his physical fitness? and say what did Jahangir é Give a brief detail of Jahangir ce Khan do " Jahangir Khan — the conqueror" ‘an's achi Keeping in view the achieveme national hero in sports with him, ents of Jahangir Khan, ay 6 i * = er s meani meanings of the words that make it oe cannot be inferred from the from the text and explain their meanings, Out three idiomatic expressions What inspiration do you get from the life of Jahangi Khan’ gir 2 Writing Suggestions rite an essay on the present state of Squash in Pakistan. Oral Communication ivide the students into groups on the basis of the choice of their favourite game. Ask +h member to share his reasons in the group for liking the particular game in the roup. Vocabulary and Grammar } ransitional Devices ansitional devices are like bridges between parts of your paper. They are cues that lp the reader to interpret ideas a paper develops. Transitional devices are words or hrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, from one paragraph to another. And finally, transitional devices link sentences and agraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas. here are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads readers tomake ain connections or assumptions. Some lead readers forward and imply the ee an idea or thought, while others make readers compare ideas or draw cone! om the preceding thoughts. eees 7 Here is a list of some common transitional devices that can be used to cue given way. TO ADD: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.) TO COMPARE: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the Contrary comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, althoug conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true, etc, TO PROVE: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is, etc. TO SHOW EXCEPTION: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a whik sometimes,etc. TO SHOW TIME: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, Previously formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then, etc. TO REPEAT: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, etc. TO EMPHASIZE: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positiveh, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphati unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation, etc. TO SHOW SEQUENCE: first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequ previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, then, soon, etc. TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this oc take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, TO SUMMARIZE OR CONCLUDE: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusio: have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, cor Min. ~ a x Teaders i Nor, Moreoye,formation to a read Definition: A précis is a clear, compact logical summ: ary of a essential or important ideas of the origina ed ACCORDING TO OXFORD DICTIONARY, 't preserves only the “itisa short version of a speech or a piece of Wrng that gives the gist or main points of id in points of ideas,” ACCORDING TO CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY; 2. Correctness Mistakes in your writings always irritate the reader. %2 there is no excuse for them. At the time of writing or composing.» précis the writer must puiure that the facts and figures are correct, Structure of sentences and spelings of worse must Be correct because a single mistake in structure and spelling may spoil the message. We may consider the mistakes under the following headings: Of course mistakes are never intentional; even + Misspelled words * Mistakes in figures and dates Mistakes in punctuation Mistakes of grammar and structure 3. Objectivity Oblectivity means the ability to present or view facts uncolored by feelings, opinions and personal Dias. While making a précis, the writer should adopt an objective approach, He should nar and add his personal opinion and ideas in a précis, A précis should be purely a summary o riinal text without any addition. 4. Coherence eae if work. A good Coherence means the logical and clear interconnection of ideas in a wr me pees ae - ea PrSc's should be coherent. The ideas which are presented in a précis mi 469Fonnection and they all should be interrelated, In short we may say that the ideas should be well Knitted so that the writer may not be confused and lose his interest. 5. Completeness Another striking feature of a good précis is completeness, A précis should be complete in all respects. Completeness means that the writer should include all the Important facts in précis. To make it short he should not omit the important ideas. This mistake on the part of the writer will spoil the importance and meaning of the précis. 6, Conciseness Conciseness is a desirable quality of a good précis, Conciseness means to say all that needs to be Said and no more. The writer should write what is necessary and avoid, writing unnecessary details. A concise piece of work conveys the message in the fewest possible words. But one point ‘must be kept in mind that the writer should not omit some basic and essential facts to achieve conciseness. To achieve conciseness, notice the following suggestions: + Omitting unnecessary details ‘+ Eliminate wordy expressions + Include only relevant material + Avoid unnecessary repetition Rules of making a précis ‘Awell written précis should be a serviceable substitute for the original work. The goal of a précis is to preserve the core essence of the work in a manner that is both clear and concise, White writing précis, the writer should follow the below given rules to make it an effective piece of work, Read Carefully First read the passage twice or thrice carefully to summarize it. This will enable you to understand the main theme of the passage. Underlining Underline and mark the important ideas and essential points from the original text. Omission Omit all the unnecessary information or the long phrases which could be replaced by one word. Ail the adjectives and the adverbs can also be omitted in order to make a good précis, Don't Omit While making a