A Students Guide To Lang and Lit

A Student’s Guide to AQA
Language and Literature

GCSE
How can I prepare for the

exams and revise
effectively?
How should I revise for
English?
The most common comment of students is, “I find it difficult to revise for English”
or the more definite, “You can’t revise for English. ” Below you will find a range of
useful resources and ideas for revision activities.
Get some revision guides

in the different topic
areas. The best ones are
from CGP, or from the
YOUTUBE is a wonderful resource for exam boards themselves.
English revision. There are thousands
of videos based on English exams—
just make sure you are watching the
right exam board and specification!
Ours is AQA, and it should say NEW
specification, grades 1-9. Read class notes and previous
Mr Bruff is a great starting point; as is assessments. The teacher
AQA’s own channel. Just search for feedback and next steps will be
a brilliant source of
the area you need.
information for revision areas.
SMHK also has revision
activities and knowledge
organisers for all classes.
Create spider diagrams or

mind maps for each paper
from previous work. What are
the skills? How many marks?
Create a glossary
How much time?
of terminology—
Practice, practice, practice.
all of the
Find specimen exam questions or ask
specifications now
your teacher to provide some. Have a
say that this is
go at answering them, and then check
expected in your
yourself against the mark schemes. Ask
For literature, re-read the answers. Write
your teacher to scan them and give
texts you have studied, or definitions of
you feedback. This booklet provides
watch productions/ film words like ‘simile’,
plenty of specimen material to revise
versions of them to remind ‘metaphor’ and
from.
yourself of the plots, ‘personification’ -
characters and themes. and challenge
Memorise key quotes— yourself to create
these are always useful. examples.
When are the exams?
Key pointers for Revision
English Language
• Make sure you know the
questions you will be asked for
each paper
• For paper 1, you can practice with
any fiction text. Pick a page from a
book, or find a short story
• For paper 2, you can practice with
any non-fiction texts. Find
magazines, newspapers, blogs or
leaflets
• Memorise, and practice the
writing frames on the following
pages
Useful revision websites
http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/english
/gcse/english-language-
8700/assessment-resources
http://mrbruff.com/
https://www.bbc.com/education/exams
pecs/zcbchv4
When are the exams?
Tips for revising Literature
• Knowing quotations is important.
Make flashcards organised by theme
or character. Test yourself and test
your friends
• Remember you are marked for your
understanding of context. Revise the
key historical context of each text
• For Paper 1 use the following question
frames to help you revise
Macbeth
How is (character or theme) presented in
this extract, and in the rest of the play?
A Christmas Carol
this extract, and in the rest of the novel?
• For Paper 2 use the following
question frames to help you revise
Inspector Calls
the play?
Power and Conflict Poetry

How is (theme) presented in this poem
and one other of your choice?
Unseen Poetry
How is (theme) presented in this poem? -
How do the writers use methods to
present (theme) in these two poems
• Revision guides are available for each
set text ( we recommend CGP and
AQA endorsed guides)
English Language Paper 1
Background on the paper
This paper consists of 2 sections: Reading and Writing.
Section A is made up of 4 questions on the reading of
an unseen fictional text
Section B is 1 question testing creative writing skills.
The whole paper is worth 80 marks and lasts 1 hour 45
minutes.
• The paper will start with an extract from a fiction
text. This could be from the 19th, 20th or 21st
century and will about 1 –1 1/2 sides long. Pupils
should read this text once they have read the
questions on the paper through. Please be aware
that the questions increase in difficulty as the paper
progresses. All reading questions are centred
around the one extract
• We recommend highlighting and annotating the
extract. Remember highlighters on exam day!
The following pages provide some ideas and activities
for each question type to support your in-class
learning at home.
Paper 1 Question 1
Language
This question is a comprehension question and is worth 4 marks.
Suggestions to support learning:
Read different fiction extracts from books and:
• Write down 4 things they have learnt from the extract.
• Ask and answer questions about specific elements of the extract.
• Check understanding of what has been read through discussion.
Example Activity:
Read the extract from About a Boy – Nick Hornby on the next page and then answer the
example exam-style question ones.
Questions: Read paragraph 2 again.

List 4 things that the other children thought were ‘wrong’ with Marcus.
OR
Read paragraph 3 again.
List 4 things Marcus’ mum didn’t want him to do.
OR
List 4 reasons why Marcus found school difficult.
OR
(from the whole source)
List 4 reasons why Marcus thinks he is ‘weird’.
About a Boy – Nick Hornby
(prose fiction, 1998)
12-year-old Marcus’s mother and father separated four years ago. Marcus has recently
moved from Cambridge to London with his mother. It is his second day at his new
school and he has arrived early and gone to the form room to try and avoid some
students that have been giving him a hard time.
There were a couple of girls in the room, but they ignored him, unless the snort of
laughter he heard while he was getting his reading book out had anything to do with
him.
What was there to laugh at? Not much, really, unless you were the kind of person who
was on permanent lookout for something to laugh at. Unfortunately, that was exactly the
kind of person most kids were, in his experience. They patrolled up and down school
corridors like sharks, except that what they were on the lookout for wasn’t flesh but the
wrong trousers, or the wrong t-shirt, or the wrong haircut, or the wrong shoes, any or all
of which sent them wild with excitement. As he was usually wearing the wrong shoes or
the wrong trousers, and his haircut was wrong all the time, every day of the week, he
didn’t have to do very much to send them all demented.
Marcus knew he was weird, and he knew that part of the reason he was weird was
because his mum was weird. She just didn’t get this, any of it. She was always telling him
that only shallow people made judgements on the basis of clothes or hair; she didn’t
want him to watch rubbish television, or listen to rubbish music, or play rubbish
computer games (she thought they were all rubbish), which meant that if he wanted to
do anything that any of the other kids spent their time doing he had to argue with her
for hours. He usually lost, and she was so good at arguing that he felt good about losing.
She could explain why listening to Joni Mitchell and Bob Marley (who happened to be
her two favourite singers) was much better for him than listening to Snoop Doggy Dogg,
and why it was more important to read books than to play on the Gameboy his dad had
given him. But he couldn’t pass any of this on to the kids at school. If he tried to tell Lee
Hartley - the biggest and loudest and nastiest of the kids he’d met yesterday - that he
didn’t approve of Snoop Doggy Dogg because Snoop Doggy Dogg had a bad attitude to
women, Lee Hartley would thump him, or call him something that he didn’t want to be
called. It wasn’t so bad in Cambridge, because there were loads of kids who weren’t right
for school, and loads of mums who had made them that way, but in London it was
different.
Paper 1 Question 2
Language
This question is a language analysis question and is worth 8 marks.

