Chapter

Chapter 22

Bell
Bell 412
412
Electrical
Electrical Power
Power System
System Sound
 Types & Purposes of Electrical
Power
 DC Electrical Power
Primary power source
Used for majority of aircraft systems
 24 VDC Battery Power
Used for starting
Backup source of DC power
 28 VDC Generator Power
Primary DC power source after engine start
Used on all DC systems for normal operations
 Types & Purposes of Electrical
Power
 5 VDC Power
Used for instrument lighting
Derived from 24 or 28 VDC power
 24 or 28 VDC External Power
Used for starting/maintenance
GPU is limited to 28 VDC and 1000 Amps
 AC Power
Derived from DC power thru solid state inverters
115 VAC and 26.5 VAC
 Control
Control of
of Power
Power Distribution
Distribution

Cockpit Controls

 Battery Bus switches

 Generator switches
 Inverter switches
 Non Essential Bus switch
 Emergency Load switch
 Protection
Protection &
& Separation
Separation
 Protected by circuit
breakers

 Circuit breakers are

bracketed by system

NON ESSENTIAL BUS

10

ESSENTIAL BUS EMERGENCY BUS

10 10
Battery
Battery Power
Power

Battery
 Battery Start
Start

External
 External Power
Power Start
Start

Remote
 Remote Start
Start
Generator
Generator ON
ON at
at 71%
71% N
N11 --
 AC
AC Electrical
Electrical Power
Power
INVERTER SWITCHES

TWO SOLID STATE

115 VAC & 26.5 VAC
INVERTERS
Inverter
Inverter Operation
Operation
 Inverters
Inverters
“CHECKED”
“CHECKED”
 Control
Control of
of Power
Power Distribution
Distribution
DC Control Units
Connected to each
generator
 Provide voltage
regulation
 Provide
over/under voltage
protection
 Provide reverse
current & ground
fault protection
 Control
Control of
of Power
Power Distribution
Distribution
Circuit Breakers

 Automatic trip due to short or

overload
 Used manually to effect
system change
 Used to reduce electrical load
on non-switched items
 Used to check system
operation
Indications
Indications of
of Electrical
Electrical Power
Power
DC Electrical Power & AC Electrical Power
 DC
DC Electrical
Electrical Power
Power Caution
Caution
GENERATOR
RELAY OPEN
Panel
Panel Lights
Lights GENERATOR
RELAY OPEN

GENERATOR GENERATOR
OVERHEATED OVERHEATED

BOTH BAT BUS

SWITCHES
IN SAME
BATTERY
POSITION
HOT

BATTERY
HOT
deactivated
with lead acid
battery

EXTERNAL
POWER
DOOR OPEN
 AC
AC Electrical
Electrical Power
Power Caution
Caution
Panel
Panel Lights
Lights

115VAC 115VAC
POWER POWER
OUTPUT OUTPUT
FAILURE FAILURE
 Sources
Sources of
of Electrical
Electrical Power
Power
BATTERY

 34 AMP
hour rating
 Nickel Cadmium or
Lead Acid Optional
 Ram air cooling
system in flight
 Cockpit
Cockpit lndications
lndications
 DC voltmeters show battery voltage on essential Bus (may be as
high as 26 VDC initially)
BATTERY
 BATTERY caution panel light indicates
both battery bus relays are in same position - Closed
 If BATTERY switch won’t stay on - check BAT BUS CBs - in
 Low battery voltage - Use GPU or replace battery
 Caution
Caution Panel
Panel Light
Light
BATTERY

 BATTERY CPS illuminates with both BAT BUS relays in

same position
 Normal during engine starting and with only 1 generator on
 When 2nd generator switched ON - # 1 BUS bat switch
snaps to OFF
 Battery CPS extinguishes with 1 relay open & 1 relay closed
If CPS does not extinguish with 1 switch ON and 1
switch OFF - Both BAT BUS relays still closed (means
Independent electrical Systems [Generators] still connected)
Check both generators - ON
Reverse BAT BUS switches - If no help, have maintenance
check BUS BAT relays
 Warning
Warning Light
Light
BATTERY
( NI-CAD ONLY)
TEMP

