EXERCISE

Indicates question from the textbook

4.1 Subatomic particles
Q. 1.
Explain discovery of electron by J. J. Thom-
son.
(2 marks)
Ans. In 1897, J. J. Thomson while
charge tube phenomenon foundstudying
dis- a-particles
a stream of
Lead plate
tiny particles. These rays Source of Gold foil Photographic
produced from the
cathode of a discharge tube move 1-particles Scintillation plate
towards an
anode in straight lines are
called cathode rays. Fig. 4.2 Rutherford's scattering experiment
They consist of negatively charged
called electrons. particles
They are 1837 times
lighter Later in 1919 Rutherford found that
o-par
than a
hydrogen atom and ticles striking on
are
present in all nitrogen nuclei produced
atoms.
protons(H) by nuclear transmutation of ni-
trogen into oxygen.
Deflected
path N +3 O +H
proten
Further it observed that other elements
was

also on transmutation emit hydrogen atoms.

Cathode
Anode O
On this basis Rutherford concluded that
the
Original hydrogen nucleus must be present inside the
path
nuclei of atoms of all the elements. Therefore
Fig. 4.1 Cathode ray tube experiment
hydrogen nucleus was named as proton and
Q. 2. How did Ernest Rutherford discover a
represented as
H carrying unit positive
proton ? (2 marks)
Ans. Ernest Rutherford in the experiment of
charge
scattering of -particles by thin gold foil found Q. 3. Why was existence of neutrons predicted by
that a few -particles are deflected back after Ernest Rutherford? (1 mark)
striking the foil. Based on this observation, Ans. Ernest Rutherford in 1920
predicted the pres
he concluded the presence of a massive and ence of neutrons to account for disparity m
positively charged nucleus inside the atom. atomic number and atomic mass of an elements.
 and
electron (2) proton
How Was neutron discovered (1)
. 4. by James Q. 7. Who
discovered
(3 marks)
Chadwick ?
(3 marks) (3) neutron?

Ernest Ruthertord in 1920 predicted the pres-

Ans. Ernes
Ans.
once of neutral particles in the nucleus of Discoverer
an
Fundamental particle
atom. James Chadwick observed emission the J.J. Thomson

of high velocity unidentified neutral radiations Electron Ernest Rutherford

when beryllium was bombarded by z-particles. Proton James Chadwick

These unidentified neutral radiations on strik- Neutron

ing paraftin emitted protons. He found that the mass

number
atomic
Atomic number and
unidentified particles did not have an electric 4.2
understand by following
charge but has a mass almost the same as that 8. What do you
Q.
of a proton. This neutral particle was named as terms:
(b) Mass number
neutron and denoted by n . (a) Atomic number
(3 marks)
(c) Nuclide?
The nuclear transmutation reaction is,
Ans.
Be He C+n of protons pres-
(a) Atomic number The number
Beryllium -particle Carbon Neutron atom of an element
is
ent in the nucleus of an

Z.
Polonium source Paraffin called atomic number and denoted by
Beryllium (b) Mass number The total number of protons

and neutrons that is total number of nucleons

is called
-particles present in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons Protons
atomic mass number and denoted by A.

Fig. 4.3: Discovery of neutron Mass number (A) =Number of protons (Z)
+ Number of neutrons (N)
Q.5. What are the properties of a neutron?
A =Z+N
(2 marks)
(c) Nuclide The atom or nucleus having unique
Ans. The properties of a neutron are:
composition as specified by 2X is called nuclide.
(1) It is slightly heavier than proton and has mass,
For example "C.
1.674x 1024g.
hence it is
(2) It does not carry any electric charge 4.3 Isotopes, isobars and isotones
electrically neutral.
Q.9. What are isotopes and isobars? Give
5) It imparts the stability to the nucleus of an atom.

all have examples. (2 marks)