Read different fiction extracts from books and…
* Think about the language used—why did the writer make these choices?
* See if you can spot language devices (see below).
* Comment on the effect of the language devices on the reader—what do they do to the reader?
What do they make us think of or feel?
* Try continuing the extract in the style that the author uses, thinking carefully about the
decisions you make when selecting words.
* Also consider sentence structures and how they contribute to the effect.
* Practise writing PETAL/PETER paragraphs to answer a question. E.g. how does the writer use
language to show…? Point—your answer to the question. Evidence—your quote. Explanation —
comments on effect. Zoom—which word most stands out, and why. Link—return to the
question.
You would have around 10 minutes to answer this question in the exam and should aim to write
around 1-2 sides. You should use a PETAL /PETER structure in your response .
Comments on effect are typically the most challenging for pupils, and so it might be helpful for
them to consider the following:
· What does the language/ word remind the reader of? E.g. “thick custard coloured paint” -
reminds the reader of unpleasant, gloopy school puddings, slopped on the wall
· What does the language/ word make the reader feel? E.g. “thick custard coloured paint” -
makes the reader feel disgusted, and as if no care has been taken over the decorating
· Why might the writer have chosen these specific words/ phrasing? E.g. - the writer might have
made this comparison as custard is quite a distinctive, vibrant colour—not really one we would
expect to see on a tastefully decorated wall!
It is also a good idea to look for techniques that the writer might have used and mention these
in their response. For instance:
* simile * metaphor * alliteration * personification * adjectives * imagery * onomatopoeia *
assonance * pathetic fallacy * verbs * adverbs * repetition * connectives * hyperbole *
oxymoron * paradox * Imperatives * modals * euphemism * tone * colloquial language *
sibilance * fricative * plosive *
Example Activity:
Read the extract and then answer the exam
style question below.
Home: The story of everyone who ever lived in our house

– Julie Myerson (literary non-fiction, 2004)
The narrator, Julie Myerson, has discovered that in 1881 a writer and journalist called
Henry Hayward lived in her house with his wife Charlotte and their three children. In
this extract Myerson, her husband Jonathan and their three children, Jake, Raphael
and Chloe, are stripping the wallpaper from the walls of the house.
And the layers of paper curled and rolled off and dropped onto the floor – and, quite
perfectly preserved, half a dozen different patterns were revealed: imitation wood grain
(the sixties?), brown zigzags (the fifties?) – then a bold Art Deco style in cobalt and
scarlet (the twenties?). Under that, large Morris-style chocolate ferns and flowers, and
beneath that a solid layer of thick custard-coloured paint. Each layer – imperfectly glued,
faded, merged — revealed another.
‘What smells so horrible? ‘ said Jake, wrinkling his nose.
‘The glue, I think,’ Jonathan said. ‘Probably made from bones.’
‘Wicked!’ said Raphael and then, frowning, ‘But would vegetarians have used it?’
‘Weren‘t really any vegetarians then.’
‘Just think,’ I said, as another William Morris-style lily showed us its black, almost
funereally rimmed edges, ‘how long since anyone saw these patterns? I wonder when
each one was covered up.’
Question 2 Example:
How does the writer use language to describe the wallpaper?
We have included a help mat to frame the answer and you will also have WAGOLLS for
each question in your book.
Language Paper 1 Q2: How does the writer use language to …
What to do: Place your extract here

Highlight the steer WHAT – HOW-
(key word) of the WHY
question. This is
what you MUST The author
focus your answer employs a range
on. of methods to
convey an
Now, identify impression that
THREE interesting …. (now link to
and different the steer).
language methods
which all link to the One of the ways
steer. he (link to steer) is
through his choice
Write 3 WHAT – of (METHOD) in:
HOW – WHY “xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
paragraphs: xx.”
* WHAT is the point Here, it is the use

the writer is of (ZOOM IN)
making? which helps
* HOW is language readers to think /
used (METHOD & feel / imagine /
EVIDENCE) understand …
(link to steer)
* WHY – and what
is the effect for the
reader?
Terminology: simile; metaphor; personification; hyperbole; stative verbs;

dynamic verbs; sibilance; tricolon; adverbs; adjectives; staccato sentences;
telegraphic sentences; exclamatory sentences; rhetorical question; hypophora;
repetition (epizeuxis; diacope; anaphora; epistrophe)
WAGOLL PARAGRAPH
The writer has described the effects of the weather by creating violent imagery using powerful verbs. For
example, the wind is described in ‘gusts’ and the powerful verbs ‘shaking’, ‘blew’ ‘trembled’ ‘swayed’ and
‘rocking’ show the reader that the wind is violent and putting the characters in the extract in danger.
Powerful adjectives have also been used to show the demoralising and demotivating effect the weather
has had. Powerful adjectives such as ‘faint’, ‘dispirited’ ‘broken’ and ‘numb’ show the reader that both the
driver and horses are struggling in the difficult weather. The long, complex sentence running from lines 8-
11 reflects the chaos clearly caused by the weather and implying the negatives effect of the weather
continues in many different directions. This use of pathetic fallacy sets the tone for the novel, as the writer
clearly wants a tense atmosphere from the start. The use of such powerful language means the reader can
quite clearly imagine how it would feel to sit in the coach in such a dangerous position which makes the
reader feel tense and builds suspense in the novel.
FOR SUCCESS:
•Write a statement directly responding to the question
•Use at least 3 appropriate quotations to support your statement.
•Ensure you use subject terminology
•Analyse what the language shows/suggests/implies
•Comment on what the reader thinks/feels/imagines
Paper 1 Question 3
Language
This question is a structure analysis question and is worth 8 marks.
Read different fiction extracts from books and:
* Work out, paragraph by paragraph, what is happening in the text. How does it start? What happens
next? How does it end?
* Look at the text in 3 different ways:
1) In the whole text, what journey does the writer take us on? We go from what….to what?
2) Within paragraphs, how is the text structured? Are there paragraphs with lots of long, complex
sentences? Is there a mix of complex and simple, short sentences? Why might this be?
3) Within sentences, have we got any notable punctuation? Do we have any single sentence or single
word paragraphs? Why?
* Find out about structural techniques that a writer can use in fiction. Here’s some to start them off: End
focus, repetition, pivotal moment, chronological order…
* For everything they consider about structure, they need to think carefully about the effect on the
reader, and why the writer made those decisions.
Example Activity:
Read again the extract for question 2 (wallpaper)
Question 3 Example: How has the writer structured the text to interest the reader?
Pupils would have around 10 minutes to answer this question in the exam and should aim to write
around 1-2 sides.
This whole question is generally quite challenging, and many pupils struggle with the concept. It is useful
to remember the following things:
· At every step of the way, write about WHY the writer has structured the text in this way, and the EFFECT
on the reader (how does it make them feel; what does it make them think of).
· They still need to give quotes in this answer, but they do not need to talk about language as they did in
question 2.
· Write a brief introduction about the whole of the source—how is it structured, and why?
· Continue by talking about how the source opens. Does it start in the middle of the action (in media res),
or is it chronological? Maybe it’s a flashback?
· Find a pivotal moment in the source—a moment where something seems to change, or the reader has a
realisation. Why is it at that point?
· What happens after the pivotal moment? What journey is the writer taking us on, and why?
. How does the source end? Is this similar or totally different to the beginning?
We have included a help mat to frame the answer and you will also have WAGOLLS for each question
in your book.
Language Paper 1 Q3: How is the text structured to interest
the reader?
MODEL PARAGRAPH
Place your extract here
1. Structural
What to do: feature
2. Evidence
3. How it interests
This is an 8 mark readers
Q. Spend no more
than 10 to 12 Dialogue is used to
reveal the narrator’s
minutes on it. opinions of her
teacher.
Write 3 There is a clever

paragraphs: contrast between the
dialogue: “Of
• Narrative focus course!” and interior
at the monologue: “Like,
beginning that’s EVER gonna
happen!”
• How the
narrative focus This is an interesting
shifts as the structural device
because it provides
extract readers with insights
develops into the character’s
real feelings towards
• The way that the teacher to whom
the extract she is speaking.
Though she appears
ends polite, she dislikes
him intensely and
readers are curious
to discover why
Terminology: omniscient narrator; protagonist; setting; dialogue; narrative focus; narrative

