BÀI TẬP CHƯƠNG 2 - NHÓM 2

I. Determine whether, in typical contexts, the following sentences are or are not
statements.
1. Capital punishment is wrong.
-> Câu tuyên bố
2. What do you say we stop at the next rest stop?
-> Câu hỏi
3. Great!
-> Câu tuyên bố
4. I hope Peter likes his new job.
-> Câu tuyên bố
5. Please print your name legibly.
-> Câu yêu cầu
6. What a crock! Cách nói This is a Crock
-> Câu tuyên bố
7. I’ll have a cheeseburger and fries, please. (said to a fast-food restaurant employee)
-> Câu khẳng định
8. Yikes!
-> Câu cảm thán
II. Determine whether the following passages do or do not contain ought
imperatives
1. Be nice to your kids. They’ll choose your nursing home. (bumper sticker)
-> Be nice to your kids. Tuyên bố dạng lời khuyên
2. Turn off your engine when waiting to pick up the kids. Idling longer than ten
seconds in park uses more gas than restarting the car. (Al Gore)
-> Turn off your engine when waiting to pick up the kids. Tuyên bố dạng lời khuyên
3. Up, sluggard, and waste not life; in the grave will be sleeping enough.
(Benjamin Franklin)
-> không có
4. If you play [poker] enough, accept that from time to time you are going to go
bust, because from time to time, everyone, even the best of the best, does. (Doc
Holliday)
-> If you play [poker] enough, accept that from time to time you are going to go bust.
Tuyên bố dạng lời khuyên
5. If you consume three or more alcoholic drinks every day, ask your doctor
whether you should take ibuprofen or other pain relievers/fever reducers.
Ibuprofen may cause stomach bleeding. (label)
-> ask your doctor whether you should take ibuprofen or other pain relievers/fever
reducers. Tuyên bố dạng lời khuyên
III. The following exercises will give you practice in identifying premises and
conclusions.
1.Tiền đề: Since light takes time to reach our eyes
Kết luận: all that we see really existed in the past. (Louis Pojman, The Theory of
Knowledge).
2. Kết luận: I think faith is a vice Tiền đề: because faith means believing a
proposition when there is no good reason for believing it. (Bertrand Russell, “The
Existence and Nature of God”).
3. Kết luận: Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma,
on an openness to see the universe as it really is.
Tiền đề: Accordingly (từ chỉ thị kết luận), science sometimes requires courage—at the
very least the courage to question the conventional wisdom. (Carl Sagan, Broca’s
Brain: Refl ections on the Romance of Science.
4. Kết luận: You know how I know animals have souls?
Tiền đề: Because on average, the lowest animal is a lot nicer and kinder than most of
the human beings that inhabit this Earth. (newspaper call-in column).
5. Kết luận: There is nothing wrong with burning crude [oil] like crazy.
Tiền đề: oil isn’t helping anyone when it sits in the ground—so long as there’s a plan
for energy alternatives when the cheap oil runs out (một phần của kết luận). (Gregg
Easterbrook, “Opportunity Costs”)
6. Kết luận: Has it ever occurred to you how lucky you are to be alive?
Tiền đề: More than 99% of all creatures that have ever lived have died without
progeny, but not a single one of your ancestors falls into this group! (Daniel C.
Dennett, Darẳin’s
IV. Identify the premises and conclusions in the following arguments.
1. When the universe has crushed him man will still be nobler than that which
kills him, because he knows that he is dying, and of its victory the universe
knows nothing. (Blaise Pascal, Pensées)
- Tiền đề 1 he knows that he is dying

- Tiền đề 2; of its victory the universe knows nothing

- Kết luận: When the universe has crushed him man will still be nobler than that
which kills him