4) Except hydrogen atom ( H), atoms
Ans.
neutrons in their nucleus along with protons.
(1) Isotopes The atomic species of an element
Q. 6. Name the subatomic particles. (2 marks)
possessing same atomic number but different
Ans. With the detailed studies of a nucleus of an
mass numbers called
are
isotopes.
particles have been
atom,following subatomic Forexample, jH, jH, jH are three isotopes of
discovered: hydrogen.
(2) Protons
(3) Neutrons (2) Isobars: The atoms of different elements which
(1) Electrons
(6) Neutrinos have the same number but
mass
(4) Mesons (5) Positrons different
(9) Pions atomic numbers are called isobars.
(7) Antiprotons (8) Quarks
For example, 1 Ar, 19 K, 20 Ca are isobars.
(10) Gluons.
 Q. 10. What the
are characteristics of isotopes? (2) They have same mass number but die.
Ans. The
(2 marks) atomic numbers. fferent
characteristics of isotopes are
as follows
(1) These are the atoms of the (3) They have different number of
electro
same element.
(2) They have same atomic protons and neutrons. rons,
number but different
mass numbers. (4) They have different physical and
(3)
chemica
nic al
They have same number of electrons properties.
and
protons but different number of neutrons. (5) They occupy ditferent positions in the
(4) They have similar periodis
physical and chemical table.
properties except the
properties related to the
nucleusS. Q. 12. Mention isotopes and isobars
among the
(5) They occupy same position in the following:
(6) For example, periodic table.
j,Ci and Cl S,N, C, N, U, N S.
Q. 11. What are the characteristics of isobars? (2 marks)

Ans. The (2 marks) Ans. Isotopes 32

16, 16 S: 1N, N
characteristics of isobars are as follows
(1) These Isobars: C, 1N; 238 N
are the atoms of
different elements. U, 93

Q. 13. Describe the isotopes of

Ans.
carbon.
(2 marks)
Table 4.1: Isotopes of carbon
Symbol Atomic Number Atomic mass
Z Neutron Number Stability
Number A N-A-Z Abundance
C or C-12
12 6
98.9% Stable
Cor C-13 6
13
1.1% Stable
C or C-14 6 14 8
<0.00017% Radioactive
Q. 14. Describe isobaric relation between
C and N. (2 marks)
Ans.
Table 4.2: Isobars
Isobars Atomic No. Z Mass No. A Number of protons Z No. of neutrons N
C 6 14
14N 7 14

Since two nuclides have same mass number but different atomic
numbers they are isobars.
a.15. What are isotones ? (2 marks) OR Define the term isotones. (1 mark) called
:The atoms of different elements neutrons in
their nuclei are
Ans. Isotones having same number of

isotonesS.

Table 4.3 Isotones

Isotones Atomic Number Z Mass Number A Number of Neutrons N=A-Z

6
B 5 11

12
(2 marks)
Q. 16. Make the pairs:
Ans.
Column A Column 'B -(iv) Chadwick
(a) Neutrons
(a) Neutrons i) Six electrons - (i) Six electrons
(b) p-orbital
(b) p-orbital (ii) -1.6x10-1 C -1.6 x 10-C
(C) Charge on electron- (i)
(c) Charge on electron (ii) Ultraviolet region - (ii) Ultraviolet region
(d) Lyman series
(d) Lyman series (iv) Chadwick

Q. 17. Match the following:

(2 marks)
Ans.
Element Number of neutrons
1sAr -(iv) 22
(a)
(a) 1Ar (i) 7
(b)C-(iii)8
(ii) 21
(b) C (c) K - (i) 21

(c)K (ii) 8

(d)N (iv) 22 (d) *N -(i) 7

in the chart given below:

18. Complete the following information about the isotopes
Q.
(2 marks for each isotope)

Number of
Element Mass Number
Substance Protons Neutrons Electrons

Carbon-14

Lead-208

Chlorine-35

Uranium-238

Oxygen-18
Radium-223
 Ans.

Number of
Substance Element Mass Number
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Carbon-14 1
C 14 14-6 8
Lead-208 208pb 208 82 208 82 =126 82
Chlorine-35 CI 35 17 35 17- 18 17
Uranium-238 238 92 238-92 =146 92
Oxygen-18 O 18 8 18 8= 10 8
Radium-223
23Ra 223 88 223 8 8 = 135 88

Q. 19. Differentiate between isotopes and 4.4 Drawbacks of Rutherford atomic model
isobars.
Ans. *Q. 21. What are the drawbacks of Rutherford's
(2 marks)
atomic model? (3 marks)
Isotopess Isobars Ans. Rutherford's atomic model has following
1. Isotopes drawbacks:
are the 1. Isobarss are the
atoms of the same
atoms of different (1) According to the classical electromagnetic
element. theory, a revolving charged particle like electron
elements.
2. Isotopes should emit radiation and lose
have same 2. Isobars have different energy. Due to
atomic number but this, electron should come closer to the nucleus
atomic numbers but
different mass numb- by following a spiral path and finally fall into
same mass number.
the nucleus, giving unstable atom. But in
ers.