focus shifts; focus narrows; analepsis (flashback); prolepsis (flashforward); climax; external
action; interior monologue (a character’s inner thoughts); staccato or telegraphic narration or
dialogue to create suspense or tension
WAGOLL
The reader’s attention is focused on the weather in Cornwall at the beginning of the extract,
where powerful adjectives in ‘backing wind and granite sky’ set the tone of the novel and show
the reader that the setting is cold, dark and miserable. This is reinforced by the description of
the wind coming in ‘gusts’ which suggests that the weather could be dangerous as the story
progresses. This creates tension for the reader as pathetic fallacy has been used to introduce the
setting and the atmosphere is gloomy, which sets the scene for negative events to come.
The focus then changes to the carriage, which has ‘creaked’ and ‘groaned’ during the journey
and had ‘flung’ the mud against the windows. This suggests that the coach is not particularly
stable and is negatively affected by the weather. This further builds tension for the reader as it
suggests that something bad is likely to happen involving the coach.
The focus changes from outside the carriage to inside the carriage, when the reader is
introduced to several passengers. The powerful verbs ‘huddled’ and ‘exclaiming’ suggest to the
reader that the passengers are as cold and miserable as the initial opening of the novel suggests,
as well as vocal in their misery. The focus changes yet again when the only character with a
name in the opening is introduced: ‘Mary Yellan’. This immediately engages the reader as her
name indicates that Mary Yellan is the main character and the person the reader will be
following throughout the novel.
FOR SUCCESS:
Write a statement directly responding to the question
Comment on what the focus is on at the beginning and then how this changes.
Use at least 3 appropriate quotations to support your statement.
Explain why the text is structured this way
Comment on what the reader thinks/feels/imagines
Paper 1 Question 4
Language
This question is an opinion based question and is worth 20 marks. It is about being a critical
reader, and developing opinions on a text that you can support with evidence.
Read different fiction extracts from books and…
* Consider what a reader might say about the extract as a whole—how it makes them feel, what
it reminds them of; what they think the writer is trying to do. Then create a table of evidence,
supporting (or refuting) these statements, using proof from the text.
* Look at some past exam papers (or sample papers online). CGP and other publishers offer
‘exam style’ questions with mark schemes that can form excellent practice for this sort of thing.
* Visit Youtube and watch videos on how to tackle this question. Search ‘Redhill English’ for lots
of playlists linking to the best videos to support learning.
* Practise developing a dialogue about books. Ask your child questions about their thoughts on
what they are reading, and ask them to justify their ideas with proof.
* Practise writing for extended periods with your child. 20 marks is a vast amount, and some
pupils struggle with the sheer idea of writing for such a long time. This writing needn’t be related
to the exam—they could simply be writing about their day at school, for instance.
* Encourage your child to learn about the authors that have written the texts they are reading
or have read. Contextual knowledge is also important and supports their understanding of
fictional texts. Time periods are also important—for instance, understanding the life of a
Victorian pauper can help gain better insight into Dickens’ Oliver Twist, for example.
Example Activity:
Read the new extract over the page, and answer the exam-style question below.
Question 4 Example : After reading this extract, a pupil said: “The writer makes it really clear
how it feels to be inside the carriage. I almost believe I am right there with the characters.”
How far do you agree with this statement?
We have included a help mat to frame the answer and you will also have WAGOLLS for each
question in your book.
After reading this extract, a pupil said: “The writer makes it
really clear how it feels to be inside the carriage. I almost
believe I am right there with the characters.” How far do you
agree with this statement?
The few passengers huddled together for warmth, exclaiming in unison when the coach sank into a
heavier rut than usual, and one old fellow, who had kept up a constant complaint ever since he had
joined the coach at Truro, rose from his seat in a fury; and, fumbling with the window-sash, let the
window down with a crash, bringing a shower of rain upon himself and his fellow-passengers. He thrust
his head out and shouted up to the driver, cursing him in a high petulant voice for a rogue and a
murderer; that they would all be dead before they reached Bodmin if he persisted in driving at breakneck
speed; they had no breath left in their bodies as it was, and he for one would never travel by coach again.
Whether the driver heard him or not was uncertain: it seemed more likely that the stream of reproaches
was carried away in the wind, for the old fellow, after waiting a moment, put up the window again,
having thoroughly chilled the interior of the coach, and, settling himself once more in his corner, wrapped
his blanket about his knees and muttered in his beard. His nearest neighbour, a jovial, red-faced woman
in a blue cloak, sighed heavily, in sympathy, and, with a wink to anyone who might be looking and a jerk
of her head towards the old man, she remarked for at least the twentieth time that it was the dirtiest
night she ever remembered, and she had known some; that it was proper old weather and no mistaking
it for summer this time; and, burrowing into the depths of a large basket, she brought out a great hunk of
cake and plunged into it with strong white teeth.
Mary Yellan sat in the opposite corner, where the trickle of rain oozed through the crack in the roof.
Sometimes a cold drip of moisture fell upon her shoulder, which she brushed away with impatient
fingers. She sat with her chin cupped in her hands, her eyes fixed on the window splashed with mud and
rain, hoping with a sort of desperate interest that some ray of light would break the heavy blanket of sky,
and but a momentary trace of that lost blue heaven that had mantled Helford yesterday shine for an
instant as a forerunner of fortune.
Pupils would have around 25 minutes to answer this question in the exam and should aim to
write around 2-4 sides.
This whole question is again quite challenging, and many pupils struggle with the concept. It is
useful to remember the following things:
· Ideas from Q2 and Q3 can be re-used here.
· Follow the PETAL structure—the mark scheme of this question still relies on the same
principle as question 2.
· Write an introduction explaining their response to the statement. It is much easier to agree
and the exam papers tend to point pupils in this direction; but a more able pupil should be
thinking about interrogating the statement.
· Pupils should consider language and structure and how the writer’s choices help support the
overall effect on the reader.
· A conclusion is also important, where all of the loose ends are brought together.
Language Paper 1 Q4: “Opinion” + To what extent do you
agree?
What to do: Place your extract here REMEMBER:
Highlight the steer
(key word) of the This Q is worth
opinion. This is the same amount
what you must of marks as Qs 1,
EVALUATE in your 2 and 3 put
answer. together.
Now, identify 4 or 5 So, you should

interesting and spend 25 minutes
different language answering it
methods which all carefully.
link to the steer.
You are expected
Write 4 WHAT – to evaluate (weigh
HOW - WHY up) the author’s
paragraphs: success at
achieving a
* WHAT are your certain effect on
impressions of the reader.
(steer)?
* HOW is language Use evaluative
used (METHOD & adverbs when
EVIDENCE) evaluating the
* WHY – EVALUATE effects of the
the effect on you as writer’s choices
a reader on the reader.

