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Procedural Programming Methodologies

Programming methodologies provide approaches for analyzing complex problems, planning software development, and controlling the development process. There are several common methodologies including procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logical programming. Each breaks the problem down into smaller units - procedures, objects, functions, or logical units. Developers may use a top-down or bottom-up approach to further divide the problem, with top-down being more common.

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28 views

Procedural Programming Methodologies

Programming methodologies provide approaches for analyzing complex problems, planning software development, and controlling the development process. There are several common methodologies including procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logical programming. Each breaks the problem down into smaller units - procedures, objects, functions, or logical units. Developers may use a top-down or bottom-up approach to further divide the problem, with top-down being more common.

Uploaded by

mdmasumice
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Methodologies - Introduction

When programs are developed to solve real-life problems like inventory management, payroll
processing, student admissions, examination result processing, etc. they tend to be huge and
complex. The approach to analyzing such complex problems, planning for software development
and controlling the development process is called programming methodology.

Types of Programming Methodologies


There are many types of programming methodologies prevalent among software developers −

Procedural Programming
Problem is broken down into procedures, or blocks of code that perform one task each. All
procedures taken together form the whole program. It is suitable only for small programs that have
low level of complexity.
Example − For a calculator program that does addition, subtraction, multiplication, divisio n,
square root and comparison, each of these operations can be developed as separate procedures. In
the main program each procedure would be invoked on the basis of user’s choice.

Object-oriented Programming
Here the solution revolves around entities or objects that are part of problem. The solution deals
with how to store data related to the entities, how the entities behave and how they interact with
each other to give a cohesive solution.
Example − If we have to develop a payroll management system, we will have entities like
employees, salary structure, leave rules, etc. around which the solution must be built.

Functional Programming
Here the problem, or the desired solution, is broken down into functional units. Each unit performs
its own task and is self-sufficient. These units are then stitched together to form the complete
solution.
Example − A payroll processing can have functional units like employee data maintenance, basic
salary calculation, gross salary calculation, leave processing, loan repayment processing, etc.

Logical Programming
Here the problem is broken down into logical units rather than functional units. Example: In a
school management system, users have very defined roles like class teacher, subject teacher, lab
assistant, coordinator, academic in-charge, etc. So the software can be divided into units depending
on user roles. Each user can have different interface, permissions, etc.
Software developers may choose one or a combination of more than one of these methodolo gies
to develop a software. Note that in each of the methodologies discussed, problem has to be broken
down into smaller units. To do this, developers use any of the following two approaches −
 Top-down approach
 Bottom-up approach
Top-down or Modular Approach
The problem is broken down into smaller units, which may be further broken down into even
smaller units. Each unit is called a module. Each module is a self-sufficient unit that has everything
necessary to perform its task.
The following illustration shows an example of how you can follow modular approach to create
different modules while developing a payroll processing program.

Bottom-up Approach
In bottom-up approach, system design starts with the lowest level of components, which are then
interconnected to get higher level components. This process continues till a hierarchy of all system
components is generated. However, in real-life scenario it is very difficult to know all lowest level
components at the outset. So bottoms up approach is used only for very simple problems.
Let us look at the components of a calculator program.

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