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R1 SCRB 2022

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SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN

FAST RESCUE BOATS (SCRB)

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 1


GLOBE MARITIME
TRAINING CENTER

HOUSE RULES
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PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE
1. Do not panic or get nervous. Always compose yourself.
2. Once you feel the quake, cover yourself especially your head
with your bag, books, handouts or any hard object or cover
yourself under tables or chairs.
3. Follow instructions of the instructors who will guide you in
vacating the premises.
4. Do not use the elevator (if there’s any). Use the stairway. Do
not rush or push each other. Go down slowly and safely.
5. Once outside, distance yourself from the building for your own
safety. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 17
PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW IN CASE OF FIRE
1. Do not panic or get nervous. Compose yourself.
2. Follow instructions of Instructors who will guide you in vacating
the premises.
3. Do not use the elevator (if there’s any). Use the stairway. Do
not rush or push each other.
4. Once outside, distant yourself from the building to free or avoid
being caught on fire danger.
5. Be familiarized where GMTC fire extinguishers are installed or
kept to extinguish small fires.
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SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN
FAST RESCUE BOATS (SCRB)

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 20


COURSE OVERVIEW
The course covers theory and practical exercise on
the applicable provisions of the Chapter VI
Regulation VI/2 (EMERGENCY, OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY, SECURITY, MEDICAL ARE CARE AND
SURVIVAL FUNCTIONS) with accordance with
section A-VI-2, of the STCW Code paragraph 1
(Every candidate for a certificate of proficiency in
survival craft and rescue boat other than fast rescue
boats shall be required to demonstrate competence to
undertake the tasks, duties,
Rev.#: 01
and responsibilities.)
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 21
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, trainees will be able to:
✓ Take charge of a survival craft or rescue boat
during and after launch;
✓ Operate a survival craft engine;
✓ Manage survivors and survival craft after
abandoning ship;
✓ Use locating devices, including communication
and signaling apparatus and pyrotechnics; and
✓ Apply first aid to survivors.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 22
1. Construction and Outfitting of Survival Craft and
Rescue Boats and individual items of their equipment

1.1. General Requirements for the constructions and


outfitting of survival craft and rescue boats in accordance
with chapter IV of LSA code
Chapter IV
Survival craft
Construction of liferafts
• Every liferaft shall be so constructed as to be capable of
withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea
conditions.
Rev.#: 01 R1, R2,Rev.
R3, Date: 06R6
R4, R5, Dec 2022 23
➢ The liferaft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped
into the water from a height of 18 m, the liferaft and its
equipment will operate satisfactorily.

➢ If the liferaft is to be stowed at a height of more than 18 m


above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, it
shall be of a type which has been satisfactorily drop-
tested from at least that height.

➢ The floating liferaft shall be capable of withstanding


repeated jumps into it from a height of at least 4.5 m above
its floor both with and without the caпору erected.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 24


➢ The liferaft and its fittings shall be so constructed as to
enable it to be towed at a speed of 3 knots in calm
water when loaded with its full complement of persons
and equipment and with one of its sea-anchors streamed.

➢ The liferaft shall have a canopy to protect the occupants


from exposure which is automatically set in place when
the liferaft is launched and waterborne.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 25


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 26
• Minimum carrying capacity and mass of liferafts
- No liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity
of less than six persons
- The total mass of the liferaft, its container and its
equipment shall not be more than 185 kg.
• Liferaft fittings
- Lifelines shall be securely becketed around the inside and
outside of the liferaft.
- Be fitted with an efficient painter of length equal to not
less than 10 m plus the distance from the stowed position
to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m,
whichever is the greater.
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- The breaking strength of the painter system including its
means of attachment to the liferaft, except the weak link
shall be not less than 15 kN for liferafts permitted to
accommodate more than 25 persons, not less than 10 kN
for liferafts permitted to accommodate 9 to 25 persons and
not less than 7.5 kN for any other liferaft.

- exterior light fitted to the uppermost portion of the liferaft


canopy or structure, shall be white and be capable of
operating continuously for at least 12 h with a luminous
intensity of not less than 4.3 cd in all directions of the
upper hemisphere.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 28
Davit-launched liferafts
• when the liferaft is loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment, be
capable of withstanding a lateral impact against
the ship's side at an impact velocity of not less
than 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water
from a height of not less than 3 m without
damage that will affect its function.
• be provided with means for bringing the liferaft
alongside the embarkation deck and holding it
securely during embarkation.
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• Every passenger ship davit-launched liferaft
shall be so arranged that it can be rapidly
boarded by its full complement of persons.

• Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be


so arranged that it can be boarded by its full
complement of persons in not more than 3 min
from the time the instruction to board is given.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 30


Float-free arrangements for liferafts
➢ Painter system
➢ Weak link
- break under a strain of 2.2 ± 0.4 kN.
➢ Hydrostatic Release Units
- automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not
more than 4 meters.
- be permanently marked, on the unit or
identification plate securely attached to the unit,
with the date of manufacture, type and serial
number and whether the unit is suitable for use with
a liferaft with a capacity
Rev.#: 01
of more than 25 persons. 31
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022
Servicing of Liferafts
All liferafts shall be serviced:
- at intervals not exceeding 12 months (if
impracticable, the administration may extend this
period to 17 months)
at proper service stations with proper servicing
facilities and trained professionals.
- Davit-launched liferaft automatic release
hooks should be maintained in accordance with
instructions for onboard maintenance.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 32
Rigid liferafts
Construction of rigid liferafts
-The buoyancy of the Iiferaft shall be provided by approved
inherently buoyant material placed as near as possible to
the periphery of the Iiferaft. The buoyant material shall be
fire-retardant or be protected by a fire-retardant covering.
-The floor of the Iiferaft shall prevent the ingress of water
and shall effectively support the occupants out of the water
and insulate them from cold.
- There shall be means inside the liferaft to assist persons
to pull themselves into the liferaft from the ladder.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 33
Lifeboats

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 34


Lifeboats
General requirements for lifeboats (Sec 4.4 LSA
Code)
Construction of lifeboats
➢ Properly constructed and proportions having ample
stability in a seaway and sufficient freeboard when
loaded with their full complement of persons and
equipment.
➢ Capable of being safely launched under all conditions
of trim of up to 10° and list of up to 20° either way.
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➢ All lifeboats shall have
rigid hulls and shall be
capable of maintaining
positive stability when in an
upright position in calm
water and loaded with their
full complement of persons
and equipment and holed in
any one location below the
waterline, assuming no loss
of buoyancy material and no
other damage.
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➢ shall be fitted with a permanently affixed approval
plate, endorsed by the Administration or its
representative, containing at least the following items:
1. manufacturer's name and address;
2. lifeboat model and serial number;
3. month and year of manufacture;
4. number of persons the lifeboat is approved to carry
5. the approval information

➢ Shall be provided with a certificate or declaration of


conformity
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➢ shall be of sufficient strength to:

.1 enable them to be safely launched into the


water when loaded with their full complement
of persons and equipment; and

.2 be capable of being launched and towed


when the ship is making headway at a speed
of 5 knots in calm water.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 38
Carrying capacity of lifeboats
➢ No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more
than 150 persons.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 39


Partially Enclosed lifeboats
➢ Partially enclosed lifeboats shall be provided with
permanently attached rigid covers extending over
not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from
the stem and not less than 20% of the length of the
lifeboat from the aftermost part of the lifeboat.
➢ The lifeboat shall be fitted with a permanently
attached foldable canopy which together with the
rigid covers completely encloses the occupants of
the lifeboat in a weatherproof shelter and protects
them from exposure.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 40
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Totally enclosed lifeboats
➢totally enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with a rigid
watertight enclosure which completely encloses the
lifeboat. The enclosure shall be so arranged that:
- provides shelter for the occupants;
- access to the lifeboat is make the lifeboat watertight;
-except for free-fall provided by hatches which can be
closed to lifeboats, hatches are positioned so as to allow
launching and recovery operations to be performed
without any occupant having to leave the enclosure;
- it is capable, when the lifeboat is in the capsized position
with the hatches closed and without significant leakage,
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seating position shall be clearly indicated in the lifeboat

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 44


Free-fall lifeboats
➢ shall make positive headway immediately after
water entry and shall not come into contact with
the ship after a free-fall launching against a trim
of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way
from the certification height when fully equipped
and loaded
➢ shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when
loaded with its full complement of persons and
equipment, a free-fall launch from a height of at
least 1.3 times the free-fall certification height.
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➢ Comply with the requirements of Totally and
free-fall lifeboat.
➢ When proceeding with all entrances and
openings closed, the air in the lifeboat remains
safe and breathable and the engine runs
normally for a period of not less than 10 min.
➢During this period the atmospheric pressure
inside the lifeboat shall never fall below the
outside atmospheric pressure nor shall it
exceed it by more than 20 hPa.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 48
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 49
Fire-protected lifeboats
➢ In addition to complying with
requirements of LB with a self-
contained air support system,
a fire-protected lifeboat, when
waterborne, shall be capable
of protecting the number of
persons it is permitted to
accommodate when subjected
to a continuous oil fire that
envelops the lifeboat for a
period of not less than 8 min.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 50
Water spray system
A lifeboat which has a water spray fire-protection system
shall comply with the following:
.1 water for the system shall be drawn from the sea by a
self-priming motor pump. It shall be possible to turn "on"
and turn "off" the flow of water over the exterior of the
lifeboat;
.2 the seawater intake shall be so arranged as to prevent
the intake of flammable liquids from the sea surface; and
.3 the system shall be arranged for flushing with fresh
water and allowing complete drainage.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 51
Rescue Boat
• Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated
construction or a combination of both and be capable of
carrying at least five seated persons and a person lying
on a stretcher all wearing immersion suits and lifejackets
if required.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 52


• For all rescue boats, an average mass of 82.5
kg shall apply. A lifeboat may be approved and
used as a rescue boat if it meets all of the
requirements of Chapter V of LSA Code.

• if it successfully completes the testing for a


rescue boat required in regulation III/4.2, and
if its stowage, launching and recovery
arrangements on the ship meet all of the
requirements for a rescue boat.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 53


1.2 Types of survival crafts and rescue boats and their
equipment.

Survival craft Inflatable Liferafts

Davit-Launched 12-35 persons

Davit-Launched Self-righting 25-39 persons


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 54
➢Inflatable Iiferafts

➢ Rigid liferafts
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 55
Means of Rescue (MOR) -12 persons Open Reversible 12-150 persons

Throw overboard self-righting


Throw overboard 10-25 persons
25-153 persons
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Throw overboard 6-8 persons Davit Launched training liferaft

Rescue Pro Liferaft 4-8 persons

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 57


Rigid Liferaft

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• Life raft Equipment
The normal equipment of every liferaft shall consist of:
• 1 buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m
of buoyant line
• 2 knives of the non-folding type ( 13 persons or more)
• 1 buoyant bailer ( not more than 12 persons)
• 2 sponges
• 2 sea-anchors each with a shock-resistant hawser
• 2 buoyant paddles
• 3 tin-openers and a pair of scissors. Safety knives
containing specialRev.#:tin-opener
01
blades
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 59
• 1 first-aid outfit in a waterproof case
• 1 whistle or equivalent sound signal
• 4 rocket parachute flares
• 6 hand flares
• 2 buoyant smoke signals
• 1 waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signaling
together with one spare set of batteries and one spare
bulb in a waterproof container.
• Radar reflector (radar transponder is stowed in the
liferaft)
• 1 daylight signaling mirrorRev. Date: 06 Dec 2022
Rev.#: 01 60
• 1 copy of the life-saving signals
• 1 set of fishing tackle
• food ration consisting of not less than
10,000 kj (2,400 kcal) for each person
• 1.5 L of fresh water for each person
• 1 rustproof graduated drinking vessel
• anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at
least 48 h and 1 seasickness bag for each
person.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 61
• instructions on how to survive (Survival Booklet)
• instructions for immediate action
• TPA sufficient for 10% of the number of persons or two,
whichever is greater

Additional equipment for inflatable liferafts


• 1 one repair outfit for repairing punctures in buoyancy
compartments; and
• 2 one topping-up pump or bellows.
• The knives required shall be safety knives, and the tin-
openers and scissors required shall be of the safety
type. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 62
Life Boat