dynamic verbs; sibilance; tricolon; adverbs; adjectives; dialogue; staccato or
telegraphic sentences; interior monologue; skilfully; vividly; effectively;
powerfully; subtly; cleverly
WAGOLL OPENING
I agree with the student because the writer has chosen to present characters of contrasting
personality in the extract and has brought them to life vividly. This is shown in the extract when
the ‘old fellow’ gets up ‘in a fury, and fumbling with the window sash, let the window down with
a crash’. The powerful verb ‘fumbling’ shows his frustration and the onomatopoeia ‘crash’ shows
the violence of his action, indicating that he is creating an unpleasant and uncomfortable
atmosphere on the coach, particularly after he soaks his companions.
Another contrasting personality in the coach is the woman, described using powerful adjectives
as ‘jovial’ and ‘red-faced’. This puts her in complete contrast with the angry man and shows the
variety of people that would travel on a coach, in a similar way to how people travel on a
modern bus. The woman’s contrast with the man is reinforced with more powerful adjectives
with a ‘great hunk’ of cake showing the woman’s different approach to her surroundings.
The final contrasting personality is of Mary Yellan herself. She is described using a powerful verb
as having her eyes ‘fixed’ on the window, contrasting her with both the other characters with
either their cheerful or irritable demeanours, as she is seen to be unmoving and focused on the
outside and the weather.
The writer has done this to appeal to the reader’s senses – in particular the sights and sounds of
an irritable, cheerful, or quiet passenger and in doing so proves the student right by ensuring
that the reader does indeed feel they are in the coach with the group of them.
FOR SUCCESS:
Write a statement directly responding to the question – do you agree and why?
Use 4-5 appropriate quotations to support your statement.
Use subject terminology and explain what the language shows/suggests/implies
Comment on what the reader thinks/feels/imagines
Link back to the student’s statement.
Paper 1 Question 5
Language
Writing Section
This question is a writing question and is worth the same amount of marks as the whole of questions 1-4 put
together! Pupils are marked on their content and organisation (24 marks) and their technical accuracy (16 marks).
· Read different fiction extracts from books and practice writing in a fictional style.
This could be :
* Narrative (narrating action)
* Description (focused on one or two things; not necessarily part of a story)
* Story (they will usually specify the start/ end)
See the following link for more information:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaEJ-HVpl9g
Success criteria for English Language Writing:
• Writing suits the audience and purpose

• Engaging vocabulary
• Range of techniques used
• Paragraphing
• Interesting structural features
• Connectives
• Range of punctuation
• Accurate spelling
• Range of sentence types
Students will be asked to write a narrative or descriptive piece. You will have an image to use as a starting point for
one of the questions, and the title or first line for the second option.
To revise for writing:
Find an interesting image to use as a starting point for description. This website has some ideas:
http://writingexercises.co.uk/random-image-generator.php
Use the first line generator here to give you the start of a narrative:
http://writingexercises.co.uk/firstlinegenerator.php
Find a story title here http://writingexercises.co.uk/story-titlegenerator.php
We have included some example questions and sample responses.

Section B: Writing
You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on this section.

Write in full sentences.
You are reminded of the need to plan your answer.
You should leave enough time to check your work at the end.
Q5: Your school is asking students to contribute some creative writing for its website.
EITHER: Write a description as suggested by this picture

OR: Write a short story that begins with the sentence: “Suddenly, I heard it. It was
coming from the other side of the passage.”
(24 marks for content and organisation

16 marks for technical accuracy)
[40 marks]
Section B: Writing

Q5: Your school magazine will be publishing a collection of creative writing written
by students
Either: Write a story about a conflict as suggested by this image

OR: Write a description about a place that has had a lasting impression on you.

[40 marks]
Section B: Writing

Q5: A website has asked for examples of creative writing for its new page.
EITHER: Write a description as suggested by this picture

OR: Write a short story that begins with the sentence: “It was a disaster. I didn’t
know what to do.”

[40 marks]
Question 5 Paper 1
WAGOLL
Nothingness fills my lungs: no chaos, no pollution, no noise. This is heaven DROP: Put the reader
straight into the action.
on earth for my mind and soul.
Use the picture as a
The azure waves slowly approach to kiss the delicate sand beneath my stimulus, bringing it to
feet. I gaze, (almost hypnotically), at the way it cleanses me every time life with ambitious
they meet. Strolling towards the shade, I look back at the footsteps I leave vocabulary and
figurative language
behind. It is only me here; my own beautiful solitude. The towering tree
(simile/ metaphor/
above spreads its emerald fingers to protect me from the blazing sun that personification). Add in a
is endlessly trying to peer through. Across the corn flour blue sky, a single hook for your narrative -
diaphanous cotton wool cloud floats by, mirroring the oceanic foam why are you in this
beneath. But the clouds haven't always offered me such tranquillity. setting?
Crowded streets, cheerless air, a cacophony of sounds- the chaos of SHIFT: Remember to
London seemed inescapable. The clouds weren't made of cotton wool move to the past tense
there, they were clouds of smoke that loomed above, waiting to ruin the to show this is flashback.
Describe the same
days of everyone below. My days always seemed ruined. The floor was setting but in the
constantly cold, my clothes were unwashed, but worst of all were the opposite way - more
glares. The glares that said to me: "he must deserve it" or "must be an positively.
addict". The only thing I was addicted to was trying to survive and to flee. ZOOM IN: Back to the
Ironically, it was another man's addiction that helped me to where I am present tense and the
now, as I found a disintegrated lottery ticket by my sleeping bag one picture. Choose a small
morning. Some say it was sheer luck, others say it was a helping hand section of the image to
from above, but either way, it was my ticket to well-being. focus on.
God still watches over me now. Each morning and night he paints and ZOOM OUT: Describe a
embellishes the island with beauty. In London, night time was the worst. part of the setting once
more, like a wide screen
Here, God's eyes twinkle and sparkle above, providing light and guidance
shot in a film. Figure out
even within a blanket of darkness. how the story is going to
As another day comes to an end, nothingness fills my lungs: no anxiety, no end!
tension, no apprehension. I am wrapped up safely in the nature around CHALLENGE: Repeat a
me. word or phrase from the
beginning of your
answer, but twist it
slightly: "I am being
destroyed" - "although I
am being destroyed..."
Question 5 Paper 1
WAGOLL
Isolated, lost, afraid: darkness is consuming me. Slowly but surely, I am DROP: Put the reader
straight into the action.
being destroyed.
Use the picture as a
How did I end up here? Gazing around, I scan the horizon for an object of stimulus, bringing it to
familiarity and something that will provide me with comfort. This search is life with ambitious
futile; nothing in this world can comfort me. The ominous and eerie vocabulary and
figurative language
blanket above watches over me, judges me, mocks me, and all I feel is an
(simile/ metaphor/
emptiness in my heart. Six forking bolts of lightning penetrate their way personification). Add in a
through, attempting - without success - to break the tenebrosity above hook for your narrative -
and provide illumination for both nature and my mind. It was exactly 7 why are you in this
months before that I sat on this same hill, staring at the same sky, but I setting?
wasn't isolated, lost or afraid - my guardian angel was with me. SHIFT: Remember to
It was always our favourite place to visit: just the two of us. My father was move to the past tense
the greatest man and everybody loved and adored him, and I was his little to show this is flashback.
Describe the same
princess. Every year we would sit on this hill and make up stories about setting but in the
the world around us. We were the authors of our future and nobody could opposite way - more
get in the way of our fantastical dreams. I remember the sky. At 5 am, just positively.
as it was rising, bright and vivid hues of magenta, orange and crimson ZOOM IN: Back to the
would pirouette between one another, causing a hypnotic blur that left my present tense and the
father and I transfixed. The sky seemed full of hope; I was full of hope. picture. Choose a small
But, that hope and happiness was snatched away from me that same year. section of the image to
focus on.
Nothing can prepare you for the loss of a parent. Is this nature's way of
testing me? A punishment from God? I feel a lump rise up through my ZOOM OUT: Describe a
throat as I gulp down my tears. The once hypnotic sky now tears my part of the setting once
more, like a wide screen
delicate heart to pieces, and the floating, diaphanous clouds now only
shot in a film. Figure out
serve to cast a shadow of sorrow onto my face. how the story is going to
I remain in the same comfortless spot while hours pass. The black blanket end!
in the sky has lifted, but the dark, heavy pall still envelops and suffocates CHALLENGE: Repeat a
my heart. It is time to say goodbye. word or phrase from the
The blusterous wind blows through my fingertips as the remaining ashes beginning of your
answer, but twist it
of my father swirl into the distance. Salty tears roll down my face, my lips slightly: "I am being
quiver and my brow furrows, knowing that this is our final goodbye. It is destroyed" - "although I
time for his happiness and radiance to bring colour to another family's life am being destroyed..."
and another family's memories. Although I am being destroyed, it is time
for his new life to be created.
Top Tips for Paper 1
Question 5
‘
English Language Paper 1 PLC
Question OUTLINE What shall I include – tick list! Key Words/Sentence Starters R/A/G
Question 1 o Full sentences using quotations or my It says…