2. Since moral responsibility presupposes free-will, since this freedom is not

compatible with universal causal determinism, and since universal causal
determinism appears to be the case, it seems evident that—contrary to what
most people believe—human beings are not morally responsible. (stated but
not endorsed in William H. Halverson, A Concise Introduction to Philosophy,
4th ed. [adapted])
 Tiền đề Since moral responsibility presupposes free-will, since this freedom is
not compatible with universal causal determinism, and since universal causal
determinism appears to be the case, it seems evident that—contrary to what
most people believe
- Tiền đề 1: moral responsibility presupposes free-will,
- Tiền đề 2; this freedom is not compatible with universal causal determinism,
Tiền đề 3: universal causal determinism appears to be the case
- Kết luận: it seems evident that—contrary to what most people believe—human
beings are not morally responsible

3. (1)How can anyone in his right mind criticize the state police for the speed
traps? (2)If you’re not speeding, you don’t have to worry about them. (3)It
could save your life if some other speeder is stopped. (newspaper call-in
column)
- Tiền đề: (2)If you’re not speeding, you don’t have to worry about them.
(3)It could save your life if some other speeder is stopped. (newspaper
call-in column)
- Kết luận:(1)How can anyone in his right mind criticize the state police
for the speed traps?
4. (1)If a man say, “I love God,” and hateth his brother, he is a liar: (2) for he that
loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath
not seen? (I John 4:20)
- Tiền đề:(2) for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he
love God whom he hath not seen?
- Kết luận: (1)If a man say, “I love God,” and hateth his brother, he is a
liar
5. (1)Whether you like it or not, you’d better accept reality the way it occurs:
(2)as highly imperfect and filled with most fallible human beings. (3)Your
alternative?
Continual anxiety and desperate disappointments. (Albert Ellis and Robert A.
Harper, A New Guide to Rational Living )
6. Tiền đề: (2) as highly imperfect and filled with most fallible human beings.
Your alternative? Continual anxiety and desperate disappointments.
- Kết luận: (1)Whether you like it or not, you’d better accept reality the
way it occurs: as highly imperfect and filled with most fallible human
beings. Phần bôi đỏ mới là tuyên bố quyết định, phần trước là mệnh đề
dẫn vào tuyên bố.
7. (1)Getting in your run early certainly has its advantages. (2)Those who develop
the first-thing-in-the-morning routine tend to be more consistent in their
training. . . .(3)Morning runs also avoid the heat and peak air pollution. (4)You
 can enjoy your run without carrying along all the stress that builds up during
the day. (5)Early-morning runs . . . save time too by combining your morning
and post run shower. (Bob Glover and Shelly-lynn Florence Glover, The
Competitive Runner’s Handbook ).
- Tiền đề: (2)Those who develop the first-thing-in-the-morning routine tend to
be more consistent in their training. . . .(3)Morning runs also avoid the heat and
peak air pollution. (4)You can enjoy your run without carrying along all the
stress that builds up during the day. (5)Early-morning runs . . . save time too by
combining your morning and post run shower.
- Kết luận: (1)Getting in your run early certainly has its advantages.
8. (1)Shop at the farmer’s market. (2)You’ll begin to eat food in season, when
they are at the peak of their nutritional value and flavor, and (3) you’ll cook,
because you won’t find anything processed or microwavable. (4) (3)You’ll also
be supporting farmers in your community, (5) do ngầm xác định You’ll helping
defend the countryside from sprawl, (6) saving oil by eating food produced
nearby, and (7) teaching your children that a carrot is a root, not a machine-
lathed orange bullet that comes in a plastic bag. (Michael Pollan, “Six Reasons
for Eating Wisely”) .
- Tiền đề: (2)You’ll begin to eat food in season, when they are at the peak of
their nutritional value and flavor, and you’ll cook, because you won’t find
anything processed or microwavable. (3)You’ll also be supporting farmers in
your community, helping defend the countryside from sprawl, saving oil by
eating food produced nearby, and teaching your children that a carrot is a root,
not a machine-lathed orange bullet that comes in a plastic bag.
- Kết luận: (1)Shop at the farmer’s market.

