CHAPTER 2 : ATOMIC MASS, MOLE CONCEPT AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

2.1 Atoms

Atom

Electron Nucleus

Proton Neutron

Definition
Atom The _________________________ unit of an element.

Electron A particle that has _________________________ charge.

Proton A particle that has _________________________ charge.

Neutron A particle that has _________________________ charge.

Proton number / n u m ber The number of _________________________ in the nucleus.

of proton
Neutron number / number The number of_________________________ in the nucleus.
of neutron
Nucleon number / mass The total number of _________________ and _________________ in the nucleus.
number / mass of isotopes

Properties of sub-
atomic particles Charge Charge
Particles Location Mass (g)
(Coulombs, C) (units)

Electron (e -) Outside nuclues 9.10 × 10 -28 -1.60 × 10 -19 -1

Protons (p + )

Neutron (n)

Proton number = atomic number

In neutral atom, In charge species,

Proton number = number of electron Proton number ≠ number of electron
≠ number of electron
2.2 Isotopes

Definition The _________________ or more atoms of the _________________ elements t hat co ntain sa me
number of _________________ but having _________________ numbers of neutron s o r n u cleo n
number.

Isotopic notation Definition:

A common symbol used to represent ___________ ____ __ n umb er a nd _ ___ ____ ____ ____ _
number.

Example:

1 2 3
1H 1H 1H

Isotopic Abundance / Definition:

Relative abundance The percentage/ratio of atoms with a specific atomic mass found in naturally occurring sample of an
element.
Total relative abundance = 100% OR 1

Average atomic mass Definition:

The average of mass of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundances.

Unit: Use nucleon number if the

specific mass of isotopes is
Atomic mass unit (amu) Isotopic abundance not given in the question

Formula:

Total (Relative abundance of isotope × mass of isotope)

Average atomic mass =
Total abundance

Example:
1. Chromium, Cr, has the following isotopic masses and relative abundances. Calculate the
average atomic mass of the Cr.

Isotopes Relative abundance (%)

50 4.35
52 83.79
53 9.50
54 2.36

Average atomic mass

(4.35 × 50) + (83.79 × 52) + (9.50 × 53) + (2.36 × 54)

=
(4.35 + 83.79 + 9.50 + 2.36)

= 52.0552
= 52.06 amu
 2. An element of neon is composed of three isotopes with relative abundance and masses given in
the table below.

Isotope Mass (amu) Relative abundance

20
Neon 20 0.9048
21
Neon 21 0.0027
22
Neon 22 0.0925

Average atomic mass

(0.9048 × 20) + (0.0027 × 21) + (0.0925 × 22)

=
(0.9048 + 0.0027 + 0.0925)

= 20.1877
= 20.19 amu

Exercise

1. Complete the table below.

Isotopic Number of Number of Number of Nucleon

notation protons neutrons electrons number
17
5𝑁 5 12 5 17

33
16𝑆 17 16 33
64
29𝐶𝑢 29 64

?
?𝐶 6 8 6 14

79 −
35𝐵𝑟 35
56 2+
26𝐹𝑒 26

?
?𝐶𝑙 17 18 17 35

2. State the number of sub atomic particles of each of the following elements:
a) Silicon-28
b) Bromine-79
c) The phosphorus atom that has 17 neutrons
d) The iodine atom that has 72 neutrons

3. The element Mg consists of three isotopes which are 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. The relative atomic mass of Mg is 24.3.

a) Which is the most abundant isotope of Mg?

Answer:

b) State the number of protons and the number of neutrons of the isotope
Answer:
4. Alloys of zirconium, Zr, are used in the fabrication of nuclear reactors. The element has five naturally occurring isotopes:

90
Zr, 89.9043 amu (51.46%)
91
Zr, 90.9053 amu (11.23%)
92
Zr, 91.9046 amu (17.11%)
94
Zr, 93.9061 amu (17.40%)
96
Zr, 95.9082 amu (2.80%)

Calculate the average atomic mass of Zr.

Answer: 91.22 amu

5. The following is the mass spectrum of element Y.

a) State the isotopes of Y.

b) Calculate the average atomic mass of Y.
Answer: 91.27 amu

6. It has been found by mass spectrometric analysis that in nature the relative abundances of the various iso t o pic at oms o f
silicon are 92.23% 28Si, 4.67% 29Si and 3.10% 30Si. The isotopic masses of these four isotopes are 2 7 .977 amu, 2 8 .9 76
amu and 29.974 amu respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of silicon.
Answer: 28.09 amu

7. Chlorine isotopes occur naturally as 35Cl and 37Cl. The abundance ratio of these two isotopes is 35Cl/ 37Cl = 3.1 2 7 . B ased
on the scale of carbon-12, the relative mass of 35Cl and 37Cl are 34.9689 and 36.9659 respectively.
a) Calculate the percentage abundance of each chlorine.
Answer: 35Cl = 75.77% and 37Cl = 24.23%

b) Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.