List 4 things own words There are…
4 marks
Question 2 o Three paragraphs The writer uses language to
How does the writer use o Using at least two quotations in each create…
language? paragraph The language used creates…
You could include the writer’s o Pick out key words and techniques The key word…suggests…
choice of: from your quotations and explain why The technique used is a…which
• words and phrases they are important reflects…
• language features and o Explain why certain sentences (like a The sentence creates…
techniques simple sentence) is important The reader may think/feel…
• sentence forms The impact on the reader is…
8 marks
Question 3 o Three paragraphs The writer uses structure to

How has the writer structured o Using at least two quotations in each create…
the text to interest you as a paragraph The language at this point
reader? o Explain why they order of events is creates…
You could write about: important The key word…suggests…
• what the writer focuses your o Explain how the text develops and The sentence creates…
attention on at the beginning changes The order of events reveals…
• how and why the writer o Explain where the focus of the reader The reader may think/feel…
changes this focus as the source is drawn to and why The impact on the reader is…
develops The focus of the text changes
• any other structural features when…
that interest you. 8 marks The reader notices that…
Question 4 o 4-6 paragraphs I agree with the statement
Respond to a statement about o Explain how the statement could be because…
the text (argue): true The statement is true because…
In your response, you could: o Include at least two quotes per My impression is that…
• consider your own impressions paragraph I think that…
• evaluate how the writer o Pick out key words and show how they This conveys that…
creates a certain atmosphere support the statement Overall, the writer creates…
• support your opinions with o Explain your own impressions of the It is clear that…
references to the text. text
20 marks
Question 5 Description of a picture: Personification

Write a description suggested by 1. Identify the different parts of the Alliteration
this picture. picture you’d like to describe Metaphor
Or: (example below) 2. Next to each thing on the list, write Facts
Describe an occasion when you down sense words (sight, sound, Onomatopoeia
felt unsure or challenged. Focus touch, taste, smell) Repetition
on the thoughts and 3. Use interesting adjectives and Emotive words
feelings you had at that time. techniques to write your description Similes
40 marks (about 2 pages) Triplets
Use the same planning techniques for the Don’t forget: adjectives, adverbs,
second example. Instead of things in the connectives, paragraphs and
picture, you can list what you imagine. punctuation!
English Language Paper 2
Background on the paper
This paper consists of 2 sections: Reading and Writing.
Section A is made up of 4 questions on the reading of TWO

Non fiction extracts.
One will be a 20th/21st century text; the other will be a 19th

century text.
Section B You will be given ONE writing task to respond to.
You need to write to show a viewpoint, i.e. you might be aiming

to persuade, explain, inform, advise…
The whole paper is worth 80 marks and lasts 1 hour 45 minutes.

• All reading questions are centred around the two non fiction
extracts
• We recommend highlighting and annotating the extracts.
Your son/daughter will have been coached on the best
methods of annotation. Remember highlighters on exam
day!
The following pages provide some ideas and activities for each
question type to support your in-class learning at home.
Paper 2 5
Question 1 mins
What do I have to do? How should I do it?

Q1 asks you to identify four • This is a straight-forward
true statements from a list of task, but make sure you
eight. don’t rush through it
This question is checking your without checking your
understanding of the text. answers
It will focus on Source A only. • Read the given section of
There are 4 marks available. the text carefully, checking
each of the eight
statements as you go
• Once you are satisfied
Sample task
that you know the four
Read again lines 1-17 of the correct answers, double
source. Choose four
statements below which are check them by underlining
true. the phrases/sentences in
• Shade the boxes of the the text that gave you the
ones that you think are answer – this way you
true. KNOW you’ve got all 4
• Choose a maximum of marks
four statements.
AQA LANGUAGE PAPER TWO, QUESTION
ONE
(4 MARKS)
Sample Question 1
Read again the first part of Source A, ‘Street Life’, lines 1-17.
Choose FOUR statements below which are true.
[4 marks]
•Sophie Haycock has volunteered to be homeless for a night.
•She only stayed out until 4.30 in the morning.
•The writer is enjoying her experiences.
•Rain is the least of her worries.
•She is sleeping in a church.
•She realises how unpleasant it is to be homeless.
•Homeless people are vulnerable.
•Simon on the Streets is a national charity organisation.
SOURCE A – 21ST CENTURY NON-FICTION