 Indicates internal battery temp = 145 °F

 Thermoswitch presses against bottom of
battery case - Switch activates at 130 °F
 Internal battery temp vs case temp = 15 °F
 May also have indication of high amps due
to excessive charging

 Procedure - Both BAT BUS switches - OFF

 Low
Low Battery
Battery Voltage
Voltage
 Use external power

 Do not attempt start with less than

20 VDC
 External
External Power
Power
 Battery pack or Ground EXTERNAL
Power Unit (GPU) POWER

 Always disconnect prior to

flight
 Closing external power
door - Microswitch
extinguishes EXTERNAL
POWER caution light
 28 VDC (1000 Amps)
maximum
 Starter/Generators
Starter/Generators
 Rated @ 200 Amps - De-rated by BHT to 150
Amps
 Mounted on N1
Accessory
section of each
engine
 Designed shear point to prevent damage to
engine in case of failure
 Generators turn anytime engine is running
 Activation
Activation
 Generator Switches
- 3 position
 ON - closes
generator relay
 OFF - opens
generator relay
 Reset- Re-energizes
generator field
 Generator
Generator Relays
Relays &
& Circuit
Circuit
Breakers
Breakers
 Generator Relays -
Connect generator
output into elec. system START
RELAY
 Interconnected with
GEN
start relay for engine RELAY

start
 Generator Circuit
Breakers - generator GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 1 GEN 2

field & Generator reset 10 10 10 10

RESET RESET FIELD FIELD

 Cockpit
Cockpit lndications
lndications
 DC voltmeters - Display DC voltage on ESNTL BUS 1 &
ESNTL BUS 2
 Ampmeters - Show each generators load
 DC GENERATOR CPS - Indicates generator relay
position DC
GENERATOR
 Inverters
Inverters
 450 volt/amp
 Solid state/static (No moving parts)
 Converts DC to AC
400 cycle power
 Requires DC input - 18 to 30 VDC
 Outputs both 115 VAC and
26.5 VAC
 Requires 115 VAC to produce 26.5 VAC
 Inverter switch for each inverter
 DC circuit breaker protection for inverter power
 115 VAC sensors and Bus control relay determine active buses
 Normal AC Power
412SP/HP/EP
NO.1 EMER DC BUS NO.2 EMER DC BUS

26.5 VAC 26.5 VAC

NO. 1 115 VAC
NO. 2
115 VAC
INVERTER INVERTER

NO. 1 NO. 2
INVERTER INVERTER
SWITCH SWITCH
AC BUS
SENSOR SENSOR
INVERTER 1 RELAY
SENSING AND CONTROL INVERTER 2
RELAY
RELAYS

115 VAC 26.5 VAC

EMER BUS EMER BUS

NO. 1 115VAC NO. 1 26.5 VAC

BUS VM BUS
NO. 2 115VAC NO. 2 26.5 VAC
BUS VM BUS
NO. 3 115VAC NO. 3 26.5 VAC
BUS BUS
 Normal AC Power
Early 412
NO.1 ESS DC BUS NO.2 ESS DC BUS

26.5 VAC 26.5 VAC

NO. 1 115 VAC
NO. 2
115 VAC
INVERTER INVERTER

NO. 1 NO. 2
INVERTER INVERTER
SWITCH SWITCH
AC BUS
SENSOR SENSOR
INVERTER 1 RELAY
SENSING AND CONTROL INVERTER 2
RELAY
RELAYS