Answer: 35.45 amu

5. The isotopes of Ag occur naturally as 107Ag and 109Ag with their relative isotopic masses of 106.906 and 108.868
respectively. If the average atomic mass of Ag is 107.868, what would be the percentage abundance of these two
isotopes?
Answer: 50.97% 107Ag, 49.03% 109Ag

6. The isotopes of Br occur naturally as 79Br and 81Br with their relative isotopic masses 78.9183 and 80.9163 respectively. If
the average atomic mass of Br is 79.90, what would be the relative abundance of these two isotopes?
Answer: 50.9% 97Br, 49.1% 81Br
2.3 The Mole
Introduction General:

1 mole = 6.022 × 10 23 particles = mass of atom in g / amu = 24 L (RT) / 22.4 L (STP)

Particles = atoms / molecules /

formula units (ionic compound) / ions

Examples:

1. 1 mol of 12C = 6.022 × 10 23 atoms = 12.01 g

2. 1 mol of H 2O = 6.022 × 10 23 molecules = 18.02 g
3. 1 mol of NaCl = 6.022 × 10 23 formula unit = 58.44 g
4. 1 mol of K+ = 6.022 × 10 23 ions = 39.10 g

Notes:

1. Cu(NO2)3
1 formula unit of Cu(NO2)3= 1 Cu atom = 3 N atoms = 6 O atoms

2. MgO
1 formula unit MgO = 1 Mg atom = 1 O atom

3. KNO3
1 formula unit KNO3 = 1 atom K = 1 atom N = 3 atoms O

Exercises

1. How many moles of atoms or molecules are there in the following?

a) 22.5 g of Zn [Molar mass of Zn = 65.38 g mol-1] Answer: 0.344 mol
b) 0.65 g of HCl [Molar mass of HCl = 36.46 g mol-1] Answer: 0.018 mol
c) 3.4 × 10 20 Cu atoms [NA = 6.022 × 10 23] Answer: 5.6 × 10 -4 mol
d) 45.0 dm 3 of oxygen gas at STP [STP = 22.4 L] Answer: 2.01 mol

2. How many oxygen atoms are present in each of the following compounds?
a) 1.25 mol O2 [NA = 6.022 × 10 23] Answer: 1.50 × 10 24 atoms
b) 0.50 mol CH 3COOH [NA = 6.022 × 10 23] Answer: 6.0 × 10 23 atoms
c) 50 g of KMnO4 [Molar mass of KMnO4 = 158.03 g mol-1] Answer: 8 × 10 23 atoms

3. Calculate the molar mass of each compound.

a) Sucrose, C 12H 22O11 [Molar mass of C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 ; O = 16.00 g mol-1] Answer: 342.34 g mol-1
b) Ammonium sulphate, (NH 4)2SO4 [Molar mass of N = 14.01 ; H = 1.01 ; S = 32.06 ; O = 16.00 g mol-1] Answer: 132.16
g mol -1
c) Ethane, C 2H4 [Molar mass of C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 g mol-1] Answer: 28.06 g mol -1
d) Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 [Molar mass of Mg = 24.30 ; Cl = 35.45 g mol-1] Answer: 95.20 g mol -1

4. Determine the number of

a) Formula units in 230 g of sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3 [Molar mass of Na = 22.99 ; C = 12.01 ; O = 16.00 g mol-1]
Answer: 1.3 × 10 24 formula units
b) Hydrogen atoms in 400.00 grams of water, H 2O [Molar mass of H 2O = 18.01 g mol-1]
Answer: 2.6750 × 10 25 atoms
2.4 Mass Percent Composition
Mass Percent Definition:
Composition The percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

Formula:

number of atom × mass of atom

Mass percent composition = ×100%
molar mass of molecule

Empirical Formula Definition:

Smallest whole number ratio of atoms presents in a compound

Molecular Formula Definition:

Actual numbers of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound

Formula:

Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n = Molar mass

Exercises

1. Calculate the mass % (percent composition) of each element in ethanol, C 2H 6O.

[Molar mass of C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 ; O = 16.00 g mol-1]
Answer: C = 52.13%; H = 13.15%; O = 34.72%

2. Glucose, C6H 12O6 is the most important nutrient in the living cell for generating chemical potential energy.
[Molar mass of C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 ; O = 16.00 ; C6H 12O6 = 180.16 g mol-1]

a) What is the mass % of each element in glucose? Answer: C = 40.00%; H = 6.73%; O = 53.28%
b) What is the number of carbon atoms are in 16.55 g of glucose? Answer:3.319 × 10 23 atoms

3. Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound gave the following results; 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 of Cl, and 7 .8 3 g o f O.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
[Molar mass of Na = 22.99 ; Cl = 35.45 ; O = 16.00 g mol-1] Answer: NaClO4.