3. They practice this does not happen.

have same 3. They have different
number of electrons. (2) The orbital motion is an accelerated motion
number of electrons.
4. They have 4.
accompanied by continuous change in the
same
They have different
velocity of electron due to changing direction.
number of protons number of protons
3) Orbital motion of an electron dos not
but different number and neutrons. explain the
of neutrons.
change in energy and hence atomic spectrum.
(4) The electron would follow a spiral
5. They have same 5. They have different and path
fall into the nucleus.
chemical properties. chemical properties.
6. For example
(5) This model does not explain
the distribution of
6. For example:
electrons around the nucleus and their
3Cl andC Ar and 19 energies.
Q. 20. If n =3, what the
4.5 Developments leading to the Bohr's atomic
are
quantum numbers model
of I and m,? (2 marks)
Ans. For n = 3, 1 = 0, 1, 2. Q. 22. On what basis did Niels Bohr
get over the
For l = 0, m, = 0 drawbacks of Rutherford's atomic model?
For I=1, n, =- 1, 0, +1 (2 marks)
Ans. Niels Bohr on the basis of following
ForI=2, m, =- 2, -1, 0, +1, +2
aspects got over the drawbacks of Rutherford's
 or
in cycles per
second (cps)
atomicmodel: V and expressed
are
of radiation with matter. Hertz (Hz). The wavelength and frequency
(1) Interaction
2)Wave particle duality of electromagnetic interrelated as, i xV =c where c is the velocityy
radiation.
of light.
(3) Line
emission spectra of lhydrogen.

was it necessary
23. Why to account for wave Amplitude
radiation ?
particle duality electromagnetic
of
Pointo f
(3 marks) disturbance

Ans.
Phenomenon such as diffraction and interfer-
demonstrating
could be the basis of 4.5:Instantaneous profile of a wave,

ence of light explained on Fig.

and wavelength
radiation. the definitions of amplitude
wave nature of electromagnetic
w a v e s which
radiation or photoelectric effect (v): The number of
2) Black-body (3) Wave number
a unit length
is called
could not be explained by wave nature but be accommodated in
can

be explained by particle nature of of the radiation. This is also equal

could wave number
radiation. It is
electromagnetic radiation.
to reciprocal of wavelength of

(3)Thus when light interacts with matter itbehaves and expressed in

of particles called photons while denoted by v where v=
as a stream
elec-
when light propogates, it behaves as an
c m , m , etc.
tromagnetic wave. crest
(4) Amplitude (A) : The maximum height of a
of trough from the line of
Electric field or the depth a

is called an amplitude.
Crest propagation of a wave
Direction of propagation
denotes the intensity of
Square of the amplitude
Amplitude
radiation.

5) Velocity (c): The distance travelled by a wave

Trough
Magnetic of
field Wavelength in one second is called the velocity a wave.

and has value 3 x 108 ms

4.4: Electromagnetic wave It is denoted by c
Fig.
in vacuum.
characteristics of
Q. 24. Explain the following
25. How are wavelength, frequency and
electromagneticradiation: Q.
(3) Wave (2 marks)
(1) Wavelength (2) Frequency velocity of a light interrelated?
(4) Amplitude and (5) Velocity. Ans. The velocity (c) of a light is related to
wave-
number
(1 mark each)
length () and frequency (v) as follows
Ans. C= X V
two
(1) Wavelength () The distance between radiations have
(All electromagnetic same

consecutive crests or two

consecutives troughs and v.)
velocity but they differ in
It
in the wave is called a wavelength of light.
in metre, Q. 26. What is a quantum of energy? (2 marks)
is denoted by i and expressed
centimetre, nanometre, etc.
Ans. According to Max Planck the smallest quan-

tityof energy that can be emitted or absorbed

2) Frequency (v):The number of waves passing
in the form of electromagnetic radiation is
in one second is called
through a reference point called 'quantunm'.
the frequency of the radiation.
It is denoted by
 he energy (E) of one quantum of radiation Q. 29. Calculate the energy associated with
ith
is given by, radiation of wavelength 10 Á. (2
Solution : i =10 A = 10 x 10 m =1 x 10- m
marks)
E =hy==
hc
hc 6.626 x 104 x 3x 10
E- 9 19.87 x 10 g
Where h is Planck's constant 1x10
(6.626 x 10 Js) = 1.987 x 10 1 J
is
trequency and i is wavelength of the Ans. Energy of radiation = 1.987 x 1 0 - l6 J

radiation.
Q. 30. Calculate frequency of radiation havino
Q. 27.
Explain photoelectric effect. ing
(3 marks)
Ans. When wavelength 450 nm. (2 marks)
a beam of light of sufficient energy is
allowed Solution: c=l xv
to strike a surface of a metal, electrons 3 x 108
are
ejected. This
phenomenon is known as
.

