attacks itself.
In this case, the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas are destroyed.

Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have Type 1. It's usually

diagnosed in children and young adults (but can develop at any age). It
was once better known as "juvenile" diabetes. People with Type 1
diabetes need to take insulin every day. This is why it is also called
insulin- dependent diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes:
With this type, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or your
body's cells don't respond normally to the insulin. This is the most
common type of diabetes. Up to 95% of people with diabetes have Type

It usually occurs in middle- aged and older people. Other common

names for Type 2 include adult-onset diabetes and insulin-resistant
diabetes. Your parents or grandparents may have called it "having a
touch of sugar."

Prediabetes: This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes. Your

blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough

to be officially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some women

during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away
after

pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're

at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life.

Page no. 7
ABNORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL –

 Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) can affect people with type 1

diabetes and type 2 diabetes, as well as pregnant women with
gestational diabetes
 The process of digestion includes breaking down the food you eat into
various different nutrient sources. When you eat carbohydrates (for
example, bread, rice, pasta), your body breaks this down into sugar
(glucose). When glucose is in your bloodstream, it needs help -a "key" -
to get into its final destination where it's used, which is inside your body's
cells (cells make up your body's tissues and organs). This help or "key" is
insulin.

 Insulin is a hormone made by your pancreas, an organ located behind

your stomach. Your pancreas releases insulin into your bloodstream.
Insulin acts as the "key" that unlocks the cell wall "door," which allows
glucose to enter your body's cells. Glucose provides the "fuel" or
energy tissues and organs need to properly function.

 If you have diabetes –

 Your pancreas doesn’t make any insulin or enough insulin or pancreas

makes enough insulin but doesn’t respond to it normally. if glucose cant
enter your blood cell it stays in your blood stream
 and glucose level increases .
 and glucose level increases .and glucose level increases .

Page No. 6
Page no. 5
INTRODUCTION -
 Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition
that affects how your body turns food into energy.
Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into
sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream.
When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your
pancreas to release insulin.
 Although diabetes has no cure, you can take steps to manage
your diabetes and stay healthy.
 Sometimes people call diabetes “a touch of sugar” or
“borderline diabetes.” These terms suggest that someone
doesn’t really have diabetes or has a less serious case, but
every case of diabetes is serious.

Page No. 4
 Acknowledgement -
-
I really want to thank everyone who has helped me with this project. I would like to
I am also grateful to my parents and friends for their assistance in completing this p

Page No. 3
INDEX -
S.NO CONTENT PAGE
1 CERTIFICATE

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
3 INTRODUCTION 4
4 BLOOD GLUCOSE 6
5 TYPES OF DIABETES 7-9
6 RISK FACTORS 10-11
7 CAUSES 12
8 SYMPTOMS 13-16
9 DIAGNOSTIC TEST 17-18
10 TREATMENT 19-20
11 CONCLUSION 21
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

Page No. 2
 PAGE -1

SESSION- 2021-2022
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC – DIABETES (causes and
precautions )

Name – BHAGYASHREE KAR

Class – XII C
Roll No. –

Page no. 1