(THE BIG ISSUE)
STREET LIFE
SOPHIE HAYDOCK
Journalist Sophie Haydock spent a night on the streets in aid of the homeless charity Simon on the Streets
After a night sleeping rough in a cardboard box, I considered myself lucky. The absolutely worst part about the experience
was finding out, after the rain came down heavily at 4.30 am, that soggy cardboard does not make a good duvet. But
compared with all the things that threaten to disturb a homeless sleeper in the night – rats, thugs, police officers moving
you on, other homeless people stealing your blankets – a downpour was the most bearable.
What’s more the night had been mild. As I bedded down in the early hours, I was grateful for my sheltered spot under a
leafy tree at the back of the parish church in Leeds city centre. It seemed safe compared with a darkened alley or fire
escape: typical destinations for genuinely homeless people in any city in the UK. I was one of 50 people who had
volunteered to take part in a sponsored sleep-out in September for -based homeless charity Simon on the Streets. It helps
rough sleepers with an outreach-based service that provides a soup run, breakfast club, a peer support group and an
intensive programme for people who are difficult to reach or who have slipped through the net.
Simon on the Streets organised the sleep-out to raise awareness about homelessness in Leeds. Its director, Clive Sandle,
puts the number of homeless people they deal with on a regular basis at between 50 and 100 but adds that the accurate
number of rough sleepers in any city can “never properly be known”.
It costs Simon on the Streets in the region of £2,000 a year to provide intensive support to one homeless person. The sleep-
out raised £6,500.
The night began at 10 pm. We gathered in Leeds City Square, and were taken on a walk around the city centre. Clive
pointed out rough sleeping hotspots. One was where Simon on the Streets used to hold a soup run close to the city’s
shopping hub. But the soup run was forced to stop after local residents complained to the council, having spent weeks
making their feelings known directly by throwing fruit out of their windows. After the hour-long walk we settled at the
church for the night with a polystyrene cup of hot vegetable soup from a soup kitchen. Then we were left to our own
devices.
The lowest point of the night was the early morning rain. However, despite the discomfort, my experience was but one
night under soggy cardboard. We were all very aware that it was still a million miles removed from the genuine experience
of people who have no other place to go but the streets.
SOURCE B – 19TH CENTURY NON-FICTION
NIGHT WALKS
CHARLES DICKENS
The restlessness of a great city, and the way in which it tumbles and tosses before it can get to
sleep, formed one of the first entertainments offered to the contemplation of us houseless
people. It lasted about two hours. We lost a great deal of companionship when the late public-
houses turned their lamps out, and when the potmen* thrust the last brawling drunkards into
the street; but stray vehicles and stray people were left us, after that. If we were very lucky, a
policeman’s rattle sprang and a fray turned up; but, in general, surprisingly little of this
diversion was provided. Except in the Haymarket, which is the worst kept part of London, and
about Kent-street in the Borough, and along a portion of the line of the Old Kent-road, the
peace was seldom violently broken. But, it was always the case that London, as if in imitation of
individual citizens belonging to it, had expiring fits and starts of restlessness. After all seemed
quiet, if one cab rattled by, half-a-dozen would surely follow; and Houselessness* even
observed that intoxicated people appeared to be magnetically attracted towards each other; so
that we knew when we saw one drunken object staggering against the shutters of a shop, that
another drunken object would stagger up before five minutes were out, to fraternise or fight
with it. When we made a divergence from the regular species of drunkard, the thin-armed,
puff-faced, leaden-lipped gin-drinker, and encountered a rarer specimen of a more decent
appearance, fifty to one but that specimen was dressed in soiled mourning. As the street
experience in the night, so the street experience in the day; the common folk who come
unexpectedly into a little property, come unexpectedly into a deal of liquor.
At length these flickering sparks would die away, worn out–the last veritable sparks of waking
life trailed from some late pie-man or hot-potato man–and London would sink to rest. And then
the yearning of the houseless mind would be for any sign of company, any lighted place, any
movement, anything suggestive of any one being up–nay, even so much as awake, for the
houseless eye looked out for lights in windows.
Walking the streets under the pattering rain, Houselessness would walk and walk and walk,
seeing nothing but the interminable tangle of streets, save at a corner, here and there, two
policemen in conversation, or the sergeant or inspector looking after his men. Now and then in
the night–but rarely–Houselessness would become aware of a furtive head peering out of a
doorway a few yards before him, and, coming up with the head, would find a man standing bolt
upright to keep within the doorway’s shadow, and evidently intent upon no particular service to
society. Under a kind of fascination, and in a ghostly silence suitable to the time, Houselessness
and this gentleman would eye one another from head to foot, and so, without exchange of
speech, part, mutually suspicious.
Glossary:
Houselessness: A term Dickens uses to describe one of the homeless people
Potmen: A person who works in a pub or restaurant (usually washing the pots and pans)
Paper 2 10
Question 2 mins
What do I have How should I do it?

to do? • Read the question and underline any quotations that could help
you answer it
Q2 asks you to • Now think about the differences between the two texts
summarise the • Answer using Point > Evidence > Explanation > Development, i.e.
differences – Make a point about each of the texts, backing it up with
between the two quotations, then clearly explain how this shows a
difference
sources.
– You could then develop your points by linking to other
You will be given a parts of the texts or offering insights into why there are
differences
specific focus to
– To get top marks, you need to interpret information from
consider. the texts, which means picking out the things that aren’t
immediately obvious
There are 8 marks • Write about 3 paragraphs
available.
Sample task WAGOLL (extract)

The nut seller’s parents are a working-class couple living in 19th century
Use details from London, who have been ‘badly off’, though the child feels they are ‘better
off now’. However, the child is expected to contribute to the household
both sources. income, even ‘if it’s only 1p’. The nut seller says she was ‘sent out’, which
suggests her parents forced her to work.
Write a summary This contrasts with Lisa Goodwin’s parents, who do not seem to have any
financial worries as they were able to provide Lisa with ‘the initial
of the differences investment’ for her business. Unlike the nut seller’s parents, Lisa’s parents
didn’t expect their daughter to work at a young age; in fact they thought she
between Lisa was ‘joking’ when she suggested starting her own business.
Goodwin’s Before she died, the flower seller’s mother was worried about her daughter
being on ‘the streets’, which shows she was concerned for her safety. Lisa
parents and the Goodwin’s parents just wanted her to have a ‘normal childhood’ and go to
school. This shows the differences between the time periods the two sets of
parents of the parents were living in, and their levels of wealth.
Victorian street
sellars.
PAPER 2
QUESTION 2
What is explicit and implicit
information? In a summary, you DO NOT need
EXPLICIT information is information
to analyse language. Remember,
that is obvious to you. It is where the this question is testing your ability
information provided by the writer is to handle EXPLICIT and IMPLICIT
very clear. That means that IMPLICIT information. Instead, you need to
information is not very clear. We have do THREE KEY things.
to ‘read between the lines’ to work
out what the writer is trying to say.
A summary means you need to ‘sum up’ the text. In this case,
you are ‘summing up’ the differences. As you do this, you must
use quotations to support your points. You must then infer
from these quotations, ensuring you are interpreting implicit
information.
Read through both sources and make some quick

notes on Haydock’s and Dickens’ different
experiences.
Source A Source B
Sophie Haydock is sleeping
rough on the streets as part of
a charity organisation.
Sophie Haydock discovers
many threats that homeless
people have to face.
WAGOLL
Firstly, Sophie Haydock’s difficult

experience is made worse by the
You need to refer to source A and source B rain that came down ‘heavily’.
for this question: However, she does acknowledge
that compared to ‘rats, thugs [and]
police officers moving you on’, rain is
Both Haydock and Dickens describe their not as bad. Sophie Haydock is only
experiences on the streets. Use details from going through this experience to
both sources to write a summary of their raise awareness of homelessness, but
different experiences. her list of potential threats implies
she knows that homelessness is
HOW DO I dangerous. It would also suggest
START? that she knows homeless people
have a lot to deal with and the
weather is more bearable than
Whilst it is clear Sophie Haydock finds her experience on
other issues that must be faced.
the streets difficult, she is willing to cope with it because it
is for a charity and her actions are raising awareness of On the other hand, Charles
homelessness. On the other hand, Charles Dickens is more Dickens…
of an observer of events as he details the actions of the
homeless and how they act.
Firstly, Sophie Haydock discusses ___________. The USEFUL PHRASES

quotation, ‘…’ suggests _________. Furthermore, we could
infer ________. On the other hand…
On the contrary…
On the other hand, Charles Dickens discusses
This is different to Source B where…
______________. He writes, ‘_________’, suggesting Furthermore…
__________. Alternatively…
AO1
Identify and interpret explicit and implicit information and
ideas
Select and synthesise evidence from different texts
Language Paper 2 Q2: Write a summary of … … …
What to do: MODEL