Phân tích 1 luận điểm:

1. (1)Bertie probably isn’t home. (2)His car isn’t in the driveway, and (3)there are no
lights on in his house.
- Tiền đề: His car isn’t in the driveway, and there are no lights on in his house.
- Kết luận: Bertie probably isn’t home.
2. (1)No members of the volleyball team like rap music . (2)Andrea is a member of
the volleyball team. So, (3)Andrea doesn’t like rap music .
- Tiền đề: No members of the volleyball team like rap music. Andrea is a
member of the volleyball team.
- Kết luận: Andrea doesn’t like rap music.

3. (1)Don’t copy off Sturdley’s exam . (2)He’s one of the worst students in class .
(3)My roommate told me he’s bombed every test this semester .
- Tiền đề: He’s one of the worst students in class. My roommate told me he’s
bombed every test this semester.
- Kết luận: Don’t copy off Sturdley’s exam.

2 3

4. (1)Affirmative action in higher education is morally justify (đạo đức) able because
(2)it compensates (bù đắp) for past discrimination (phân biệt), (3)provides valuable
role models for women and minorities , and (4)promotes multicultural understanding
.
- Tiền đề: it compensates (bù đắp) for past discrimination (phân biệt), provides
valuable role models for women and minorities, and promotes multicultural
understanding.
- Kết luận: Affirmative action in higher education is morally justify (đạo đức)
5. (1)This is either my car or Sandy's car. (2)If it is my car, my key should fit in the
lock. (3)But my key doesn’t fit in the lock. So, (4)this is Sandy’s car.
- Tiền đề: This is either my car or Sandy's car.(1) If it is my car, my key should
fit in the lock(2). But my key doesn’t fit in the lock(3).
- Kết luận: this is Sandy’s car.

1 + 2 +
3

6. (1)Wexford College is a really great college . (2)The students are friendly. (3)The
faculty really care about the students. (4)The campus is beautiful, and the athletic
facilities are great. Thiếu tuyên bố

7. (1)Only three people could have stolen the CD: Danny, Stacy, or Patrick. But(2)
Stacy couldn’t have stolen the CD because (3)she was out riding her bike. (4)Patrick
couldn’t have stolen the CD because (5)he was at a friend’s house. Therefore,
(6)Danny must have stolen the CD.
- Tiền đề: Only three people could have stolen the CD: Danny, Stacy, or Patrick
(1). But Stacy couldn’t have stolen the CD (2) because she was out riding her
 bike (3). Patrick couldn’t have stolen the CD (4) because he was at a friend’s
house (5).
- Kết luận: Danny must have stolen the CD (Sai một phần sơ đồ)

8.(1)Something is a square only (2)if it is a rectangle. But (3)this isn’t a rectangle.

Look, (4)it has only three sides , and some of the sides aren’t even straight . So,
(5)this can’t be a square .
- Tiền đề: Something is a square only if it is a rectangle. But this isn’t a
rectangle. Look, it has only three sides , and some of the sides aren’t even
straight
- Kết luận: this can’t be a square
(3) (4)

(2) + (1)

(5)
9. (1)Lasse speaks fluent Finnish (Phần Lan). It is likely, then, (2)that Lasse was
born in Finland. (3)Anyone born in Finland is a Finnish citizen. So (4)Lasse is
likely a Finnish citizen. (5)Finnish citizens are entitled to European Union travel
privileges. So (6)Lasse is probably entitled to European Union travel privileges.

10. (1)Several states have abolished (bãi bỏ) the insanity defense as a defense against
criminal (hình sự) responsibility (trách nhiệm). Câu bôi đỏ là câu gth nên không đánh
số hoặc đánh số nhưng ko đưa vào sơ đồ. (2) This may be popular with voters, but it is
morally (đạo đức) indefensible (chối cãi). (3)Insanity (điên rồ) removes moral
responsibility , and (4)it is wrong to punish (trừng phạt) someone who is not morally
responsible for his crime (tội ác). Moreover, (5) it is pointless to punish the insane
because (6) punishment (trừng phạt) has no deterrent effect on a person who can not
appreciate the wrongfulness or criminality of his or her actions.
- Tiền đề: This may be popular with voters, but it is morally (đạo đức)
indefensible (chối cãi). Insanity (điên rồ) removes moral responsibility , and
it is wrong to punish (trừng phạt) someone who is not morally responsible for
his crime (tội ác). Moreover, it is pointless to punish the insane because
punishment (trừng phạt) has no deterrent effect on a person who can not
appreciate the wrongfulness or criminality of his or her actions
- Kết luận: Several states have abolished (bãi bỏ) the insanity defense as a
defense against criminal (hình sự) responsibility (trách nhiệm) (Câu bôi đỏ là
lời giới thiệu không phải tuyên bố sai sơ đồ)