450 x 10- 6.667 x 1014 Hz

photoelectric effect and the ejected electrons are Ans. Frequency of radiation = 6.667x 1014 Hz.
called photo electrons. The features of photo- Q. 31. Explain line emissiopn spectrum of
electric effect are as follows:
hydrogen. (3 marks)
(1) The incident
light must have certain minimum Ans. When an electric
discharge is passed through
trequency (or energy) required to eject electrons gaseous hydrogen, it emits radiation. The
from a
particular metal. This
frequency is called hydrogen emission spectrum is not continuous
thresholdfrequency (vo) and the energy associated but
comprised of a series of lines corresponding
with this
frequency is called threshold energy. to different frequencies and
wavelengths.
(2) The energy of emitted Lines get closer and closer
photoelectrons is given by and
eventually
together
reach the series
Einstein's photoelectric equation, limit
hv =hv+5 mv
where n and v are mass and velocity of photo-
electrons. 0.5 1.O0 1.5 2.0 2.5
oudse
3.0
3.5
Paschen series Balmer series
(3) Einstein considered
electromagnetic radiation as (intra red) (partly visible)
Lyman series
(ultra-violet)
a stream of photons of energy hv. A
photon has
zero rest mass. Fig. 4.6: Emission line spectrum of
hydrogen
(Planck's constant, h =6.626 x 10 J]s)
A relation for wave number
Q. 28. What is emission
r
E) was

spectrum? (2 marks) given by Ritz combination principle

Ans. When a substance is
as tollowws,
irradiated with light it
absorbs energy. Atoms, molecules or ions,
which have absorbed radiation where R is
are said to be Rydberg constant while n, and n2
are orbit numbers.
'excited'. When an excited species gives away
the absorbed
energy in the form of
(R 1.09677 x 10" m
radiation, the 109677 cm ") or

process is called emission of radiation. The In

1885, Balmer gave relation
for
recorded spectrum of this emitted bers of
spectral lines in visible
wavenum
radiation is
called 'emission spectrum'. region as,
V109677 Cm
 the

F p l a i n the various series present in the series

arises wlhe
a
Lynan series Lynman
level (12)
energy
spectrum
ot
hydrogen atonm. (.3 narhs) OR Xited electron from higher
(1irst
ENplain the hydrogen spectrum in detail. state, i.e., , |
returns to the ground
(3 marks) K shel).
energy level
or
numbers
Ats, The various spectral series present in hydro The wave
2, 3, 4, 5,
It n l , n,
. . .

can be
geTN strum eplained as below lines are give by,
ot these spectral
Fach sptral lie arises due to the transition
ot an elevtron trom higher energy level (n,) to

lower einergy evet (i,). The wave number, r of

to the highest
the spetral line 18 given by, These spectral lines correspond
in ultra-
have short wavelength
energy, hence
violet region (920- 1200 A)
arises when the
ex-
where R is Rydberg's constant. (b) Balmer series:This series
From the given excited higher energy level, the cited electron from higher energy level (12)
=2.
electron can jump to various lower energy returns to lower energy level of L shell, n,

levels. Depending upon the lower energy 2, 12 =

3, 4, 5,....
Forthesespectral lines, 1,=
levels to which the electron jumps, there arise lines are
The wave numbers of these spectral
Varous series.
given by,
Series 12 Spectral Region
Lyman 2,3, Ultraviolet -R2
These spectral lines correspond to comparative-
Balmer 3,4, Visible
hence have intermediate
lower
Paschen , 5, Infrared ly energy,
in the visible region
Brackett 5,6, Infrared wavelengths
Pfund 6, Infrared (4000 6500 Å).

Plund series
N Brackett series
Paschen series
Mr

Balmer series
violet red
4000 5000 6000 7000
(A)-

Wavelength (A)

Balmer spectrum

Emitted
radiations

Kn-1YYIL l.yman series

shell

with various series

Fig. 4.7: Hydrogen spectrum
 (c) Paschen series
: This series arises due to transi-
4.6 Bohr's model for hydrogen atom
tion of the electrons from the higher energy
Q. 33. Explain the postulates of Bohr atomic
levels to lower energy state of M shell, 1, 3. =

theory. (3 marks)
Hence in this case, n, and
=3, n2=4, 5, 6, OR
The wave numbers of lines are
given by, Write postulates of Bohr's Theory of hydro-
gen atom.
Ans. Niels Bohr proposed an atomic model for H
The energy of emitted radiations in atom or hydrogen like atom with one electron.
this series is
The postulates of Bohr's theory are as follows:
low and these lines in the
appear infrared region (1) The electron in the hydrogen atom can move
of long wavelengths (9500 -