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 63


Life boat Types
• Partially enclosed

• Totally enclosed

• Free-fall
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 64
Lifeboat equipment
➢ All items of lifeboat equipment shall be as small
and of as little mass as possible and shall be
packed in a suitable and compact form. Except
where otherwise stated, the normal equipment of
every lifeboat shall consist of:
– except for free-fall lifeboats, sufficient buoyant
oars to make headway. Thole pins, crutches
or equivalent arrangements shall be provided
for each oar provided. Thole pins or crutches
shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or
chains
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 65
• two boat-hooks
• a buoyant bailer and two buckets
• a survival manual
• an operational compass
• a sea-anchor of adequate size
• two efficient painters of a length equal to not less
than twice the distance from the stowage position
of the lifeboat to the waterline in the lightest
seagoing condition or 15 m, whichever is the
greater.
• two hatchets, one at each end of the lifeboat
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 66
• watertight receptacles containing a total of 3 L of fresh
water for each person.
• a rustproof dipper with lanyard;
• a rustproof graduated drinking vessel
• a food ration as not less than 10,000 kJ for each
person
• four rocket parachute flares
• six hand flares
• two buoyant smoke signals
• one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse
signaling
• one daylight signaling mirror
• one copy of the life-saving signals
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 67
• one whistle or equivalent sound signal
• a first-aid outfit
• anti-seasickness medicine
• a jack-knife
• three tin-openers
• two buoyant rescue quoits
• if the lifeboat is not automatically self-bailing, a
manual pump suitable for effective bailing
• one set of fishing tackle
• sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine
and its accessories
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 68
• portable fire-extinguishing equipment
• Searchlight
• an efficient radar reflector
• thermal protective aids sufficient for 10%
of the number of persons
Totally enclosed lifeboats
• Every totally enclosed lifeboat shall be
provided with a rigid watertight enclosure
which completely encloses the lifeboat.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 69
Rescue Boat

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 70


Rescue Boat Types

➢ Rigid

➢ Inflatable

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 71


Rescue boat equipment
• sufficient buoyant oars or paddles to make headway in
calm seas. Thole pins, crutches or equivalent
• a buoyant bailer
• a binnacle containing an efficient compass
• sea-anchor and tripping line
• a painter of sufficient length and strength
• one buoyant line, not less than 50 m in length
• one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signaling
• one whistle or equivalent sound signal
• a first-aid outfit
• two buoyant rescue quoits Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022
Rev.#: 01 72
• a searchlight
• an efficient radar reflector
• thermal protective aids sufficient for 10% of the number of person
• portable fire-extinguishing
➢ In addition the normal equipment of every rigid rescue boat shall
include:
- a boat-hook; - a bucket, and; - a knife or hatchet
➢ In addition the normal equipment of every inflatable rescue boat
shall consist of:
- a buoyant safety knife; - two sponges;
- an efficient manually operated bellows or pump;
- a repair kit in a suitable container for repairing punctures; and
- a safety boat-hook.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 73
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 74
2. Characteristics and facilities of survival craft and
rescue boats
2.1. Characteristics and limitations of survival craft and rescue boats.
SOLAS Regulation 13, each survival craft shall be stowed: as
near the water surface as is safe and practicable and, in the case of
a survival craft other than a liferaft intended for throw over board
launching, in such a position that the survival craft in the
embarkation position is not less than 2m above the waterline with
the ship in the fully loaded condition under unfavourable conditions
of trim of up to 10° and listed up to 20° either way, or to the angle
at which the ship’s weather deck edge becomes submerged,
whichever is less.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 75
• in a state of continuous readiness so that two crew
members can carry out preparations for embarkation
and launching in less than 5 min.

Life Rafts
➢ provided as a life-saving appliance on every
seagoing merchant or passenger ship, in addition to
the lifeboats.
➢ much easier to launch as compared to lifeboats and
in case of emergency situations, evacuation from the
ship can be done without manually launching any of
them as the life rafts are designed with an auto-
inflatable systemRev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 76
➢ particulars are stenciled on the container which
includes the capacity, manufacturing date,
servicing date, company name etc. along with
the launching procedure with a photogenic display
for easy understanding.
➢ All liferaft provided on ships should be stowed with
its painter permanently attached to the ship
➢ Each liferaft or group of liferaft should be stowed
with float-free arrangement complying with the
requirements so that each floats free. If it is an
inflatable raft, it should inflate automatically when
the ship sinks.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 77
➢ Liferafts should be stowed in such so as to permit
manual release of one raft or container at a time
from the securing arrangements.
➢ Davit-launched liferafts should be stowed within
reach of the lifting hooks, unless some means of
transfer is provided which is not rendered inoperable
within the limits of trim and list as required or by ship
motion or power failure
➢ Liferafts intended for throw-overboard launching
should be stowed so as to be readily transferable for
launching on either side of the ship
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 78
Launching of a liferaft when the ship sinks and HRU
activates (Auto)
A general overview of launching procedure of a liferaft when
the ship sinks is:
• When the ship sinks up to 4 metres, the water pressure
will activate a sharp knife in the HRU
• It will cut the securing rope around the container/canister of
the raft and the raft will float free
• As the ship sinks further, the painter line will stretch and it
will inflate the life raft
• Due to the increase in buoyant pressure, the weak link will
break at around 2.2 kN +/- 0.4 and the raft will be on the
surface Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 79
Lifeboats
• Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched
by falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a load,
without residual deflection on removal of that load.
• Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched
by falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when
loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment
and with, where applicable, skates or fenders in position,
a lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact
velocity of at least 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the
water from a height of at least 3 m.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 80


• No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more
than 150 persons.
• passenger ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can
be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more
than 10 min from the time the instruction to board is
given. Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
• cargo ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can be
boarded by its full complement of persons in not more
than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given.
Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
• Lifeboat freeboard and stability - be stable and have a
positive GM value when loaded with 50% of the number of
persons Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 81
• The speed of a lifeboat when
proceeding ahead in calm
water, when loaded and with
All engine-powered auxiliary
equipment in operation, shall
be at least 6 knots and at
least 2 knots when towing
the largest life raft carried
on the ship, loaded with its
full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 82
2.2. Functions and limitations of the facilities associated
in the use of survival craft and rescue boats

R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, B1, B2,B3 B4,B5, B6


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 83
Liferafts
➢ The liferaft shall be fitted with an efficient painter of
length equal to not less than 10 m plus the distance
from the stowed position to the waterline in the lightest
seagoing condition or 15 m, whichever is the greater.
➢ The breaking strength of the painter system, including its
means of attachment to the liferaft, except the weak link,
shall be not less than 15 kN for liferafts permitted to
accommodate more than 25 persons, not less than 10
kN for liferafts permitted to accommodate 9 to 25
persons and not less than 7.5 kN for any other liferaft.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 84


Davit-launched liferafts
a liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance shall:
1. when the liferaft is loaded with its full complement of
persons and equipment, be capable of withstanding a
lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact
velocity of not less than 3.5 m/s and also a drop into
the water from a height of not less than 3 m without
damage that will affect its function;
➢ Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so
arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of
persons in not more than 3 min from the time the
instruction to board is given.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 85
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 86
Float-free arrangements for liferafts
Painter system
• The liferaft painter system shall provide a connection
between the ship and the liferaft and shall be so arranged
as to ensure that the liferaft when released and, in the
case of an inflatable liferaft, inflated is not dragged under
by the sinking ship.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 87


Weak link
• If a weak link is used in the
float-free arrangement, it
shall:
- not be broken by the force
required to pull the painter
from the liferaft container
- if applicable, be of sufficient
strength to permit the inflation
of the liferaft; and
- break under a strain of 2.2
± 0.4 kN
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 88
Hydrostatic release units
If a hydrostatic release unit is used in the float-free
arrangements, it shall:
• be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent
malfunction of the unit. Galvanizing or other forms of
metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release unit
shall not be accepted.
• automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not more
than 4 m.
• be permanently marked, on the unit or identification plate
securely attached to the unit, with the date of manufacture,
type and serial number and whether the unit is suitable for
use with a liferaft with a capacity
Rev.#: 01
of more than 25 persons89
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 90
Davit-launched inflatable liferafts
a liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance shall,
when suspended from its lifting hook or bridle, withstand a
load of:
1. four times the mass of its full complement of persons and
equipment, at an ambient temperature and a stabilized
liferaft temperature of 20 ± 3°C with all relief valves
inoperative; and
2. 1.1 times the mass of its full complement of persons and
• equipment at an ambient temperature and a stabilized
liferaft temperature of —30°C with all relief valves
operative.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 91
Davit-launched rigid liferafts
• a rigid liferaft for use with an approved launching
appliance shall, when suspended from its lifting hook
or bridle, withstand a load of four times the mass of
its full complement of persons and equipment.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 92


Life Boats
➢ Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be
launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand a load, without residual deflection on
removal of that load:
- in the case of boats with metal hulls, 1.25 times
the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its
full complement of persons and equipment; or
- in the case of other boats, twice the total mass
of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement
of persons and equipment.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 93
➢ Except for free-fall lifeboats, skates or fenders in
position, a lateral impact against the ship's side at an
impact velocity of at least 3.5 m/s and also a drop
into the water from a height of at least 3 m.
➢ Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls,
except a free-fall lifeboat, shall be fitted with a
release mechanism. The mechanism shall have two
release capabilities:
1. Normal (off-load) release capability and
2. On-load release capability
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 94
-Normal (off-load) release capability shall release the
lifeboat when it is waterborne or when there is no load on the
hooks, and not require manual separation of the lifting ring or
shackle from the jaw of the hook.
- on-load release capability shall release the lifeboat with a
load on the hooks. This release mechanism shall be provided
with a hydrostatic interlock unless other means are provided
to ensure that the boat is waterborne before the release
mechanism can be activated
In case of failure or when the boat is not waterborne, there
shall be a means to override the hydrostatic interlock or
similar device to allow emergency release.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 95
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➢ to prevent an accidental release during
recovery of the boat, unless the hook is
completely reset, either the hook shall not be able
to support any load, or the handle or safety pins
shall not be able to be returned to the reset
(closed) position, and any indicators shall not
indicate the release mechanism is reset.

➢Additional danger signs shall be posted at each


hook station to alert crew members to the proper
method of resetting;
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 98
Chapter VI (LSA Code)
Launching and embarkation appliances
➢ With the exception of the secondary means of
launching for free-fall lifeboats, each launching appliance
shall be so arranged that the fully equipped survival craft
or rescue boat it serves can be safely launched against
unfavourable conditions of trim of up to 10° and a list
of up to 20° either way:
- when boarded, as required by regulation, by its full
complement of persons; and
- with not more than the required operating crew on
board.
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Launching appliances using falls and a winch
➢ The launching mechanism
shall be so arranged that it may
be actuated by one person from
a position on the ship's deck
and, except for secondary
launching appliances for free-fall
lifeboats, from a position within
the survival craft or rescue boat.
When launched by a person on
the deck, the survival craft or
rescue boat shall be visible to
that person.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 102
➢ lifeboat launching appliances requirement for oil
tankers, chemical tankers and gas carriers are calculated
in accordance with MARPOL regulations.

➢ A lifeboat launching appliance shall be provided with


means for hanging-off the lifeboat to free the on-load
release mechanism for maintenance.

Float-free launching
➢ Where a survival craft requires a launching appliance
and is also designed to float free, the float-free release of
the survival craft from its stowed position shall be
automatic. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 103
Launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats
➢ The launching appliance shall be designed and
arranged so that, in its ready-to-launch position, the
distance from the lowest point on the lifeboat it
serves to the water surface with the ship in its
lightest seagoing condition does not exceed the
lifeboat's free-fall certification height.

➢ The release mechanism shall be arranged so that


at least two independent actions from inside the
lifeboat are required in order to launch the lifeboat.
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Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 105
➢Each launching appliance shall be
provided with a secondary means to launch
the lifeboat by falls. It must be capable of
launching the lifeboat against unfavourable
conditions of trim of up to only 2° and list of
up to only 5° either way

➢ The secondary means of launching shall


be equipped with at least a single off-load
capability to release the lifeboat.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 106
➢ shall comply with the requirements of LSA Code,
except with regard to embarkation in the stowed
position, recovery of the loaded liferaft and that
manual operation is permitted for turning out the
appliance.