11. (1) Jeremiah is a bullfrog (ếch ương). It follows—since(2) all bullfrogs are
amphibians (động vật lưỡng cư) that (3) Jeremiah is an amphibian. (4) All
amphibians can drink wine. So (5) Jeremiah can help me drink my wine.

12. Thiếu luận điểm, sai sơ đồ: (1)It’s foolish to smoke cigarettes.(2) Smoking is
expensive, unhealthy, and (3) obnoxious to many nonsmokers. (4) I wouldn’t date
anyone who smokes cigarettes.
13. (1)If today is Saturday, then tomorrow is Sunday. (2) If tomorrow is Sunday, then
we’ll be having pasta for dinner.(3) If we’ll be having pasta for dinner, then I should
pick up some red wine today because (4) In this state wine can be purchased only at
liquor stores, and (5) the liquor stores are closed on Sundays. (6) Today is Saturday.
Therefore,(7) I should pick up some red wine today. (sai sơ đồ)

14. (1)If Amy isn’t dating Sturdley, she’s dating Mel or Steve. (2) Amy isn’t dating
Sturdley because (3) she doesn’t date anyone who uses drugs, and(4) Sturdley sniffs
glue practically every weekend. Thus, (5) Amy is dating Mel or Steve. (6) Amy
won’t date anyone who isn’t a football player, however, nor will she date anyone who
isn’t good-looking. (7) Both Mel and Steve are good-looking, but (8) Steve isn’t
a football player. Consequently, (9) Amy is not dating Steve. (10)We canlogically
deduce, therefore, that Amy is dating Mel (sơ đồ chưa đúng)
15. (1)Since our feelings, desires, and preferences can be either beneficial or harmful,
noble or ignoble, praiseworthy or damnable, and since(2) they can be either in
harmony or in conflict with other people’s feelings, desires, and preferences, (3)they
are obviously not accurate tools for analysis of moral issues or trustworthy guidelines
to action (sơ đồ chưa đúng)

16. (1)Suppose (giả sử) you had one sheep which fell into a ditch (mương) on the
Sabbath (ngày sát bát);is there one of you who would not catch hold of it and lift it
out?And ➁surely a man is worth more than a sheep! ➂ It is therefore permitted (được
phép) to do good on the Sabbath. (Jesus, Matt.12:11–12).
17. Wealth (sự giàu có) is not sought (tìm kiếm) except for the sake (lợi ích) of
something else, because ➁ of itself it brings us no good, but only when we use it,
whether for the support of the body or some similar purpose. Now ➂ the highest good
is sought for its own sake (lợi ích), and not for another’s sake. Therefore ➃ wealth is
not man’s highest good. (St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles (sơ đồ đúng 1
phần phần sau chưa đúng)

18. A square must have exactly four corners, and a circle must have exactly zero
corners. So a round square must have exactly four corners and simultaneously have
exactly zero corners. But this is plainly impossible; hence there cannot be a round
square.
19. ➀ If a body moves, either it must move in the place where it is or in the place
where it is not. ➁ But it cannot move in the place where it is, and ➂ it cannot move in
the place where it is not. Therefore, ➃ no body can move. (Zeno, “Paradoxes”) Sai sơ
đồ

20. Education implies (ngụ ý, bao hàm) teaching. ➁Teaching implies knowledge. ➂
Knowledge is truth. ➃ The Truth is everywhere the same. Hence ➄ education should
be everywhere the same. (Robert Maynard Hutchins,TheHigher Learning in the
United States)