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Ragab Classification
Ragab Classification
Excretion: Removal of waste products from metabolism, toxic materials and substances
in excess requirements.
- E.G: CO2 and Urea
- Anabolism: Build up large molecule from small one
- Catabolism: Brake down to small molecule from large one
Nutrition: Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
Types of Nutrition:
Atrophic:
The organism can make its own organic food from simple inorganic molecules by using light or
chemical energy like photosynthesis
Heterotrophic:
Organisms that feed on a ready-made organic food
Types of Heterotrophs:
Holozoic: Ingests and digests its food inside the body
Saprozoic: Feeds on dead remains and digests the food outside the body
Parasitic: An organism which derives its food from another organism (Host),
whilst the host is still alive (Flea is an example)
Types of Holozoic
Herbivores: Feed on a plant material only
Carnivores: Feed on animal material only
Omnivores: Feed on both plant and animal materials
Concepts and use of the classification system:
Organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships and allow us to study
them easily
The sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in protein are used as more accurate
means classification
Organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base
sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor
Species: Group of living organisms that share common features and have the ability to
interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Describe how can we use DNA in classification or Suggest how study of the DNA of (Animal)
helps to classify them?
We observe DNA base sequences. If sequences are similar it indicates that the
organisms are closely related species that share a more recent common ancestor. If not
then it tells us that they are different species
Closely related organisms probably came from a common ancestor species, in the past.
By looking at features of fossils (or fossil DNA or proteins) we can draw CLADOGRAMS
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FROM GREAT SPAIN
Number of pairs 1 or 2 pairs per body More than 5-10 3 pairs 4 pairs
of legs segment
Body regions Head and a body which is Head cephalothorax Head, Thorax and Head-
not divided into thorax and and abdomen abdomen cephalothorax
abdomen And abdomen
Ones you need to know: Flowering plants and Non flowering plants (FERNS)
Flowering plants: They are a group of plants which have flowers. Inside the flowers the seeds
develop
We split them into 2 parts: Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons (Mono = 1) (Di= 2) (Cot = seed)
Monocotyledons:
Dicotyledons:
Monocotyledons: Dicotyledons:
Their LEAF VEINS:
MONO: DI:
Their roots:
Mono: Di:
Monocot
Dicot
Features of FERNS
They reproduce using spores produced under their fronds (leaves)
They develop an underground stem (rhizome)
They use roots for anchorage in soil and absorbing nutrients
After winter, new fronds unroll from “fiddlehead” structures
FUNGI KINDGODM:
Unicellular: Yeast
Multicellular: Bread mould fungus
Useful fungus: Mushroom (Food), yeast (Making bread and alcohol), Penicillium (Antibiotic)
Harmful fungus: Athlete’s feet and Ringworm
SPROANGIUM DRAWING
Sporangium SPORES
Rhizoid hyphae
How do they feed / obtain nutrient / get their food / absorb their food ?
They are saprophytic and they do extracellular digestion. The fungus hyphae secretes
enzymes out onto the food. These amylase and protases enzymes then break down the
food into small soluble nutrients (glucose and amino acid). The fungus feeding hyphae
absorbs the nutrients by diffusion or active transport.
Compare between fungus and plant
Both have cell walls and but their cell wall are made of different materials (Fungus is chitin and plant is
cellulose). Also, the fungus doesn’t have chloroplasts but plants do.
Examples:
Paramecium (LIKE ANIMALS): Chlamydomonas (LIKE PLANT):
SOME Characteristics:
Flagellum for movement
Capsule for protection
Pilli
Types of bacteria:
Uses:
Yoghurt/ Cheese/ Sewage treatment/ Biotechnology / Genetic engineering
Harmful
Cholera / Syphilis / Gonorrhea / Typhoid
Feeding : They are saprophytic and they decompose or decay dead bodies.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction through a type of mitosis called binary fission where the DNA
duplicates and the bacteria divides into 2
Viruses
They are organisms that can be non-living or living depending on where they are. Viruses can
do all life processes except for reproduction. They must be withing a host to reproduce.