➢ The launching appliance shall include an


automatic release hook arranged so as to prevent
premature release during lowering and shall release
the liferaft when waterborne. The release hook shall
include a capability to release the hook under load.
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Embarkation ladders

➢ Handholds shall be provided to ensure a safe


passage from the deck to the head of the ladder
and vice versa.

The steps of the ladder shall be: not less than 480
mm long, 115 mm wide and 25 mm in depth,
excluding any non-slip surface or coating; and
equally spaced not less than 300 mm or more than
380 mm apart and secured in such a manner that
they will remain horizontal.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 109
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 110
Launching appliances for fast rescue boats

➢ The launching appliance shall be fitted with a device to


dampen the forces due to interaction with the waves
when the fast rescue boat is launched or recovered. The
device shall include a flexible element to soften shock
forces and a damping element to minimize oscillations.

➢ The winch shall be fitted with an automatic high-speed


tensioning device which prevents the wire from going
slack in all sea state conditions in which the fast rescue
boat is intended to operate.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 111
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 112
2.3. Interpret the markings in survival craft and rescue boats

Markings on inflatable liferafts


The liferaft shall be marked with:
.1 maker's name or trademark
.2 serial number
.3 date of manufacture (month and year)
.4 name of approving authority
.5 name and place of servicing station where it was last
serviced; and
.6 number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over
each entrance in characters not less than 100 mm in
height of a colour contrasting with that of the liferaft.
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Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 114
The container shall be marked with:
1. Maker's name or trademark;
2. Serial number;
3. Name of approving authority and the number of
persons it is permitted to carry;
4. SOLAS;
5. Type of emergency pack enclosed;
6. Date when last serviced;
7. Length of painter;
8. Mass of the packed liferaft, if greater than 185 kg;
9. Maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline
(depending on drop-test height and length of painter); and
10. Launching instructions.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 115
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 116
Markings on rigid liferafts

The liferaft shall be marked with:


1. Name and port of registry of the ship to which it
belongs;
2. Maker's name or trademark;
3. Serial number;
4. Name of approving authority;
5. Number of persons it is permitted to
accommodate over each entrance in characters not
less than 100 mm in height of a colour contrasting
with that of the liferaft;
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Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 118
6. SOLAS;
7. Type of emergency pack enclosed;
8. Length of painter;
9. Maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline
(drop-test height); and
10. Launching instructions.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 119


Lifeboat markings
➢ The number(s) of persons for which the lifeboat is
approved, for passenger ships and/or cargo ships, as
applicable, shall be clearly marked on it in clear permanent
characters

➢ The name and port of registry of the ship to which the


lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each side of the
lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.

➢ Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat belongs


and the number of the lifeboat shall be marked in such a
way that they are visible
Rev.#: 01
from Rev.
above.
Date: 06 Dec 2022 120
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 121
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 122
3. Types of device used for launching survival craft and
rescue boats
3.1 Various types of device used for launching survival
craft and for rescue boats

Single Arm Boom


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Cranes
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Gravity Davit
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 124
Rescue Boat Davit

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 125


3.2. Procedure in operating each launching device;
and
3.3 Safety precautions.

Procedure for Launching Davit Launched Life Raft


➢ Launching davit launched life rafts will vary
depending on the size and manufactured type of
raft/davit. It is also pointed out that different
manufacturers have a wide range of fitments which are
not necessarily carried on all rafts, and may be
described by different names.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 126
Beaufort davit launched inflatable life raft

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 127


(a) Manhandle the life raft in its canister under the wire
fall of the davit.
(b) Pull off the sealing patch of the canister and pull out
the securing shackle of the life raft.
(c) Secure the fall hook to the exposed shackle.
(d) Pull out and tie off the container retaining lines to the
side rails.
(e) Pull out and secure the bowsing-in lines to the deck
cleats provided.
(f ) Pull out the short painter and tie off at the
embarkation deck.
(g) Hoist the life raft canister clear above the deck.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 128
(h) Turn out the davit by the handle provided to its
designed limit (usually about 70° off the ships fore
and aft line).
(i) Inflate the life raft by giving a sharp tug on the
painter. (The two halves of the canister should fall
away to either side of the ship being retained by
the ‘Container retaining Lines’ secured at the
rails).
(j) Tension the bowsing-in lines to ensure that the life
raft is flush against the ships sides. (NB. Some
liferafts have bowsing lines secured to a boarding
flap.) Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 129
(k) The person in charge of the life raft should then carry
out internal checks on the condition of the buoyancy
chambers for any defects and ensure that the inside is
well ventilated and not containing CO2.
(l) A further check must be made over side to ensure that
the water surface beneath the life raft is cleared of
debris and it is safe to launch.
(m) Load the life raft in a stable manner checking that all
personnel have no sharp objects on their person
(n) When fully loaded, detach the bowsing-in lines and the
painter and cast them into the access point of the raft.
(o) Commence lowering the life raft on the fall towards the
surface.
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(p) Approximately 2–3 metres from the surface, the
person in charge of the life raft should pull down on
the lanyard from the release hook.

(q) Continue to lower to the surface. As the buoyancy


effects the underside of the life raft the hook
arrangement (spring loaded) retracts from the
shackle, to effect the release of the life raft.

❖ Once clear of the immediate area life rafts


should be joined together with about a 10 m length
between to avoid snatching
Rev.#: 01
in a seaway
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 131
Auto Release with Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU)
The Working of HRU:
• HRU acts as a connecting media between life
raft container and ship deck, where it is stored.
• The HRU comes in action under the pressure of
water exerted on HRU when the ship sinks
below 4m of water level.
• The HRU consists of a sharp knife or chisel
which is used to cut the strap lashed over the
container carrying life raft, but it still holds the
painter at the weak link. Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022
Rev.#: 01 132
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 133
• The HRU is connected to the container through a lashing
arrangement which can be disengaged quickly by means of
slip hook when launching the raft manually.
• The HRU is connected to a strong point on deck through
a weak link.
• When vessel sinks, the HRU cuts the rope and the
container floats to the surface of water.
• As vessel sinks further, the tension in the painter causes
the life raft to inflate out of the container.
• The tension acting on the weak link will cause it to break
making the life raft free from the ship.
• When vessel sinks, the HRU cuts the rope and the
container floats to the surfaceRev.ofDate:water.
Rev.#: 01 06 Dec 2022 134
Manual Launching Procedure of Life raft:
• Check that one end of the painter of the raft is well
secured to a strong point on ship’s deck or structure.
• Remove the lashing from the container of the raft
and open the way to portable rail if available.
• Check the ship side where the raft to be launched is
clear.
• Two people should lift the container from both sides
horizontally and throw the container.
• Make sure the painter is still fixed at a strong point
so that the raft should not be waved away by waters.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 135
• Pull the painter with a hard jerk to
fire the gas bottle to inflate the raft.
• The life raft will take 20-30 sec to
inflate.
• Board the life raft one by one
using ladder or rope.
• Avoid sharp objects like knives,
shoes and other sharp objects etc
which may damage the raft surface.
• When everybody is aboard, after a
headcount, cut the painter with a
sharp knife.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 136
Life Boat launching procedure:
➢ Lifeboats are stored on the boat davits on both
sides of the ship except for Free Fall Lifeboat. In
case of emergency, the crew on board the LB and
escaped with the LB directly from its stowage
position.

➢The launching appliance consists of a boat davit


(davit arm, frame, platform, falls, suspension block,
and gripes/lashing device} and a boat winch
(reduction gears, hand brake and centrifugal brake}.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 137
➢Swinging out and lowering of the life lifeboat can be
controlled both from the inside of the lifeboat and at
the ship’s deck.

➢The lowering speed of the lifeboat can be controlled


both from the inside of the lifeboat and the ship’s deck.

➢The lowering speed of the lifeboat can be controlled


by operating the remote control wire inside the lifeboat
or by operating the remote control lever on the ship’s
deck.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 138
➢Moreover, it is possible to suspend the lowering
operation of the lifeboat at any height. Recovery of
the lifeboat is performed by operating the boat
winch with the push-button switch box. When the
davit arm reaches a prescribed position, the boat
winch is automatically stopped by the limit switch.

➢After the activation of the limit switch, the boat


winch is operated manually to wind up the lifeboat to
its stowage position. The boat winch is provided with
a safety device to prevent the reverse operation of
the manual handleRev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 139
➢ The life boat is equipped with on-load/off-load release gear
which complies with the requirements of the IMO LSA Code.
The release gear system is equipped with a hydrostatic
interlock system so that it will normally not release the hooks
until the boat is waterborne.

The following routine should be adopted when


lowering lifeboats by gravity davits: ( Open type
lifeboats )
1. Check all the obstructions that will impede the lowering of
the lifeboat. See that everything is clear, railings and bulwark
opened and cleared. Lower the embarkation ladder.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 140
2. Put on the lifeboat’s drain plug. Lifelines down and
painter lines lowered fore and aft and secured to a strong
point. Check that the tracing pendants are connected

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 141


3. Release the gripes of the lifeboat.
4. Release the harbour pins/stopper bars on the davits

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 142


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 143
5. The handle of the winch brake is engaged (lifted) and
the boat lowering is controlled with the break until the
lifeboat reaches the embarkation deck.
6. At the embarkation deck, connect the bowsing-in
tackles fore and aft, heaved tight simultaneously and
secured for safe embarkation.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 144


7. Start embarkation of crew / passengers.
8. When all are embarked, release the tracing
pendants fore and aft.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 145


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 146
Launching Totally Enclosed Lifeboat

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 147


5

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 148


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Free Fall Lifeboat Launching

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 171


Before launching FFLB, special attention should be
paid to the following identified several causes of
accidents:

✓Failure of on-load mechanism,


✓Inadvertent operation of on load mechanism,
✓Inadequate maintenance of lifeboats, davits and launching
equipment,
✓Communication failure,
✓Lack of familiarity with the lifeboats, davits, equipment and
associated controls,
✓Unsafe practices during lifeboat drills and inspections, and
✓Design faults other than on-load release.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 172
1. MUSTER CREW
- Switch on Floodlights if required
- Where inflatable lifejackets are provided, do not
inflate until after lifeboat has been launched.
- Make sure LB is clear to launch. The recovery slings
and gripes must be disconnected.
- Open embarkation door.
2. LAUNCHING CHECKS
- Make sure the launching area is clear of all
obstructions.
- Make sure the water is deep enough for the free fall
launch.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 173
3. HELMSMAN ACTION
- Engine running satisfactory, stop engine and set controls
for restart after launch.
- Propeller must be set in neutral
- Set wheel amidships in “0” position.
- Automatic drain plugs must be closed.
- Disconnect vessel to boat electric plug.

4. EMBARKATION
- Survivors embark to designated seats.
- Hatches and ventilation to be closed.
- The door must be closed and secured.
- Fasten seat belts and head restraints
- Helmsman to checkRev.#:
all01secure
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 174
5. LAUNCHING
- Everybody must brace. Use brace bars if they are
provided
- The helmsman operate the hydraulic release and if
this falls, operates the emergency release.

6. FURTHER ACTION
- After launched, the engine must be re-started
- Open the ventilation or operate the compressed air
supply and spray if required.
- The area must be clear and radio distress signals
must be opened. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 175
Rescue Boat Launching
Procedure

Preparation before
Launching:

1. Tighten boat wire fall from


winch vessel.

2. Embarkation of rescue team.


Check engine, fuel tank, slip
hook, painter line.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 176
3. Open lashing.
4. The crew on deck, lift brake lever for turning the
boat outboard and lowering to the sea.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 177


5. Few meters before touching
the water, start the engine.

6. Release hook when


waterborne.

7. When moving ahead release


painter line and clear ship’s side.

• Reverse sequence for retrieval


• Ensure that painterline is connected
• Before attaching main fall hoist with winch motor
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 178
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 179
4. Launching survival craft and rescue boats into a
rough sea
4.1 Methods of launching survival craft and rescue boat
into a rough sea

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 180


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 181
➢ In handling lifeboat in rough weather, NEVER
do offload release, always do on load release.