Place your extract here PARAGRAPH
This is an 8 mark 1. Statement

2. Quotation
Q. Spend no more
3. Inference
than 10 to 12 4. Connective
minutes on it. 5. Statement
6. Quotation
7. Inference
Write 2 or 3 SQI C
SQI: In Source A, the
• Source A teacher enjoys her
job, as is evident in
statement the phrase: “She
• Brief quotation delighted in
showing off her
• What the students’ work to
visitors”. From this,
reader infers we infer that she is
from this very proud of her
students’
• Connective achievements. In
contrast, the
• Source B teacher in Source B
statement does not, as is
evident in the
• Brief quotation phrase: “He willed
• What the the hands of the
clock to move more
reader infers quickly.” From this,
from this we infer that the
teacher cannot wait
for the school day
to end.
Repeat x 3
Key phrases: In source A … which is evident in the phrase: “xxxxxxx”. From this,
the reader infers that … However, in source B … which is clear when we read:
“xxxxxxxxx”. Here, the reader infers that …
Paper 2 15
Question 3 mins

to do? • Read the question and underline any quotations that
could help you answer it
Q3 asks you to • Now look at your chosen quotations in more detail –
analyse the which language features have been used?
writer’s use of • Key terms: lexis, noun, adjective, verb, adverb,
imagery, simile, metaphor, onomatopoeia, pathetic
language. fallacy, alliteration, personification, sentence
structure, connotations, word choice…
It will focus on • Write 3-4 paragraphs with plenty of quotations and
Source B only. lots of close analysis – explain the writer’s
purpose/effect on the reader
There are 12
marks available.

The language the flower seller uses shows that she had to be the
How does the one looking after her mother, rather than the other way round.
Phrases such as ‘poor thing’ and ‘fret dreadful’ sound more like a
flower seller use mother talking about a child who is ill. This creates sympathy for
the flower seller, as readers would feel that she has been denied
language to her childhood.
appeal to the The repetition in the flower seller’s story emphasises how isolated
she feels after her mother’s death. She uses several similar
reader’s phrases, such as ‘left in the world without a friend’, ‘I am quite
alone’ and ‘not a soul belonging to me’, to reinforce how desolate
emotions? she is. This makes the reader feel sorry for her, because after the
tragedy of her mother’s death, the girl has no one to turn to.
The flower seller doesn’t say how old she is, but the concern her
mother feels for leaving her daughter alone – she ‘seemed to
dread’ the thought of her daughter on the streets – suggests that
she is too young to look after herself. This makes the flower
seller’s story seem even more sorrowful.
Language Paper 2 Q3: How does the writer use
language to …
What to do: Place your extract here
Highlight the steer WHAT – HOW-
(key word) of the WHY
question. This is
what you MUST The author
focus your answer employs a range
on. of methods to
convey an
Now, identify impression that
THREE interesting …. (now link to
and different the steer).
language methods
which all link to the One of the ways
steer. he (link to steer) is
through his choice
Write 3 WHAT – of (METHOD) in:
HOW – WHY “xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
paragraphs: xx.”
* WHAT is the point Here, it is the use

the writer is of (ZOOM IN)
making? which helps
* HOW is language readers to think /
used (METHOD & feel / imagine /
EVIDENCE) understand …
(link to steer)
* WHY – and what
is the effect for the
reader?

dynamic verbs; sibilance; tricolon; adverbs; adjectives; statistics; facts; opinions
expressed with emotive language; rhetorical question; hypophora; repetition
(epizeuxis; diacope; anaphora; epistrophe)
You now need to refer only to source
B, Dickens’ description of being
How should I start?
homeless (the last two paragraphs).
How does Dickens use language to
describe the people and the places?
Be careful of the question. It
ACTIVITY!
asks how Charles Dickens
uses language to describe
LANGUAGE QUOTATION EFFECT the people AND places.
DEVICE/WORD
CLASS That means you must
comment on both. The
Personification ‘London would sink The personification sentence starters below are
to rest’. in the verb ‘rest’ just for the people.
would imply that
London is very busy
during the day. POINT: Firstly, Charles
‘Rest’ implies that Dickens presents the people
Dickens finds he sees during his walk as
London calmer at _________.
night,
‘tangle of EVIDENCE: He creates this

streets…’ impression by stating,
‘_____’.
TECHNIQUE: Perhaps Dickens uses

______ here because
________.
ANALYSIS: Furthermore, this

is effective because
_____.
LINK: As a result, these

people are clearly _______.
Paper 2 20
Question 4 mins

• Read the question and underline any quotations that
to do? could help you answer it
Q4 asks you to • You need to identify the writers’
attitudes/viewpoints and clearly compare them
compare the • You also need to show how the writers have shown
attitudes and these attitudes, i.e. the words, phrases and
techniques they have used
perspectives • Write at least 5 paragraphs with plenty of evidence
conveyed in the and analysis – make sure you use lots of connectives
to show you are comparing (e.g. however, similarly,
two texts. in contrast…)
There are 16
marks available.

Lisa’s enthusiasm for work comes out through her strongly
Compare how positive, upbeat tone and colloquial language: she describes how
even as a child she would work ‘anywhere that would have’ her,
Lisa Goodwin and the slang word ‘whizz’ indicates how much she enjoyed
making the soup. The attitude she demonstrates to her childhood
and the nut is that she just wanted to work, rather than have the ‘normal
childhood’ that her parents wanted for her. The quotation marks
seller convey she uses when she talks about ‘necessary’ education show that
she is being ironic and doesn’t think the education is necessary at
their different all.
attitudes to The nut seller, however, works because she has to rather than
through a personal desire to work, and she seems unenthusiastic
work and about her employment. This is shown by her less positive tone
and more reserved style. She says that she ‘didn’t mind’ selling
childhood. nuts and that it is simply ‘better than staying at home’. She shows
that, to her, a normal childhood is spent working in the streets like
the other children she knew who were all ‘busy’ working.
Language Paper 2 Q4: Compare how the writers convey their
attitude to …
What to do: Place your extract here MODEL PARAGRAPH
You must COMPARE
(or CONTRAST) Perhaps the most
striking difference in
viewpoints in this the viewpoints of
answer. the two authors is
First, identify 3 or 4 their attitude to
capital punishment.
similarities or
Interestingly, both
differences between authors use emotive
the writers’ language to present
viewpoints or their remarkably
attitudes to the topic. different attitudes
to the death
Now, identify the
penalty. The author
METHODS they use to of Source A
convey their considers the
viewpoints. gallows to be “a
horrible structure”,
Now, write 4 WHAT –
expressing his
HOW paragraphs: disgust at the idea
* WHAT similarity or of execution. On the
difference can you contrary, the author
of Source B claims:
mention in their “Some crimes are so
attitudes? heinous that death
* HOW is language is a deserved
used by each author punishment.” Here,
the adjectives
to present that “heinous” and
viewpoint (METHOD “deserved” convey
& EVIDENCE) his support for the
death sentence.