NO. 1 115VAC NO. 1 26.5 VAC

BUS VM BUS
NO. 2 115VAC NO. 2 26.5 VAC
BUS VM BUS
NO. 3 115VAC NO. 3 26.5 VAC
BUS BUS
 Cockpit
Cockpit Indications
Indications
 AC voltmeters NO. 1 NO. 2
INVERTER INVERTER
Gyro instruments activate automatically
indicates 115 VAC output
Pressure instruments indicate
26.5 VAC output
INVERTER CPS out also indicates
115 VAC output
 Engine
Engine
Start
Start
 Battery Switches -
ON
 All busses energized
except non-essential
buses
 Start relay &
Generator relay -
close
 Engage starter for
normal start
 Engine
Engine
Start
Start
 Starter - disengaged
at 55% N1
 Generator - turned on
at 71% N1 minimum
 Generator now
powers all busses
except non-essential
buses
 Generator will not
come on line until
starter is disengaged
 Engine
Engine
Start
Start
 Second engine start is
generator assisted
(cross start)
 Same procedure for
disengaging starter
and turning on
generator as first
engine start
 Battery Bus No. 1
switch will
automatically switch
off
 Engine
Engine
Start
Start
 All buses now
active, including
non essential
 Both generators
sharing load
 Normal in-flight
configuration
Generator Malfunctions
 NO.1
DC GENERATOR FAILURE
Generator
Generator
Failures
Failures
 Possibly caused by
internal failure,
voltage problem,
engine failure,
popped CB

 Affected generator
ammeter reads 0
amps
 DC Generator CPS
illuminated
DC
GENERATOR
 NO.2
DC GENERATOR FAILURE
Generator
Generator
Failures
Failures
 Possibly caused by
internal failure,
voltage problem,
engine failure,
popped CB

 Affected generator
ammeter reads 0
amps
 DC Generator CPS
illuminated
DC
GENERATOR
 Generator
Generator Failures
Failures
DC
DC
GENERATOR
GENERATOR

 All lighting and avionics on non-non-essential buses

inoperative
 GEN FIELD and GEN RESET CB’s - Check in
 GEN switch (affected generator) - RESET, then ON
 If generator remains inoperative, turn GEN switch OFF
 If #2 generator failed - BATTERY BUS 2 - OFF
BATTERY BUS 1 switch - ON
 NON-ESNTL BUS switch - MANUAL
 DC AMPS - Monitor; if load exceeds limit:
 NON-ESNTL BUS switch - As desired. Switch off
unnecessary equipment as required
Non-Essential Bus Switch
 Generator
DUAL
DC GENERATOR FAILURE
Generator
Failures
Failures
 Voltmeters indicate
battery voltage - 24
VDC
 Both ammeters - 0
amps
 Land within 30
minutes
 Emergency load
switch may be used
to extend battery
(90 minutes) if
DC
GENERATOR
DC
GENERATOR
authorized
 Emergency
Emergency Load
Load Switch
Switch
 Used to extend battery power from 30 to 90
minutes
 Disconnects power from
most electrical items
 Navigation and approach
under IMC may be impossible
 CAUTION: Never use above 5000’ HP, as both
boost pumps will be turned off
 NO. 1 NO. 2
INVERTER INVERTER

ONLY
412SP/HP/EP
115 VAC EMERGENCY BUS 26.5VAC EMERGENCY BUS HAVE AC
EMERGENCY

AC
AC Power
Power Flow
Flow
BUSES
 AC
AC Power
Power Failure
Failure
NO.1
NO.1 NO.2
NO.2
INVERTER
INVERTER INVERTER
INVERTER

 Possible loss of of power to certain ac instruments

(with or without inverter light)
 Check both AC voltmeters to determine that the
remaining inverter automatically assumed all AC
load
 INV PWR CB’s - Check in
 Re-engage AP1(HP1) or AP2(HP2)
 If power is lost to AC FEEDERS AC FEEDERS

only certain ac
instruments, but
INVERTER
caution light
remains out,
proceed as follows
 AC FEEDERS CB’s (8
each) - Check in
 During IFR flight,
if both inverters
fail, land as soon as
practical: or
continue flight
under VFR, if
desired
 Dual
Dual Inverter
Inverter Failure
Failure
 Both inverter caution lights illuminated
NO.1 NO.2
NO.2
AFCS caution light NO.1
INVERTER INVERTER
INVERTER INVERTER
illuminated
HSI & ADI display OFF & ATT flags
ALL pressure instruments fail
Fuel Quantity System (412)- Gage sticks at
last position (Back up with FUEL LOW caution light)
Fuel Quantity System (412SP/HP/EP) - No effect (DC
powered)
Inverter Malfunctions
 AEROSERVICIOS
ESPECIALIZADOS

Bell 412
Electrical Power System

Sound
Sound