LOWERING LIFEBOAT IN HEAVY WEATHER:


1) Crew to be wearing lifejackets.
2) Stop the vessel.
3) Check the plug and rig fenders on the inboard side.
4) A long boat rope should be passed along the hull and
secured fore and aft.
5) One painter forward and one painter aft at all times
and to be kept taut.
6) Get the engines running.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 182
7) At the time of lowering have the ship heading in
the direction in which it will lie the steadiest.
8) Lower the lifeboat from the embarkation deck,
after crew embarks.
9) Rig cargo scrambling nets incase of persons
falling overboard or lifeboats smashing up they
have a chance of survival.
10) Keep her well frapped in and held by the
gunwale until ready for launching.
11) Have oil bags ready over the side.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 183
12) When the vessel rolls the right way, let go the
frapping, lower quickly onto a wave crest.
13) As she slides onto a succeeding trough her falls
are automatically slacked by the boats weight.
14) On rising to the next crest they are amply
slacked for rapid unhooking.
15) Let go aft painter and keep forward painter so
that the boat takes a sheer using her rudder.
16) Let go forward painter, go full ahead and clear
the ship's side.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 184
4.2. safety precautions in launching survival
craft and rescue boat.

➢ for safety reasons in launching survival


craft and rescue boat, always check with
the ships SMS which was developed by
the company as per manufacturers
recommendation of safe handling of
particular survival craft equipments.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 185
4.4. Commands for launching and boarding
survival craft, clearing the ship and handling
and disembarking persons from survival
craft.

➢ Lifeboat properly stowed on a gravity davit


system, when hearing the abandon ship signal
or the order to lower the lifeboat, the crew will
give the correct commands to launch the boat.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 186
Prepare and safely launch a survival-craft
1. Ready the boat for launch 1. Removed boat cover and
strong backs; plugged drain;
readied man ropes; shipped tiller;
checked that the painter was
secure to thwart; and removed
gripes.

2. Pass the sea painter 2. Led the painter inside falls and
outboard of all obstructions.

3. Secure the sea painter 3. Removed slack and secured


well forward by a round turn and
figure eights on the bitts.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 187
4. Attend the frapping lines 4. Passed frapping lines
around falls after the tricing
pendants pulled boat into
side of the: ship, and slacked
as ordered during the boat's
descent.

5. Release tricing pendants 5. On command, let go tricing


pendants; and

6. Operate winch and brake 6. On command, lifted brake


release and lowered boat.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 188


Safely recover survival-craft
1. Bringing the lifeboat under the 1. Commands were issued in proper
falls. sequence.

2. Hooking the boat to the falls.

3. Raising the boat to the 2. All tasks needed to recover the


embarkation deck; boat were verified.
4. Raising the boat to its stowed
position; and
5. Securing the boat. 3. The boat was recovered and
secured within 15 minutes.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 189
Steer (command) a survival-craft under oars
1. Get the boat underway 1. Commands were issued in
proper sequence.
2. Steer a course by LB
compass
3. Turn to port 2. Straight courses were ± 6°of
direction given .
4. Turn to starboard
5. Stop 3. Oarsmen carried out
commands together.
6. Go astern
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 190
Row a survival-craft
1. Stand by the oars 1. Actions in response to the
commands were correct.
2. Out oars
3. Stand by to give way

4. Give way
5. Oars 2. The oarsmen carried out
6. Hold water the actions in response to
commands
7. Back water
together.
8. Way enough
9. Boat the oars Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 191
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 192
5. Dangers associated with use of on-load
release devices
5.1. Procedures in activating on-load release
devices

LSA Code: Lifeboat fittings requirement


Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except
a free-fall lifeboat, shall be fitted with a release
mechanism.
• The mechanism shall have two release
capabilities: normal (off-load) release capability
and on-load release
Rev.#: 01
capability
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 193
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➢ on-load release capability
• shall release the lifeboat with a load on the hooks.
This release mechanism shall be provided with a
hydrostatic interlock unless other means are
provided to ensure that the boat is waterborne
before the release mechanism can be activated.

• In case of failure or when the boat is not


waterborne, there shall be a means to override the
hydrostatic interlock or similar device to allow
emergency release.Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 196
• This interlock override capability shall be
adequately protected against accidental or
premature use. Adequate protection shall
include special mechanical protection not
normally required for off-load release, in addition
to a danger sign.

• The protection shall be deliberately destroyed by


applying a suitable minimum force, for instance
by breaking a protection glass or translucent
cover.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 197
• A label or thin wire seal is not considered
sufficiently robust. To prevent a premature on-
load release, on-load operation of the release
mechanism shall require multiple, deliberate
and sustained action or actions by the operator.

• That is On load mechanism can release the


lifeboat from the wire, with the ship above the
water level and with all the crew members
inside the boat. The load will be still in the fall
as the boat would not have touched the water.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 198
• Normally the on-load release is operated
when the boat is about to touch the surface
of the water so that the fall is smooth
without damaging the boat and harming the
crew inside.

• Lever is provided inside the boat to operate


this mechanism. As the lever is operated from
inside, it is safe to free the boat without
going out of the lifeboat, when there is a fire on
the ship.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 199
On-load release hooks in rescue boats
• SOLAS and the LSA Code require every
conventional lifeboat, including those used as
rescue boats, to be fitted with release hooks with
off-load and on-load capabilities.

• Using on-load release hooks for this purpose,


carries the same risk of accidental release as
using the hooks that have been installed in
conventional lifeboats up until now.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 200
• But while all on-load release hooks in lifeboats
must be recertified or replaced before 1 July
2019, on-load release hooks fitted in rescue boats
are in principle not subject to the amended LSA
Code.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 201


5.2 Procedures to prevent unintentional activation
of on-load release devices.
• Formal crew training and certification
➢ SOLAS requires that each ship shall have
onboard a sufficient number of crew members,
being deck officers or certificated personnel, to
launch and handle its lifeboats and rescue boat.
➢ SOLAS Reg.III/10 that: “A deck officer or
certificated person shall be placed in charge of
each survival craft to be used” and that a
second-in-command shall be nominated as well.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 202
• Fall prevention devices (FPDs)
➢ Either a locking pin through the cheek plates of the
hook or a sling between the davit fall blocks and an
attachment point of the hooks, may be used as an
interim risk mitigation measure until compliant hooks
are fitted.
➢ However, the use of FPDs can introduce additional
operational risks, and it is important that the ship’s
operating crew is familiar with the operation of the FPD
fitted to the lifeboat on their ship. The procedure to follow
when using an FDP should be readily available onboard
and the crew should receive relevant training.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 203
5.3 Possible consequences of unintentional or
premature activation of on-load release
devices.
• In the figure on the next slide the lifeboat is
lowered into water where there is no current or
tidal stream and the ship is not making way.
• The lifeboat hooks are ‘off-load’.
• The hydrostatic interlock has been activated by
immersion in water.
• The falls can be released.
• The painter can be released.
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R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, B1, B2,B3 B4,B5, B6
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 205
• In the next figure, the life boat is lowered
into rough water or there is a current or
tidal stream and/or the ship is making way
(up to 4 knots).
• The lifeboat hooks are ‘on-load’.
• The hydrostatic interlock has been
activated by immersion in water.
• The falls can be released ‘on-load’.
• The painter may be difficult to release.
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R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, B1, B2,B3 B4,B5, B6
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 207
• Once a lifeboats were left hanging in their falls and
could not be launched - It appears that little
thought has been given to the enclosed lifeboat
structure’s resistance to dropping into the water or
the survivability of the people inside.

• Whether a lifeboat is dropped from 1 metre or from


20 metres there can be serious personal
injuries, deaths and possible structural
damage. In many cases the structural damage is
sufficient to cause flooding and in some cases has
been sufficient to cause the lifeboat to sink.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 208
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 209
6. Actions to be taken after leaving the ship
6.1 Actions and precautionary measures to be
taken after leaving the ship
Once survival craft are in the water the following
actions and procedures should take place:

Initial vital actions to protect against exposure


1. Cut painter
So far as possible
2. Stream drogue
Simultaneously
3. Close entrance
in group situations
4. Maintain craft
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 210
Cold climates
CUT painter
• Assist other survivors to board craft. Use
safety knife provided. Manoeuvre clear from
ship’s side or obstructions.
STREAM drogue
• Reduces the rate of drift – allows survivors to
reach craft – helps keep craft at location of
casualty – ideally holds entrances at angle to
weather – helps to prevent capsizing.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 211


CLOSE entrance
• Keeps out water (sea or rain) and wind. Allows natural body
heat of survivors to warm interior air. When warm and
atmosphere heavy and uncomfortable, adjust ventilation. A
very small opening should be sufficient.
MAINTAIN craft Insulation – Inflate the floor of the raft.
Seaworthiness – Remove excessive water.
` Check for damage. Repair or plug if necessary.
Check position of inflation (topping up) valves.

Tropical climates It is unlikely that it will be necessary to close


up or insulate. It will be necessary to keep cool and avoid
exposure to the sun. However,
Rev.#: 01
keep water out.
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 212
Secondary vital actions
• The above are essential actions to combat exposure.
The following actions should also be taken as soon as
possible (they are not necessarily in priority order):
➢ Seasick remedy
➢ Injured survivors
➢ Bail out
➢ Warming up
➢ Congregation of rafts
➢ Search for survivors, lookout
➢ Handbook
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 213
➢ Handbook
➢ Morale and will to survive
• Cold, anxiety, hunger, thirst, effects of
seasickness all work against the will to survive.
Keep spirits up. Maintain confidence in rescue.
Firm but understanding discipline. Keep a lookout
for signs of abnormal behaviour and avoid doing
things which annoy others.

• Delirious people. Physically restrain.


Bear in mind effect on other survivors.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 214
Subsequent actions
The initial and secondary actions combat the
immediate threats to survivors. This section
concerns subsequent actions and survival craft
routine:
➢ Leader
➢ Sharp objects
➢ Roll call
➢ Routine
➢ Watches
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 215
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

1. Clear away from the ship.


2. Look for and pick up survivors.
3. Marshal liferafts and other survival craft.
4. Secure survival craft together – distribute personnel
and equipment as necessary.
5. Stream sea anchor.
6. In an open boat rig the exposure cover.
7. Ensure that everyone in the boat is as dry and warm
as possible.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 216
8. Ensure all loose gear is
secured in the boat when not
required for use e.g. oars,
axes, etc.
9. Read the SURVIVAL MANUAL
kept in the small gear locker.
10. As soon as possible check
the boat gear and survival
equipment. Make sure Distress
Signals are retained in good
condition and kept ready to
hand.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 217
Righting-up an Inverted Liferaft
• To right the raft, swim to the side marked RIGHT
HERE – this is the location of the heavy inflation
cylinder. Turn the life raft canopy into the wind
and reach up and pull on the righting strap using
the cylinder pocket as a foot support. As the raft
turns over, swim clear quickly. If the inverted
canopy is full of water, the raft may be more
difficult to right and more people may be required
to pull on the righting strap.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 218
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Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 220
7. Recovering during rough sea conditions of
survival craft and rescue boats
7.1 Recovering survival craft.
7.1.1 Methods of recovering survival craft.
7.1.2 Safety precautions in recovering survival craft
BOAT RECOVERY IN HEAVY WEATHER
• If a boat is lowered at sea for a specific job, under
normal circumstances that boat must be recovered
before the voyage can proceed. This operation may
become extremely hazardous with a heavy swell
running or with a Rev.#:
rough 01
sea.
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 221
Preparation
• Secure a wire
pendant to an
accessible point on
the davit arms.
• Extreme care must be
taken to ensure that the
strop and the wire
pendant, together with
any shackles used, are
of sufficient strength to
accept the weight of
the fully laden boat
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 222
• The boat falls should be retrieved at deck level
and nylon rope strops shackled to the linkage
from the floating blocks, since rope strops are
easier to handle than chain in the confines of the
oscillating conditions of the boat in the water.