18750 A).
around the nucleus in certain permitted circular
(d) Brackett series: For this series, the in
transition of orbits arranged concentrically increasing
an excited electron from order of energy.
higher energy level (172)
to lower energy level, (1, =
4) (i.e., N shell) (2) The energy of an electron in the orbit does not
takes place. change with time. Hence orbits are called sta-
Hence, various transitions from 12
tionary orbits. On absorption of required energy
are =
5, 6, 7,
to 7, =4. The wave numbers electron moves from lower orbit to higher orbit.
given by,
. . .

are
The transition from higher energy orbit to lower
energy orbit is accompanied by emission of
energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
These lines appear in far infrared
region of long (3) The frequency of radiation absorbed
v or
emit
wavelengths (19450-40500 ÄA). ted on transition between two stationary orbits
(e) Pfund series : This series arises due to transi differing by energy
AE is given by,
tion of excited electrons from
higher energy
AE
level (,) to lowe energy level n,=5 = E-E
h
(O= shell). In this n, =6, 7, 8, .... The wave where E, and E, are the energies of the lower
numbers of various spectral lines are given by, and higher energy states respectively. Above
1 1 equation represents Bohr's frequency rule.
=R| (4) An electron can occupy only those orbits in
which its angular momentum is
These lines appear in far infrared region of quite integral (n)
long wavelength (37800 7500 Ä). multiple of
2T
(f) Humphries series: This series arises due to nh
Angular momentum =
transition of an excited electron to lower state 27t
n = 6 from higher energy levels n, =7, 8,
D o you know ? (Textbook page 40)
The wave numbers of various spectral lines are Q. Give examples of objects
involving atomic
given by, emission.
Ans. Fluorescent
tube, sodium vapour lamp,
neon
sign, halogen lamp, tubelight, etc. are
The spectral lines lie far in infrared region examples of objects involving atomic

beyond 7500 . emission.

. 34. Obtain.a relation for
angular momentum.
(2 marks) Just think. (Textbook page 41)
Ans Consider particle
a of mass m .What does the negative sign of electron
ircular motion in
undergoing a
an orbit of radius 'r with energy convey?
linear velocity 0 and
angular velocity w. Ans. A free electron at rest is an electron that is at

Then, Moment of inertia, I infinity from the nucleus and does not ex-
==
m x r2; w =v/r
Angular momentum = I x w
perience any electrostatic force of attraction
towards the nucleus and therefore, it is
= Mr2
assigned the energy value of zero.

mro. The negative sign means that the energy of

the electron in the atom is lower than the

0. 35. What is Bohr radius?
(1 mark) free electron at rest. Mathe-
energy of a
Ans. The radius of the first
stationary orbit in matically this corresponds to setting
hvdrogen atom is called Bohr
radius which is in the that
equal to infinity equation so
52.9 pm.
E, =
0. As the electron gets close to the
nucleus, 'n' decreases E, becomes large in
36. Summarise the result of
Bohr's theory. absolute value and more and more negative.
(3 marks)
Thus stationary states with smaller values of
Ans. Bohr's theory is used to obtain the energies of nhave large and negative energy. The
stationary orbits in hydrogen atom.
negative sign corresponds to attractive force
(a) The stationary states or orbits for electron are
between the electron and nucleus.
represented by principal quantum numbers,
n=1,2,3, ... Q. 37. What are the limitations of Bohr model?

(b) The radii of stationary orbits are given by, (3 marks) OR

What are demerits of Bohr model? (3 marks)
where a = 52.9 pm. Ans.

(c) The energy of a stationary state (orbit) is (1) Bohr's atomic model fails to account for finer
details of hydrogen atom spectrum obtained
given by
from high resolving sophisticated spectroscope.
E,=-R x
)
where R is Rydberg constant.
(2) It can not explain the spectra of atoms other than
hydrogen or multielectron atoms.

R=2.18 x 10-J (3) It can not explain the splitting of spectral lines in

d) Bohr's theory can be applied to hydrogen like the presence of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect)
or electric field (stark effect).
atomic species with one electron.
4) It fails to explain the ability of atoms to combine
For example, H, He", Li*, etc.
and form molecules by chemical bonds.
The energy of a stationary state is given by,

know?
E,=-2.18 x 10
.Do you
(Textbook page 42)
Q. To what system Bohr's theory is applicable?
where Z is the atomic number of species.
Ans. Bohr's theory is applicable to hydrogen
The radius of nth orbit is given by
atom and hydrogen-like species which
52.9 x n2 contain only one extranuclear electron.
pm