précis, the writer should never omit the important points and ideas which are essential to be described. Size Keep the fact in your mind that the length of the précis should be the one thitd of the original passage. Indirect Speech A précis should be written in indirect speech. if there is direct speech in the passage, It should be changed into indirect speech, ‘Own Wordsjs should be written In your own words and th “the original passageatt should by ve writer should abstain fr 1 all in your own words ee pricis of OlaloRue sme précis of dalogue oF conversation should always be expressed in fo objective Approach précis writer should adopt an objective approach, He should not add his personal ideas to sis, Pull he important points and ideas ina logical orden . f FT of narrative, ‘one Paragraph There could be two OF more paragraphs in the original text, While making the précis, try to write aiithe ideas in one paragraph, + Supply a short title which will express the subject, Comprehension A comprehension test is based on a short passage or article, comprehension questions has to understand and grasp the me: understanding power and level of the student is evaluated in important for students to read the comprehension carefulh questions. The passage or article: has to be understood answered « Instuctions to Be Read with Extra Care While reading instructions, always take extra care, At times, student to misunderstand or miss out important points, Consi A student who has to answer the aning of the passage or article, The a comprehension test. Hence It is ly first and then only answer the perfectly well before questions are the questions are tricky leading the der the context of the answer first, All questions which you know should be answered first. You can eliminate questions you are not too sure about, * First Read the Questions Make it a habit to go through the questions first. This will help you to look for relevant answers while reading the passage. Process of fetching answers can be hastened by doing this, If the passage is read first and then the questions, the chances of losing time are more as you will be reading everything again, “Highlighting Keywords : Once you have read the questions and have started reading the passage, make sure you highlight any headings, Phrases, keywords etc. that can help in answering the questions. This method will ‘lp you save a lot of time, searching through the passage again, * Avoid: Copying Text Directly ‘While writing down the answers you should not copy chunks of text directly. * Review What You Have Written To check for avoidable mistakes, you must review the paper again at least twice once you are & on with answering the questions, If sentences have to be reframed or correc'd, then this ean * done. In case of answering multiple choice questions, and in case of doubt, importance to ‘evlewing must be given. * AvOld Using Any Knowledge from Outside the Passafering the questions, the answors Make sure the comprehension Is read at least twice, While answering a is : outside knowledge is not entertained ina hhave to be from what is given in the passage itself as out eae Lara Jevant information from the passage comprehension. Avoid any answer that is not supported by rel or article or they will be rendered as incorrect. Solved Exercises Passage # 1. Although religion does not inhibit the acquisition of wealth, although it does not hold up large fortunes as evil, the tenor of its teaching by and large, is'to induce as attitude of indifference to worldly things. These are the things that gratify one’s lower self and keep one engrossed in moneymaking. The student should be made to realize that the real goods of life are spiritual love of things of the spirit and service of one’s fellowmen, joy of an ordered, disciplined life. There are blessings money cannot buy. What is wealth before such things of the spirit? Real bliss consists not in riches nor in anything else, but in the joy and happiness derived from being at peace with ‘one’s fellowmen through perfect love and fellowship and selfless service and sacrifice. Giving in charity for relief of the poor and public welfare is not merely a religion's duty but also an act of social justice. Questions 1. Which are some of the real goods of spiritual living? ‘Ans: The real good of spiritual living are the selfless and dedicated service for the humanity. A student must help other students in their problems. li, How does work of charity become an act of social justice? ‘Ans: The charity become an act of social justice when we give it without any sense of religious duty. lil, Write a precis of the given passage in about one third of its original length and suggest a suitable title. ‘Ans: Precis. No religion forbade the possession of wealth, but moneymaking should not be our ambition. Spiritual satisfaction can be achieved by the service of humanity. We should help the needy without thinking in the turn of religious obligation. We help them; it became an act of social justice. Title: Eternal joy and spiritual satisfaction, Passage #2 a Logic means, simply, the art and method of correct thinking. It is the logy or method of every science, of every discipline and every art. It is a science because to a considerable extent the process of correct thinking can be reduced to rules like physics and geometry, and taught to every normal mind. It is an art because by practice it gives to thought, at last, that unconscious and immediate accuracy which guides the fingers of the pianist over his instrument to effortless harmonies. Nothing is so dull as logic, and nothing is so important. Questions 1 What is logic? ‘Ans: Logic is actually an art which teaches us the method of correct and clear thinking; in order to reach at a conclusion. Ii How is logic a science? ‘Ans: Usually any science assists us in deducting different rules and regulations or something like definite laws. Similarly, “logy” as a science, logic can also be reduced to rules like physics and ‘geometry. Ti.Write a precis of the given passage in about one third of its suitable title. original length and suggest ® Pagel S56