• The wire pendant and the boat falls, together


with the nylon strops, should be set up above
the waterline.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 223


• Ensure that the strop is also
of adequate strength to
support the full weight of the
laden boat.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 224


Hoisting
• If the operation is taking place on a Class 1 passenger
vessel, then the sequence of actions are made easier
by the use of the rams horn lifting hook, a standard
fitment in the emergency boats of passenger vessels.
• However, where a single lifting hook is to be used, then
the method of recovery can be achieved in the
following way:
- fit both nylon strops over the lifting hooks, fore and aft
in the boat and hoist the boat clear of the water until
the floating blocks are ‘block on block’ with the davit
head Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 225
• It is at this stage that the wire
pendant is secured to each of the
lifting hooks, on top of the nylon
strops.
• If a rams horn hook was being
used, then the opposing half of
the hook would accommodate the
pendant.
• The idea at this stage is to
transfer the weight of the boat
from the falls to the wire
pendants, so that the boat falls
may be correctly secured.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 226
Transfer of Weight

• This can only be


achieved if the wire
pendant is long enough
to reach from the davit
head to the lifting hook in
the boat when the
floating blocks are hard
up at the davit head.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 227


• By walking back on the boat fall, the weight
comes on to the pendant and the strop
becomes slack. This is the time either to cut
away the strop at the hook or unshackle the
other end from the linkage of the floating block.
Stowage
• Continue to walk back on the falls to enable the
open links to be slipped over the wire pendants
and the lifting hooks, hoist away and take the
weight on the falls. Detach the pendants from
the davits and restow the craft.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 228
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 229
7.2. Recovering rescue boat
7.2.4 Methods in recovering rescue boat in rough
sea condition
7.2.5 Safety precautions in recovering rescue boat in
rough sea condition
➢ The launch and recovery phase is generally
accepted to be the primary limiting factor on
whether or not a rescue boat can be deployed. In
particular, the lifting of the RB during the recovery
phase can be problematic. At present there is no
requirement for formal training and certification of
launch and recovery equipment operators.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 230
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For a successful recovery operation it is
necessary that:
• The master must be familiar with the system,
and be able to provide a lee in rough weather.

• Launch and recovery personnel must be


experienced and should have undergone
training.

• The RB must be stabilized as much as possible.


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 232
• The crane or davits must be capable of
fast, controlled lowering and lifting of
heavy loads.

• The hook system must be simple.

• Efficient techniques for the use of guiding


lines and bowsing are used.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 233
➢ The traditional method of reducing ship
motions for the launch and recovery of a RB
is to be running before the waves at
approximately the speed of the waves, about
10° off the sea direction.

➢ A speed through the water of 4-10 knots is


usually suitable. This allows good steerage
and good handling speed for the Rescue
Boat (RB).
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 234
➢ In very rough conditions it has been
suggested that the most efficient method
of flattening the sea by an RB is to steam
in circles. One or two full circles will have a
very significant effect of flattening the sea
locally. One suitable subsequent position
for launch or recovery is then shown in the
next slide.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 235


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 236
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 237
8. Maintenance procedures of survival craft
and rescue boats
8.1 Maintenance procedures for survival craft and rescue
boats.
• The lifeboats are maintained under the Planned
Maintenance System of the ship which is stipulated by
the company. In addition, the lifeboats are visually
inspected weekly and the engines tried out.

• A monthly inspection would include greasing of moving


parts if required. Every three months the boats would be
lowered into the water
Rev.#: 01
and Rev.
manoeuvred.
Date: 06 Dec 2022 238
• A twelve (12) monthly inspection will involve opening
up the casing and removing old grease and re-applying
new grease.

• At thirty (30) months, the wire falls would be end for


ended while at five (5) years the falls would be
renewed.

• The five yearly test involves overloading the boat to


110% to provide a dynamic test to the davit launching
appliances as per M 1655 (MSA - Five Yearly Testing of
Lifeboat and Rescue Boat Launching Appliances).
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 239
✓Normal practice in achieving this test is
to use water bags in the boat to attain the
required load of 110%.

• If specialized help from manufacturers is


not available, the ship’s Chief Engineer
(or his delegate) should carry out such
an inspection following the
manufacturer’s manuals and general
engineering principles.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 240
• In addition ship’s
LSA maintenance
logs are to be
scrutinized to confirm
evidence of regular
maintenance and
history of any
persistent problem or
major fault.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 241
Annual Thorough Examination: Lifeboats
The following items should be examined and checked for
satisfactory condition and operation:
.1 condition of lifeboat structure including fixed and loose
equipment;
.2 engine and propulsion system;
.3 sprinkler system, where fitted;
.4 air supply system, where fitted;
.5 manoeuvring system;
.6 power supply system; and
.7 bailing system. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 242
Annual Thorough Examination: Release gear

The following should be examined for satisfactory


condition and operation after the annual winch brake
test with the empty boat:
.1 operation of devices for activation of release gear;
.2 excessive free play (tolerances);
.3 hydrostatic interlock system, where fitted;
.4 cables for control and release; and
.5 hook fastening.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 243
Annual Thorough Examination: Release gear
operational test of on-load release function

.1 position the lifeboat partially into the water such that


the mass of the boat is substantially supported by the
falls and the hydrostatic interlock system, where fitted,
is not triggered;
.2 operate the on-load release gear;
.3 reset the on-load release gear; and
.4 examine the release gear and hook fastening to
ensure that the hook is completely reset and no
damage has occurred.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 244
Annual Thorough Examination: Release
gear operational test of off-load release
function

.1 position the lifeboat fully waterborne;


.2 operate the off-load release gear;
.3 reset the on-load release gear; and
.4 recover the lifeboat to the stowed
position and prepare for operational
readiness.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 245
8.2 Identify the tools and equipment used in
maintenance activities

Lifeboat Release
Handle Actuation
Force Gauge
Battery Analyzer
Fall preventer Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 246
Simulation Test Kit for Lifeboat
Release and Retrieval System

Simulation Test
Kits for Hydrostatic
Interlock Unit
Hang-off Belt

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 247


Digital Vernier
Caliper
Quickly Release
Shackle

Hydraulic Puller Remote


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 248
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 249
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 250
9. Methods of starting and operating a survival
craft engine
9.1 Accessories in a survival craft engine

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 251


1.Bracket for reversing cable
2. Bleeder valve for gear
3. Reversing lever for gear
4. Lubricating oil pump
5. Electric stop solenoid
6. Bracket for control cable
7. Engine speed control lever
8. Exhaust pipe connection
9. Fuel filter
10. Lubricating oil filling plug
11. Lifting fittings
12. Cooling water filling plug
13. Air filter with noise suppression
14. Water cooled exhaust manifold
15. Outlet to keel cooler
16. Thermostat housing
17. Plug for hot-water take off
18. Alternator19. Tension device for V-belt
20. Transmitter for cooling water alarm and
temperature
21. Electric starter
22. Oil pressure switch
23. Reversible engine mountings
24. Lubricating oil filter
25. Electric multi plug
26. Plug for draining off lubricating oil
27. Reverse-reduction gear
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec28.
2022
Coupling flange for propeller shaft 252
29. Cooling water
expansion tank

30. Inlet from keel cooler

31. Dipstick for engine oil

32. Fuel lift pump

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 253


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 254
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 255
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 256
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8, B1, B2,B3 B4,B5, B6
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 257
9.2. Type of fire extinguisher provided in survival craft

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 258


9.3 Procedures in starting and operating a survival
craft engine based on instruction’s manual
Starting instructions for (BUKH DV29RME) Lifeboat
Engine
Electric start:
1. Switch on the main switch.
2. Put the gear in neutral position
3. Put the switch into ”RUN” position
4. Push the ”START” button until the engine starts
Cold Start (below minus 15°C if mounted):
Start pilot: Pull and push the pump (2) 2-3 times
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 259
Stopping the engine: Push the ”STOP” button until
the engine stops
After the engine has stopped: Put the switch in ”OFF”
position.
Filling the pressure tank (3) (if mounted):
1. Open the cover.
2. Put the gas cylinder on top of the valve and fill up
the tank to max. marking.
Hand Start: (If mounted):Put gear into neutral
position. Put handle into crank claw. Lift
decompression lever (1)
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 260
Cold start with hand
start (below 0 °C).
Start pilot: Pos 1 – 2 – 3
Pull and push the pump (2)
2-3 times.
Turn the start handle as
quickly as possible
(clockwise), release the
decompression lever, but
keep on turning until the
engine starts.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 261
Manoeuvering
1. With the control lever in central position the engine
is idling, and the marine gear is in neutral (pos. 0).

- When the lever is moved forward in range 1, the


marine gear is engaged to "Ahead” first, and then in
range2 the engine R.P.M. is increased. When the lever
is moved from the central position to range 3, the marine
gear is engaged to "Astern” first and then in range 4 the
engine R.P.M. is increased.

2. Only engage "Ahead” or "Astern” when the engine


is idling. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 262
3. To accelerate engine
without engaging gear, operate
gear release button 5 and
move control handle in either
direction.

4. Increase the
load gradually from idling in
the course of the first 15-
20minutes shortly after the
start of the engine.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 263
Stopping the engine
1. Reduce the load gradually in the course of 15-
20 minutes before stop.
2. Reduce the engine to idling and put the gear in
neutral position.
3. Push the ”Stop” button (or pull the mechanical
stop handle) until engine stops.
4. Move the ”Off/Run” switch to the ”Off” position.
5. Turn off the battery main switch.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 264
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 265
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 266
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 267
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 268
9.4. Precautionary measures in starting and
operating a survival craft engine
AFTER THE ENGINE HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO USE
Before start
1. The oil level of the engine should be checked every 14
days or every 25hours of running as described in
”Preparation before first start”. It is not necessary to refill oil
if the level is between the two marks on the dipstick.

2. The oil level of the reduction gear should be


checked every 14 days or every 25 hours of running as
described in ”Preparation before first start”.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 269
3. The stern tube stuffing box should be lubricated every
14 days or every 25 hours of running.

4. Check the quantity of fuel in the tank.

Never accelerate a cold engine. Let it get warm


first.
Maintenance:
• Belt for Alternator • Lubricating oil system
• Air inlet filter • Cooling system
• Fuel filter
• Fuel lift pump Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 270
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 271
10. Food and water apportionment
10.1. Provisions onboard survival craft

EMERGENCY DRINKING WATER


Completely sterile, vacuum-sealed water in
a flexible packaging, required 1.5 liter per
person and can keep as long as 5 years.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 272
Compressed vitaminized biscuit bars. Takes up
little space and will keep as long as 5 years.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 273
10.2. food and water allocation in survival craft
➢ Regulations state that the boat must have a food
rations totaling not less than 10,000 kJ for each
person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate;
these rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and
be stowed in a watertight container.

➢ The boat is also required to carry watertight


receptacles containing a total of 3 liters of fresh
water for each person the lifeboat is permitted to
accommodate.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 274
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 275
10.3. Importance in apportioning food and water in
survival craft.
WATER/FOOD
• Method of issuing rations. Issue rations after first
twenty-four hours at set times during the day –
sunrise, midday, sunset. except to injured people
(if conscious).

• Collect rainwater whenever possible. Eat fish


only if plentiful supply of water available.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 276
Rations
• The rations provided in the craft are based upon the
above knowledge and instructions for their use MUST BE
FOLLOWED. The length of time that the rations will last
will
depend upon the number of occupants. However, the
minimum with a full complement is 4 days.
Issue of rations
“DO NOT ISSUE WATER DURING THE FIRST 24
HOURS”.
The body is already full of water – if more is put in it will
be wasted in the form of urine.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 277
• After 24 hours the body will be drier and
will absorb any water that is drunk, just as a
sponge will hold water but a wet sponge will
not hold any more.