4. A sample of hydrocarbon contains 85.7 % carbon and 14.3 % hydrogen by mass. Its molar mass is 56.00 g mol-1. Determin e
the empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound.
[Molar mass of C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 g mol-1]
Answer: Empirical formula = CH2 ; Molecular formula = C 4H8
2.5 Concentration of solution

Concentration of solution Formula Unit

No. of mol of solute (mol) Mol/L

Molarity =
volume of solution (L) M

No. of mol solute (mol) Mol/kg

Molality =
mass of solvent (kg) m

no. of mol component

Mole fraction = No unit
total no. of mol of all component

volume of solute (mL)

Volume percentage, %v/v = × 100% %
volume of solution (mL)

mass of solute (g)

Mass percentage, %w/w = × 100% %
mass of solution (g)

mass of solution (g)

Density of solution = g/mL
volume of solution (mL)

Dilution M 1V1 = M 2V2 Depends on the question

Exercises:

1. What is the molarity of a solution containing 14.8 g of KOH in 750 cm 3 aqueous solution?
[Molar mass of KOH = 56.10 g mol-1] Answer: 0.35 M

2. What is the molality of glucose solution containing 9.5 g of glucose, C6H 12O6 in 185 g of water?
[Molar mass of C6H 12O6 = 180.16 g mol-1] Answer: 0.29 molal

3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of methanol, CH 3O in 72.0 g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of methanol in
the solution.
[Molar mass CH3O = 32.04 ; H 2O = 18.02 g mol-1] Answer: 0.200

4. What is the molarity of the solution which contains 30.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH pellets in 500.0 cm3 of solution?
[Molar mass NaOH = 40.00 g mol-1] Answer: 1.50 M

5. What is the molality of a solution containing 100 g of NaCl in 500 g of water?

[Molar mass NaCl = 58.44 g mol-1] Answer: 4 molal

6. What is the mole fraction of CuSO4 prepared by dissolving 30 g of CuSO4 in 200 g of H 2O and round off to 2 sf?
[Molar mass CuSO4 = 159.61 ; H 2O = 18.02 g mol-1] Answer: 0.02

7. 8 g of sugar is dissolved in 42 g of water. What is the concentration (%w/w) of the solution formed? Answer: 20%

8. A 200 cm 3 of perfume contains 28 cm3 of alcohol. What is the concentration of alcohol by volume (%v/v) in t h is so lu t io n
formed? Answer: 10%

9. A 300 mL solution contains 30 mL alcohol. What is the concentration of alcohol by volume (%v/v) in this solution?
Answer: 10%
10. Vinegar is an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid, CH 3COOH. A 25.0 mL portion of sample of vinegar requires 2 7.5 m L o f
1.0 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide for complete reaction.
a) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used in the reaction. Answer: 0.028 mol
b) Calculate the molar concentration of ethanoic acid in the sample. Answer: 1.1 M
c) If the density of the sample of vinegar is 1.11 g mL -1, calculate the percentage by mass (%w/w) of ethanoic acid in 25.0
mL of the vinegar. [Molar mass ethanoic acid = 60.05 g mol-1] Answer: 6.0%

11. A solution contains glycerol, C 3H 8O3 and water. This solution is usually used as coolant in v eh icles su ch a s cars. I f t he
solution consists of 66.0 g C3H 8O3 and 46.0 g water and its density is 1.10 g mL -1, calculate;
a) The percent by mass (%w/w) of glycerol. Answer: 58.9%
b) The concentration of glycerol. Answer: 7.04 M
[Molar mass C 3H8O3 = 92.09 g mol-1]

12. Sulphuric acid, H 2SO4 of 95% by mass (%w/w) has a density of 1.84 g mL-1. Calculate the molarit y o f t h e co ncent rat ed
H 2SO4 and the volume of the acid needed to prepare 1.0 L of 0.08 M H 2SO4 solution.
[Molar mass H 2SO4 = 98.07 g mol-1]
Answer: 18 M ; 4 × 10 -3 L

13. Given, a 23.5 g glucose, C 6H 12O6 and 0.57 g of ethanamide, CH3CONH2. Calculate:
[Molar mass C = 12.01 ; H = 1.01 ; O = 16.00 ; N = 14.01 g mol-1]

a) The molar mass of glucose and ethanamide. Answer: 180.18 ; 59.08 g mol -1
b) The number of moles of glucose and ethanamide; Answer: 0.130 mol ; 9.6 × 10 -3 mol
c) The number of molecules of glucose and ethanamide; Answer: 7.83 × 10 22 ; 5.8 × 10 21
d) The number of carbon atoms are present in glucose and ethanamide; Answer: 4.70 × 10 23 ; 1.2 × 10 22 atoms