• Only if a man is injured is it permissible to


give him a drink in the first 24 hours to
replace fluid loss due to bleeding or burns
and ONLY IF HE IS CONSCIOUS.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 278
• After 24 hours, issue a full ration three times
daily at sunrise, midday and sunset.
• Don’t be tempted to give more rations than
necessary.
• Make sure the carbohydrate food is taken. In
prolonged survival, wait until the fourth day
before reducing the daily ration if absolutely
necessary and then only by half.
• It is essential to supplement rations with
rainwater from the outset.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 279
• Supplement rations Supplement the basic
supply of water whenever you can. Rainwater
should be retained. Condensation is a
possible supply.
• Seawater/urine DO NOT DRINK SEAWATER
OR URINE. Madness or death follow rapidly
upon the drinking of seawater or urine.
• Fish flesh DO NOT EAT FISH FLESH unless
you have an abundant supply of water.
Protein foods such as fish tend to consume
vital body fluids.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 280
10.4 Plan food and water apportioning in a given
situation

Situation:

“ Maersk Alabama a container vessel which was


attacked by the pirates, has a 28 foot lifeboat and
have a capacity of 50 individuals. How long can the
Captain and 4 pirates could survive in the life boat
during his capture with reference to LSA
Regulations?”
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 281
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 282
11. First aid kit and resuscitation techniques
11.1. Contents of the first aid kit
In addition to any other medical stores required by the
Regulations, ships of:
a. less than 500 GT must carry at least one first aid
kit, which shall be kept in an easily accessible
location as determined by the shipowner; and
b. 500 GT or more must carry a minimum of three
first aid kits; one must be located in the galley, one
in the engine room and one at an easily accessible
location such as in the hospital or on the bridge.
First aid kits must be portable
Rev.#: 01 and be
Rev.enclosed
Date: 06 Dec 2022in a waterproof container.
283
The first aid kit must contain the following
items which must be kept in a portable
waterproof container.
• 4 x triangular bandages, 90cm x 127cm base
• 6 x medium sterile bandages with unmedicated
dressing, 10cm x 8cm
• 2 x large sterile bandages with unmedicated
dressings, 13cm x 9cm
• 2 x extra large unmedicated dressings, 28cm x
17.5cm
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 284
• 6 x medium safety pins, rustless
• 20 x assorted elastic adhesive dressings
medicated
• 2 x sterile eye pads with attachment
• 2 x packages containing sterile gauze
swabs
• 5 pairs of large size disposable gloves
• Sterile eye wash in eye wash bottle.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 285
11.2. Different Resuscitation Techniques
Resuscitation is the process of
correcting physiological disorders (such as
lack of breathing or heartbeat) in
an acutely ill patient.
-It is an important part of intensive care
medicine, trauma surgery and emergency
medicine.
-Well known examples
are cardiopulmonary
resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 286
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 287
RESPIRATORY ARREST
(+) Pulse (-) Breathing
-a condition that exist at any point a patient
stops breathing
1. Artificial Respiration
- The restoration or substitution of someone’s
breathing by manual, mechanical, or
mouth-to-mouth methods.
AHA- 12 cycles/minute
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 288
Different ways to ventilate:
- Mouth to mouth
- Mouth to nose
- Mouth to mouth and nose
- Mouth to barrier

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 289


Procedure:
1. Make sure the person is lying on the floor. Look
into the mouth to ensure that airway is clear.
2. Tilt head back slightly to open the airway.
3. Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index
finger.
4. Place your mouth tightly over the person’s mouth.
5. Give 12 breaths/minute with 5 seconds interval
6. Look for the person’s chest to rise while counting
for intervals.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 290
Cardiac Arrest
(-) Pulse (-) Breathing
is a condition in which your heart's electrical system
malfunctions and your heart stops beating.

2. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation


- An emergency procedure that combines chest
compression and rescue breathing to maintain
circulatory flow.
AHA- 30 compressions: 2 blows x 5 cycles in 2
Rev.#: 01 minutes
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 291
Procedure:
• Placed hand at the xiphoid process as
landmark
• Locked elbows and position the shoulders
directly above the hands with fingers
interlocked
• Press down the chest with enough force to
move the breastbone about 2 inches
• Performed 30 chest compression at a rate of
about 100-120 times per minute
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 292
Procedure:
• Open airway by head tilt, chin lift
• Pinched nose with hand that was on the forehead
and support the patients chin with other hand
• Give 2 rescue breaths
• Looked along the chest, watched the chest rise
• Assessed for breath and pulse for 10 seconds
Note:
- Allow chest recoil
- Interruption for more than 10 seconds is not allowed
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 293
Chest Compressions Open the Airway

Rescue Breathing

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 294


When to STOP CPR?
S- spontaneous of circulation are restored
T- turned over to medical personnel
O- operator is already exhausted
P- physicians assumes responsibility
(declared death)

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 295


Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 296
12. Effects of hypothermia and its prevention

12.1. Effects of hypothermia Hypothermia


occurs when your body temperature falls below
35℃ . It is an extremely dangerous condition
with a mortality rate of 20% - 90%!
➢ The representative symptom of mild hypothermia
is "shivering". As hypothermia progresses the
symptoms change and become severer.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 297
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 298
➢ Potential causes of hypothermia for the crew of
a seagoing vessel include “falling into the
ocean,”“being adrift in the ocean,” “working in a
cold environment on deck,” and “working inside
onboard cold storage.”
➢ The primary cause of hypothermia symptoms is
a decrease in external temperature. In an
environment with an external temperature below
10 - 15℃ , it can become difficult for the human
body to maintain the regular body temperature
of 36 - 37℃ . Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 299
➢ When fatigue from work
and lifestyle accumulates,
seafarers may feel
exhausted, suffer from
pneumonia, influenza or
other illness, or go for long
periods with insufficient
sleep, they are more prone to
developing hypothermia;
hence, extra caution is
required.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 300
12.2 Ways to prevent hypothermia in a given
situation

➢ The basics of hypothermia prevention are to


have a thorough knowledge of the causes and
symptoms of hypothermia and to thoroughly
protect against the cold.
➢ Paying due attention to the working environment
of seafarers and their physical health can also aid
in prevention.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 301
● Thorough preparation of clothing to prevent
the cold
➢ When working in low temperatures, a full range
of clothing should be prepared, including thermal
underwear, gloves, hats and cold resistant clothing.
The use of disposable thermal patches is also
effective.
● Not working for many hours in low
temperatures
➢ Change assigned duties frequently, keeping work
times in low temperatures as short periods as
possible. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 302
● Maintenance of temperature inside the
vessel
➢ Maintain a suitable temperature inside the
vessel, in working areas, cabins, etc.

● Provision of sufficient nutritional intake


from meals
➢While maintaining health by eating sufficient
meals, avoid damaging health and lowering
stamina due to excessive drinking or eating
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 303
● Relieve exhaustion through sufficient rest
➢ Avoid the accumulation of exhaustion due to
long working hours or insufficient sleep.

● Full understanding of hypothermia


➢ Having a full understanding of hypothermia
allows you to realize and avoid the potential risks,
or to notice and halt symptoms before they
become too far advanced. This knowledge can
also lead to prevention and early discovery of
hypothermia in the people around you.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 304
✓ Clothing is ultimately the best way to prevent
hypothermia. In principle, you can take reference
from the kind of protective clothing used in mountain
climbing in cold seasons.
✓These kinds of clothing include the following.
Protective Clothing:
• Cold resistant clothing
• Heat-retaining shirt, sweater, etc. (more
effective if worn in multiple layers)
• Cold resistant, waterproof trousers
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 305
• Heat-retaining underwear for both upper
and lower body (more effective if worn in
multiple layers)

• Heat-retaining socks (more effective if


worn in multiple layers)

• Cold resistant hat (including one that can


be worn as a hood covering the entire head,
mask type, etc.Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 306
• Cold resistant gloves

• Use of heat-retaining
scarves is also
effective

• Cold resistant shoes


are also effective.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 307


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 308
Relationship between Water Temperature, Loss of
Consciousness and Survival Time

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 309


12.3 Importance of using protective covers
and garments, including immersion suits
and thermal protective aids

➢ It is effective to put items that will help to


keep you warm, such as disposable thermal
patches, inside your clothing.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 310


• If adrift in a lifeboat, etc. after an accident
at sea, wearing an immersion suit or heat
insulation device (insulation sheet) equipped
to the lifeboat is also effective.

• Carrying around a thermos fl ask


containing a hot drink and drinking from it
while at work as required is also effective.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 311


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 312
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 313
13. Management of injured persons
13.1 Importance of prompt and accurate identification of
probable cause, nature and extent of injuries

• Experience has shown that the chances for survival of


injured persons decrease by as much as 80% during the
first 24 hours, and that those for uninjured persons
diminish rapidly after the first three days.
• Following an accident, even uninjured persons who are
apparently able-bodied and capable of rational thought
are often unable to accomplish simple tasks, and are
known to have hindered, delayed or even prevented
their own rescue.Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 314
Survival times
• The chances for continued survival
following a distress incident usually
decrease rapidly with the passage of
time, especially for injured persons,
persons in the water, or persons
exposed to temperature extremes.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 315


13.2. Management of injured persons suffering
from bleedings and shock in a simulated
environment.

Division of external bleeding in terms of the origin


of the blood
Rev.#: 01 flow
Rev. by
Date: 06vessel
Dec 2022 type 316
The following measures need to be taken in giving
first aid to a victim of a external bleeding :
1. Wash your hands to avoid infection and put on
gloves
2. Lay on the injured person
down and cover the person
to prevent loss of body heat.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 317


3. While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt
or debris from the wound.
4. Apply pressure
directly on the
wound until the
bleeding stops

5. Squeeze a main artery if necessary.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 318


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 319
6. Immobilize the injured
body part once the
bleeding has stopped.

7. If continuous pressure
hasn't stopped the bleeding
and bleeding is extremely
severe, a tourniquet may be
used until medical help arrives
or bleeding is controllable.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 320
The following measures need to be taken in giving
first aid to a victim of a internal bleeding :
1. Seek Radio Medical Advice (RMA)
2. If the victim has ABC complications, treat those
first – CPR always has priority.
3. Administer CPR if necessary
4. Treat for shock
5. Assist the victim into the most comfortable
position
6. Check the victim’s vital signs regularly (until the
rescue arrives) Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 321
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 322
14 Handling survival craft in rough
weather
14.1 Strategies in handling survival craft in
rough weather
➢ Heavy/rough-weather handling skills rely on an
appreciation of vessel/boat performance, and on
practical experience.

➢ Any Helmsman, whatever its type or role, must


have good anticipation, as well as quick reactions.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 323
Preparation for Heavy Weather
If you are knowingly
heading out to seas
expected to be rough,
a few additional
checks should be
made beforehand to
ensure that your
vessel is primed for
the experience:
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 324
• Weights in a boat should be stowed uniformly on
both sides of the hull, and stowed as low as possible
to keep the centre of gravity low.
• All loose items must be securely lashed.
• Fuel and water tanks should ideally be topped up to
minimize ‘free surface’ effect, as liquids moving
within a tank can dramatically alter the centre of
gravity.

• All hatches and anchors should be secured.


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 325
Handling in Rough Weather
Head Seas
• The helmsman should present the boat to
oncoming waves at a speed which allows the
vessel to maintain a slight bow up angle.

• This ensures that after passing the crest of the


wave, the boat after possibly jumping partially or
completely out of the water, will land in a relatively
comfortable manner, and also in the best position
for the next wave.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 326
• Good speed can be
maintained without the vessels
head being
thrown up and jumping
occurring.

• In such conditions the


helmsman should maintain a
speed which allows the vessel
to keep contact with the water
surface and does not induce
jumping. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 327
• The most dangerous type of wave that
may have to be negotiated is a heavy,
breaking sea.
• This occurs when a large, curling
unbroken crest forms, then becomes
unstable.
•The crest accelerates and crashes
down the face of the still curling wave.
•These waves present an almost
vertical wall of dense water with broken
surf falling in front. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 328
Beam Seas
➢ The helmsman should
avoid crossing the path of
waves near to the face of
their crests.
➢The normal practice
either is to run round the
back of the bigger waves,
or run clear down the face
of the wave before altering
back onto course.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 329
Following Seas
• Oceanographic studies have shown that
normal maximum wave speed in gale to storm
conditions is approximately 24 knots.
• This is for open water, and closer to the coast
the waves will slow down due to the shallow
water affect.
• This means that a boat, with speeds in excess
of 30 knots, should (theoretically) be able to
outrun most normal adverse sea conditions.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 330
• Once the wave size increases, the RB tends only to
negotiate the crest and then re-enter the water still on the
face of the same wave.

• If the vessels bow is not kept at a good angle it can


again “stuff its bow” - into the face of the wave just
negotiated or its trough.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 331
14.2 Precautionary measures in handling
survival craft in rough weather
While in a head seas The
danger is that the boat jumps
the top of the wave at such an
angle that the windage on the
hull and the weight (and hence
momentum) of the engines
combine to push the boat into a
vertical or near vertical position
with disastrous consequences
on landing. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 332
• If the RB starts to take a list in
the Beam seas away from the
wave face either immediately turn
to run directly
before the wave or turn directly
into the wave.

• Under no circumstance must


the helmsman allow the RB to
maintain a list down the face of
the wave, as very rapidly the
vessel will dip its deck edge,
which may lead to capsize.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 333
In Following Seas, it is
dangerous if the “stuffing” is
violent enough to
decelerate the boat to the
point where the crest of the
wave just negotiated
catches up with the now
stalled vessel. This can
cause a broach and
subsequent capsize.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 334
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 335
15. Use of painter, sea-anchor and all other
equipment
15.1 Use of painter, sea-anchor and all other
equipment used in survival craft.

PAINTER ? a rope that is attached to the bow of a


boat, or other small boat, and used for tying up
or towing.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 336


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 337
➢ Painter in the Liferaft?
SOLAS require a minimum of 15 metre painter
length, however, manufacturers of liferafts fit a
standard of 25 metres minimum. (Inflatable
Liferaft)
Davit launched liferaft have two painters. A short one
and a standard long one?
• The purpose of the short painter is for use in the davit
launched mode. While the long painter is installed for
using the raft in the general way as a ‘throw over’
inflatable, in the event that the davit
system becomes inoperable.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 338
➢ Painter in the Lifeboat?
• Standard equipment must include two painters,
both stowed in the forward part of the boat.
• One of these shall be permanently secured to the
boat and coiled down on top of the bottom boards
or in the bow sheets.
• The second painter should be secured to the
release device at or near the bow, ready for
immediate use. Length - not less than twice the
distance from the stowage position of the lifeboat to
the waterline at her lightest sea-going condition or
15 m, whichever Rev.#:
is the
01
greater.
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 339
➢ Buoyant (becketed) Lifeline

➢ Keel Grab Lines (if fitted)

➢Other equipments?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 340
Drogue or Sea Anchor
• The sea anchor is a cone-shaped canvas bag,
open at both ends, one end being much larger
than the other (680 mm in diameter).
• It is usual to stream the sea anchor over the bow
when heaving to, allowing the boat to ride head to
wind and sea.
• Reduces the rate of drift – allows survivors to
reach craft – helps keep craft at location of
casualty – ideally holds entrances to weather –
helps to prevent capsizing.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 341
• It may be used as a drag effect over the stern
when the boat has a following sea and is running
before the wind.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 342


15.2 procedure in using painter, sea-anchor and
other equipment.
To Stream the Sea Anchor
• Bring the boat head to wind.
• Unship tiller and rudder.
• Rig steering oar, over stern through grommet.
• Stream sea anchor over the bow paying out
hawser and tripping line from the same side of the
boat, if practical.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 343
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 344
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 345
16. Detectability and location of survival craft

16.1 Actions to be taken to maximize detectability


and location of a survival craft
EPIRB:
➢ Once activated ensure that it is not obstructed
by anything that could prevent radio signal from
reaching the satellite.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 346


• In the event of your vessel sinking and you
have mounted an automatically
activated EPIRB and you don't have enough
time to release the EPIRB from its enclosure,
then the EPIRB will activate automatically
when the enclosure sinks enough, so that
the EPIRB will be released from the enclosure
by HRU and the sea switch will come in
contact with water.
• In such a case try to recover the EPIRB and
tie it using its lanyard to the life raft.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 347
SART:
• If no pole is available for the SART or the life
raft canopy support is at least 1 m above sea
level, then mount it internally: attach it with
the lanyard on the support strap that it would
hang.
• Otherwise mount it externally:
- mount it to the pole passed through the
aperture in the canopy (in such case the
lanyard must be tied to the life raft to allow
retrieval should the SART fall into the water).
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 348
• Ensure the SART is not
obstructed by metal
objects or inflatable radar
reflectors, as it reduces
the efficiency.

• If the SART is mounted to


the pole, then periodically
check to see if
the SART is still vertical.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 349
• When the SART detects radar pulses and it gives
appropriate audible and light indication (depends on
the SART model), you should try to help rescuers using
any possible radio, visual, voice etc. communication
techniques such as:
– switch on handheld VHF on VHF CH 16 and make a
Mayday broadcast to establish voice contact with
the SAR units,
– fire orange smoke flares for use at daylight and red
rocket flares for use at night (rocket flares should
NOT be fired if helicopters are in the close vicinity),
– if you are in radio contact with SAR unit, switch
off your SART and deploy your radar reflector on
instructions from the On-scene coordinator of
the SAR units.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 350
16.2 Equipment to be used to aid detectability and
location of a survival craft.
Survival and Emergency Radio Equipment
• 121.5 MHz - a frequency which is being used by
Aeronautical and Maritime survival for alerting,
homing, and on-scene communications.
• Ultra-high frequency (UHF).
• 406 MHz is reserved solely as an alerting
frequency for ELTs, EPIRBs, and PLBs.

Emergency Locator Transmitter Personal Locator Beacon


Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 351
• L-band is used for Inmarsat-E EPIRBs.
The following frequencies are available for use in
vessel and aircraft survival craft, and may be used
by portable survival radios on land:
▪ 500 kHz (telegraphy)
▪ 2182 kHz
▪ 121.5 MHz
▪ 156.8 MHz
❑SOLAS ships should have a SART to interact with
9 GHz vessel or aircraft radars for locating survival
craft. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 352
(EPIRB) Emergency
position indicating radio
beacon
➢ A device, usually carried
aboard maritime craft, that
transmits a signal that alerts
search and rescue
authorities and enables
rescue units to locate the
scene of the distress.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 353
➢ An EPIRB transmits a signal that alerts SAR authorities
and allows rescue facilities to home in on the distressed
vessel.
❑ activated automatically upon exposure to the sea, or
manually
❑ types of maritime satellite EPIRBs:
– 406 MHz satellite EPIRBs whose signals are relayed via
Cospas–Sarsat satellites
– Inmarsat-E EPIRBs whose signals are relayed via
Inmarsat satellites
– non-satellite VHF EPIRBs on channel 70, used close to
shore in lieu of satellite EPIRBs where receiving stations
are available.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 354
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 355
➢ Inmarsat-E EPIRBs operate only within Inmarsat’s
coverage area, generally between
70° latitude north and south.
➢ It is recommended that an activated EPIRB, even if
inadvertently activated (false alarm), be kept on
until the RCC is informed.
❑ This enables the RCC to work with a more
accurate position and identification, allowing
resolution of the alert without dispatching SAR
facilities needlessly
❑ Immediately attempt to notify the RCC by other
means that the alert is false.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 356
Additional Equipment
➢ SOLAS ship requirements include the following:
❑ two-way VHF radio-telephone apparatus and
survival craft radar transponders to be placed on
each side of the vessel, in a position ready to be
taken on board a survival craft
❑ the SART, after being switched on manually, is
activated automatically by receiving radar pulses
– it automatically sends out a series of pulses which
are displayed on the radar screen as a series of
elongated pips, similar to a radar responder
beacon (racon) pip.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 357
(SART) Search and rescue radar
transponder
➢ A survival craft transponder that,
when activated, sends out a
signal automatically when a pulse
from a nearby radar reaches it.
➢ The signal appears on the
interrogating radar screen and
gives the bearing and distance of
the transponder from the
interrogating radar for search and
rescue purposes.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 358
SART Radar Signatures
• 3 cm radar

• SART is such that it is identifiable at 5 nm from


operation at 1 metre above surface.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 359
• 16.3 Procedure in using the equipment to aid
detectability and location of a survival craft
Activating an EPIRB
• Release the EPIRB from the bulkhead bracket
or enclosure when abandoning the vessel and
embark the life raft.
• In cases where you have a manually
activated EPIRB remove "carry safe" collar from
the EPIRB
•Uncoil the lanyard from EPIRB and tie it to the
life raft.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 360
• Switch the EPIRB on manually using the
activation switch (the way to do this
depends on the EPIRB model) or, just
throw it in water where it will be activated
by the sea switch. The EPIRB is at its most
efficient when floating on water.
• The activated EPIRB should give a strobe
light warning every few seconds (depends
on the EPIRB model).

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 361


CANCELLING A FALSE ALARM
• If an EPIRB is activated by accident, it must NOT
be switched off before informing a CRS or MRCC,
for example by VHF radio. Only after being
instructed to do so by a CRS or MRCC may
the EPIRB be switched off.
The EPIRB can be switched off following this
procedure:
• Remove the EPIRB from any water and dry its sea
switch contacts.
• If the EPIRB is still flashing then it must have been
turned off manually with the activation switch.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 362
▪ If the EPIRB is still flashing then
prevent its radio signal from
reaching the satellite by cutting off or
folding down the antenna and
wrapping it in metal foil, a metal
container or locker. Otherwise re-fit
the EPIRB correctly into its mounting
bracket or enclosure.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 363
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 364
Activating the SART
❑ If the SART is stowed on the vessel,
then remove it from the bracket
mounted inside the vessel next to
emergency exit while abandoning the
vessel and embark the life raft.
❑ Switch on the SART (the way to do
that depends of the SART model).
The SART should give appropriate light
indication (depends on
the SART model).
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 365
WARNING
❖The SART must only be used in an emergency -
in situations of grave and imminent danger.
CANCELLATION OF A FALSE ALARM
• Switch off the SART immediately.
• Transmit a DSC Safety Alert on VHF CH 70
• Transmit a safety broadcast by RT on VHF CH 16
to all stations indicating your ID, position and that
you wish to cancel your false alert which was
transmitted in error
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 366
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 367
17. Method of Helicopter Rescue
17.1 Device and equipment used in helicopter
rescue and its application
❖ RESCUE SLING

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 368


➢ Sling can only accommodate one person at a
time. At the end of the hoisting line, there is a
metal cylinder to keep the cable tight or bring
the sling into a vertical position when it is
floating in the water. There is a guiding line, and
a leather bag filled with sand. They must seize
the guiding line and dip the leather bag into the
sea
• keep sling under arms
• keep arms down
• keep head back
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 369
HELICOPTER RESCUE USING RESCUE SLING
DOUBLE LIFT

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 370


❖ RESCUE BASKET
The person to use the
basket merely climbs
in, remains seated
and holds on.

• Remain seated
• Keep arms and legs
inside

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 371


❖ RESCUE LITTER / STRETCHER
Patients will, in most
Cases, be disembarked
by means of rescue
litters.

• If the distressed person is


lying in the sea, the frogman
will fit the strap and will go
up and down with the lift to
assist each person.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 372
❖ Rescue net

• It has a conical “bird cage”


appearance and is open on
one side. The person to use
the net merely enters the
opening, sits in the net and
holds on.
• Get inside the net

• Hold on to it
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 373
RESCUE NET
• The net will be trawled towards you.
If the open side or mouth is pointing
away from you, turn it so that you
can get in.
• As soon as you are in the net, raise one
arm and give the thumbs up sign. When
clear of the water and safely in the net,
give the thumbs up sign again with both
arms if possible and look up towards the
aircraft.
• You will be lifted up to the aircraft as soon as you are ready.
Do not attempt to enter the aircraft
Rev.#: 01
unless told to do so.
Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 374
❖Rescue seat
• Looks like a three-pronged anchor with flat
flukes or seats. The person to be hoisted
merely sits astride one or more of the seats
and wraps his arms around the shank. This
device can be used to hoist two persons at
once.
• An injured person should be transferred
from the ship's stretcher to the litter
provided by the helicopter
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 375
❖ RESCUE SEAT
1. Seat in a secured
manner.
2. Hold on to the
object.
3. Safety belts must
be provided for
more safety.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 376


HELICOPTER RESCUE USING RESCUE SLING
SINGLE LIFT

1. Arms up 2. The strap up


through . . . under the
arms . . .

3. The clamp is 4. Arms down


tightened . along your
. body, or grip
the clamp . . .
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 377
17.2 Preparations and methods in helicopter
rescue
Operational Safety Checklist created by “ICS Guide to
Helicopter/Ship Operations” should be checked.

• Remove all loose objects from the operating


area, as well as all aerials, standing or running
rears that should be lowered and secured. Deck
openings secured.
• Ensure that there is the proper communication
between the deck party and the bridge.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 378
• Fire-fighting preparation for oil fire that
should be kept ready

• Ensure that fire hoses, foam hoses, dry


powder fire extinguishers are ready for use.

• Be ready and properly dressed and a


rescue party should be detailed. Also, a man
overboard rescue boat should be ready for
lowering.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 379
• A flow of air, as free of
turbulence as possible,
clear of smoke and
other visibility restrictions,
over the pick-up area is
very important
• These procedures may
be modified on
instructions from the pilot
if communications exist.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 380
17.3 Precautionary measures to be observed in
helicopter rescue
• During the night, pick-up area floodlighting
should be provided and the floodlights should be
located so as to avoid glare to pilots in flight or
to personnel working on the area.

•The helicopter may be able to lift a person from a


lifeboat or a liferaft secured on a long painter.
However, liferafts have been overturned by the
helicopter’s air-current.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 381
➢ Care should be taken that the patient
does not wear loose clothing or headgear.
➢ Personal belongings should not be taken
along.
❑ Loose gear can become entangled in
the winch cable or pulled up into the
helicopter rotors.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 382
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 383
18. Rescue boats and motor lifeboats for
marshalling liferafts and rescue of survivors and
persons in the sea
18.1 Methods in detecting survivors and persons in
the sea

Search for survivors, lookout


• Listen for whistles: post lookouts to look for
survivors, signaling lights and lights of other
rafts, ships or aircraft.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 384
❑ Lookout to collect useful debris etc. Assist
survivors by using the quoit and line, thereby
avoiding swimming. Raft may be manoeuvred
using drogue or paddle.

Congregation of rafts

Join up and secure with other craft – mutual aid. In


cold weather, get maximum numbers together for
warmth. Two or more crafts are easier to find than
one.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 385
How to pick up a survivor from the
water
➢ By throwing a rescue quoits with a
lifeline of about 30 m, the survivor will put
it inside his arm and it will be pulled by
the rescuer and dunk him before lifting
up.
➢ Anyone entering the water to assist a
survivor must have a line attached.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 386
How to bring an injured or exhausted
survivor aboard a lifeboat
• A person can be brought to a liferaft by means of
a rescue quoits by throwing it to the person to be
rescued, a 30 m lifeline is attached to it
• It should be placed under the arm of the survivor
then pull him up.
• It should be done by 2 persons aboard. Dump
him 3 times and lift him up inside the liferaft.
Afterwards, give him first aid.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 387
18.2 Precautionary measures to be taken in
marshalling liferafts
❑ Rescue boats should be used to marshal
liferafts clear and pick up survivors and person in
the sea.
- Rescue boats should be used when
marshalling life rafts, clearing and picking up
survivors and persons in the sea. It is more
advantageous in maneuverability, it's fast and
more comfortable for the survivors and with least
exposure.
B1, B2,B3
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 388
❑ Boats shall have sufficient mobility
and manoeuvrability in a seaway to
enable persons to be retrieved from the
water, marshal liferafts and tow the
largest liferaft carried on the ship when
loaded with its full complement of
persons and equipment or its equivalent
at a speed of at least 2 knots.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 389
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 390
19. Beaching survival craft
19.1 Risks involved and the criteria in beaching
a survival craft
Beaching is defined as taking the ground intentionally, as
opposed to accidental stranding. It is normally carried out
for either or both the following reasons:

1. to prevent imminent collision;


2. to prevent loss of the vessel when damaged and in
danger of sinking, damage having occurred below the
waterline causing loss of watertight integrity. The intention
is to carry out repairs in order to refloat at a later time.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 391
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 392
➢ Should time and choice
be available, the mariner
should attempt to beach
the vessel on a gentle
sloping beach, which is
rock free and ideally with
little or no current.

➢If possible it should be


sheltered from the weather,
free of surf action and any
scouring effects.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 393
BEACHING A LIFEBOAT
➢ This is always a dangerous operation and should
be carried out during the hours of daylight only. If
approaching the shoreline at night it is
recommended to wait until daybreak.

➢ All preparations should be made well outside the


line of surf and a plan of approach should be well
thought out in advance.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 394


BEACHING A LIFE RAFT
• If it becomes necessary to beach a raft, the
operation should preferably be carried out during
the hours of daylight on a sandy beach having a
gradual slope.
• Circumstances will dictate the conditions,
however, and the mariner should base his
tactics on the weather and the proposed
beaching area.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 395


❑ Taking the beach in any type of craft should
preferably be carried out during the hours of
daylight. In the case of beaching a liferaft, it
would be prudent to ensure the following:
(a) order personnel to don and secure
lifejackets,
(b) inflate the double floor of the raft,
(c) open the entrances and man the paddles,
(d) stream the drogue and check the rate of
drift onto the beach.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 396
19.2 Assess suitability of a beaching location
based on given criteria.

• An initial damage assessment would be


made following any incidence of grounding/
stranding/beaching.
Damage assessment should initially cover:
• Watertight Integrity of the Hull.
• Engine Room check, as to Wet or Dry.
• Casualty Report for injuries.
• Pollution assessment.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 397
Subsequent actions:
• Sound round all internal ships tanks.
• Take full external soundings with
particular attention to the forward and
• after end regions.
• Display aground signals as appropriate.
• Seal the uppermost continuous deck
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 398
• Maintain a deck patrol for fire and security.
• Calculate the next High Water/Low Water
times and heights.
• Investigate stability and refloating details
following the instigation of repairs.
• Prior to attempting to refloating, call in
‘Stand-By Vessel’.
• Ensure log book accounts are entered of
all events.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 399
19.3 Procedure in preparing the survival craft
and persons onboard for beaching.

➢ Provided that time and circumstances allow, the


vessel to be beached should take on full ballast.
This will make the operation of re-floating that much
easier.

➢ Both anchors should be cleared away and made


ready to let go.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 400


➢ Care should be taken to lay anchors and cables
clear of the position that the vessel is expected
to come to rest, so minimizing the bottom
damage, if this is possible.

➢ Additional use of a stern anchor, if the ship is so


equipped, would become extremely beneficial
on the approach, with the view to refloating later.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 401


19.4 Techniques in beaching a survival craft
➢ When approaching bow-on, the obvious advantage is
that a clear observation of the approach can be made and
the vessel will probably have a favorable trim.

➢ The propeller and rudder will favor the deeper water at


the stern, while the strengthened bow would cushion any
pounding effects.

➢ In the majority of cases stern power would be


used for refloating the ship and the average vessel normally
operates with only 60 per cent of the ahead power, when
navigating stern first.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 402
Beaching diagram

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 403


▪ Using the boat’s engine, close into a position that
is comfortable for maneuvering, suitably a point
where the swell breaks or a position from where the
breakers rise.
▪Then turn the boat around to face the sea with the
boat’s stern towards the shore. Now stream the sea
anchor along with a tripping line attached to it.
▪This will help in holding the bow into the sea and
swell. Now, after securing the rudder to any side
use the boat oars to steer ashore.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 404
• The moment
breakers hit the bow of
the boat, the person
handling the sea
anchor should then trip
the line and at the
same time the boat
should be oared
astern.

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 405


• The person at the bow should watch the next
wave and release the tripping line to have the
life boat stemming the sea; oars should be
taken out of water.

• This will take the boat astern slowly and


safely while keeping the bow offshore. Once
the boat hits a shallow ground, some of the
survivors should then get out of the boat and
pull it all the way in.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 406
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 407
20. Radio life-saving appliances carried in
survival craft
20.1 Radio life-saving appliances carried in
survival craft
• Every lifeboat shall comply with the GMDSS
requirements and have use of fixed 2 –way
VHF radio telephone apparatus.
• The normal equipment of a fast rescue boat
shall include a VHF radio communication set
which is hands-free and watertight.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 408
• Lifeboat/rescue boats of passenger ships
would have a fixed radio installation.
Other craft would employ portable two-
way ‘walkie talkie’s’.
• SART
• EPIRB
• RADAR TRANSPONDER

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 409


20.2 Procedures in operating radio life-saving
appliances such as portable radio equipment,
satellite EPIRBs and SARTs.

➢ Two-way radiotelephone apparatus, which


complies with the regulations shall be provided
for communication between survival craft,
between survival craft and the parent ship, and
between the ship and rescue boat.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 410
Portable two way Survival craft VHF Radiotelephone

• The equipment is operated in the same fashion


as any hand held (or ‘walkie-talkie’) type unit.
Controls are provided for volume, squelch and
channel operation. Transmission – reception is
controlled by a ‘push-to- talk’ switch located on
the side of the unit.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 411
Guiding Principles of Good Communication
• Use plain language and common terminology
prowords - Do not use slang;

• Keep your radio transmissions short and simple.


Remember that somebody on the other end needs
to write down the essential elements; and

•Speak clearly and slowly so you can be easily


understood.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 412
➢ Sensitive Message Traffic
➢ Radio Checks and Signal Reports
➢ Call Signs
➢ Receiving a Message
- Volume mid position; Squelch/mute control
➢Transmitting a Message
- msgs brief but precise, hold microphone 5 cm
- use SMCP
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 413
➢ Repetitions
➢ Corrections
➢ Canceling Messages
➢ Read Back
➢ Acknowledgment of Messages
➢ Break-In Procedure

Note: Procedures for operating EPIRB and


SART are discussed in the past topics/slides

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 414


❑ SART operates in the 9 GHz (3 cm
or ‘X-band’) radar frequency band
and, on receiving a signal from a ship
or aircraft radar, transmits a series of
response (homing) signals.
❑ A SART will not respond to 3 GHz
radar (also referred to as 10 cm or
‘S-band’) radar.
❑ Instructions are marked on the
sides of all SARTs.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 415
• 406 MHz EPIRBs are to be physically examined
and the self-test function checked, at least once
per month

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 416


Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 417
21. Pyrotechnic distress signals
21.1 Different Pyrotechnic distress signals in
a rescue boat and their uses

CORRECTIONS: THERE IS NO SUCH


PYROTECHNICS DISTRESS SIGNALS IN A
RESCUE BOAT AS PER LSA CODE CHAPTER V
5.1.2 RESCUE BOAT EQUIPMENT. – instead
survival crafts are the ones equip with
pyrotechnics which was discussed in the past
topics/slides.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 418
PYROTECHNICS - the science of using materials
capable of undergoing self-contained and self-
sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the
production of light, heat, gas, smoke, and/or
sound.
Pyrotechnics carried in survival craft valid for 3
years period
❖ 6 hand held flares
❖ 4 rocket parachute flares
❖ 2 orange smoke canisters
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 419
Red Hand Flares
• Hand flares are self-ignitable handheld distress
signals that burn uniformly with a bright red colour
for at least one minute.
• They are water resistant to an extent of 10
seconds in shallow depths of up to 100 mm.
•The hand flares are useful in pinpointing the exact
location of the craft and should be lighted when
rescue is within sight.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 420
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 421
Rocket Parachute Flares

❑ Rocket parachute flares are designed to


reach a height of at least 300-350m when fired
vertically, burning with a bright red light
indicating the vessel’s location.

❑ The parachute attached to the flare opens at


the top, slowing the flare’s descent so that it is
visible for a longer time.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 422
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 423
❑ The self-ignitable
design of the rocket
parachute flare is
expected to be such that
the parachute does not
catch fire under any
circumstances and has a
maximum descent rate
of 5mtr/sec.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 424
Buoyant Smoke Signals

❑ Smoke signals are red or orange in colour and


can function up to 15 minutes in calm conditions.

❑They do not emit flames of any sort or spark in the


hands of the holder.

❑These signals are also used to pinpoint the


direction and location of the vessel unless the
weather conditions are not supported.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 425
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 426
21.2 Procedures in activating pyrotechnic distress
signals in accordance with instruction’s manual

Hand flare should be typically held downwind while lighting it


and away from the face and clothing. Under no circumstances
should they be stored near combustible material, even after
usage. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 427
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 428
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 429
Other smoke signals and Thrower
❑ Man Overboard Signal Smoke Markers (MOBs)
➢ used to mark the position of a man overboard by
day or night. Ships are required to carry 2
markers, one mounted on each bridge wing with
the brackets supplied and attached by line to a 4
kg Lifebuoy.
➢ Apart from these, modern pyrotechnics include
laser flares, navigation and distress lights,
which are used to home in on the location of the
ship needing rescue.
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 430
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 431
Line-Throwing Appliances
Line-throwing appliances, or bridges, are used
to connect the ship in distress to the rescue
ship creating a safety link between the two.
These lines can be then used to pass towing
lines or other safety equipment as required.
Line-throwing appliances are expected to be
able to carry the line for at least 230 mts in
calm weather and have at least four
projectiles. Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 432
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 433
1. “Unship the safety pins”.
2. “Let go gripes forward and aft”
3. “Lower the boat to the embarkation deck”
4. “Makes fast bowsing in tackles”
5. “Let go tricking pendant”.
6. “Embark passenger and crew “
7. “Ease the bowsing in tackles “
8. “Lower away the boat”.
9. “STILL” Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 434
Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered
• Discuss exhaustively the topics
covered on this lesson
• Why is this topic important to
you?
Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 435
End of Presentation

Rev.#: 01 Rev. Date: 06 Dec 2022 436

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