dynamic verbs; sibilance; tricolon; adverbs; adjectives; statistics; facts; opinions
expressed with emotive language; rhetorical question; hypophora; repetition
(epizeuxis; diacope; anaphora; epistrophe)
For this question, you need to refer to the HOW SHOULD I
whole of source A together with the whole of START?
source B. Compare how the writers have
conveyed their different views and
experiences of being homeless.
In your answer, you could:
• compare their different views and
experiences
• compare the methods they use to convey Sophie Haydock feels
those views and experiences that…. (statement +
• support your ideas with references to both quotation)
texts.
We see this through her
use of…
WHAT SHOULD MY WORK LOOK LIKE? (method +
example/comment)
Sophie Haydock clearly feels that whereas

homelessness is an important issue that needs
addressing. She talks about how she
Charles Dickens feels
‘considered herself lucky’ that she only
experienced a spot of rain during her ordeal. that…
Haydock is clearly not enjoying her
experience yet is aware that it could have This view/experience is
been a lot worse. She perceives her presented through
experience as ‘bearable’. This adjective would Dickens’ use of…
suggest that although she feels
uncomfortable, she can cope with it and her On the other hand,
view that she needs to raise awareness of
Haydock…
homelessness clearly outweighs her discomfort.
On the other hand, Charles Dickens views

homelessness as…
Paper 2 Question 5
Language
Writing Section
This question is a writing question and is worth the same amount of marks as the
whole of questions 1-4 put together! Pupils are marked on their content and
organisation (24 marks) and their technical accuracy (16 marks).
Paper 2 Question 5
Sample tasks The first thing to do is

identify the GAP
‘More children should get a job
before the age of sixteen. Part-
time work would teach Genre: what type of text have
children valuable skills that I been asked to write?
they don’t learn in school.’
Write an article for a e.g. speech, article, blog,
broadsheet newspaper in letter…
which you explain your point of
view on this statement.
Audience: who is this text
You have been asked to give a aimed at?
talk to an audience of young e.g. young people, adults,
people on the following topic: families…
‘Modern technology – has it
made our lives better?’ Write
the text for your talk. Purpose: why am I writing?
‘There is no point in travelling e.g. to persuade, to advise, to
the world these days: you can explain…
see it all on TV or on the
internet.’ To what extent do Your writing MUST be
you agree? Write an article appropriate to the genre,
aimed at adults, giving your audience and purpose, i.e.
views. correct format, level of
formality, style, etc.
Question 5: top tips
Number 1 rule: PLAN your Use structure for effect
answer!
Think carefully about how you intend to This means at sentence, paragraph
begin, develop and end your response. and whole text level.
Just because this is a ‘nonfiction’ task Use a range of sentence types and
doesn’t mean it has to be boring – think
of it as a piece of creative writing. It sophisticated punctuation to reach
could include lots of the same elements the higher levels.
as a story, e.g. detailed description, a
clear ‘journey’ for the reader to follow… Make sure your paragraphs show a
In particular, your opening must grab clear development – don’t give away
the attention of the reader and the everything in the first few sentences.
ending should leave them with
something to think about.
Use language to engage your Do something unexpected!

reader English writing task responses
This might be persuasive techniques, are often very boring! Examiners
e.g. repetition, anecdotes,
facts/statistics, quotations, emotive love it when students do
language… something a bit different.
Or it might be painting a vivid picture in Imagine the following task:
their mind through detailed description, ‘Write an article for an online
similes, metaphors, personification… blog describing the two things
Think about the tone you want to you can’t leave home without.’
convey. Address the reader to keep
them engaged. • What will 90% of responses
Humour is often a useful tool! be about?
• What might 10% of
candidates do?
Question 5: openings
Which of these is a better opening

paragraph? Why?
I don’t agree with the Imagine the scene: you’re on a crowded, rickety old
statement because bus careering round a mountainside on two wheels,
travelling is good for lots pressed into the armpit of a large, sweaty fellow
of reasons. For example,
getting to know about passenger who has never heard of the term
other cultures and ‘personal space’. You arrive at your destination – let’s
learning new languages. say it’s Machu Picchu – squeeze your way past loud,
Also seeing something bustling, selfie-stick-brandishing tourists, only to gain
on TV isn’t the same as a quick, blurry snapshot of the view before being
seeing it in real life elbowed out of the way by a small, snotty American
because you can’t child. Now imagine sitting comfortably at home in
actually be there to
experience it. front of your 58-inch Panasonic television, popcorn
in hand, looking at a glorious bird’s eye view of the
Peruvian mountains. Does the second scenario
sound better to you? I thought it might…
Techniques for opening a piece of writing effectively

A thought-provoking question A powerful
statement or fact
A ‘what if…’ / ‘imagine…’ scenario An interesting
anecdote
A shocking statistic A quotation
Question 5: closings
Which of these is a better closing

paragraph? Why?
In conclusion, all the So next time the boredom of the office
points I’ve said
above show that has you scrolling through the latest offers
you should on Expedia, or daydreaming about that
definitely go
travelling because once-in-a-lifetime road trip from Alaska to
it’s good for lots of Argentina…snap yourself out of it. Go
reasons. So make
sure you don’t just home, get your onesie on, turn on the TV
sit at home like a and let David Attenborough’s soothing
lazy person, go
travelling instead! voice take you from your living room to
the heart of the Amazon rainforest in an
instant. Don’t forget the popcorn…
Techniques for closing a piece of writing effectively

A thought-provoking question A powerful
statement or fact
A shocking statistic A quotation
Returning to an idea or anecdote from the opening paragraph
AQA LANGUAGE PAPER TWO, QUESTION FIVE WAGOLL (40 MARKS)
AO5
• Communicate clearly, effectively
and imaginatively, selecting and
adapting tone, style and register for
Sugar is the biggest cause of obesity in this country. Most people
‘ different forms, purposes and
don’t know how much sugar they are actually consuming on a day audiences.
• Organise information and ideas,
to day basis or the negative effects it can have on their health.’
using structural and grammatical
features to support coherence and
Write a speech for students persuading them to reduce the amount cohesion of texts.
of sugar in their diet.
AO6
• Candidates must use a range of
vocabulary and sentence structures
for clarity, purpose and effect, with
accurate spelling and punctuation.
Sugar. It is the evil, manipulating and vicious devil that lurks in the cupboard of every home. It perches
silently in the dark, waiting for that moment of weakness to strike. When you open the cupboard, it Read the example answer
glares into your soul and leads you into temptation. Sugar is the primary cause of obesity in this from a mock question and
country and most people aren’t even aware how much of it they consume every day. How often do
you stop to look at how much sugar is in your fizzy or even how much of the sweet stuff is hiding in highlight where it meets the
your pasta sauce? Sugar has firmly rooted itself into our lives and we are like addicts; we can’t get assessment objectives.
enough. I am going to open your eyes to the shocking impact that sugar has on your lives.
Explain why you have
Firstly, there is one thing I know to be true: many people would rather poke their eyes out with a rusty highlighted certain
spoon than give up their favourite sweet treats. However, what you may not understand about sugar
is that if it is not burned up, all those empty calories turn themselves into fat not just on the outside, words/phrases in this
but on the inside too. You may find this very hard to believe. You may not want to believe that a thing column.
you love so much can cause you so much harm. You may even resent me for bringing this to your
attention. However, I am telling you this because I want you to live long and happy lives. In order to
do that, you must give up this dangerous and abusive substance.
Furthermore, obesity isn’t the only health problem linked to sugar consumption. I was once a slave to
my sweet cravings. I could not go for more than a couple of hours without getting my fix: 2 spoonfuls
in my tea, a biscuit, a cereal bar. It was the only thing (or so I believed at the time) that got me
through the day. If I went for longer than 3 hours without any, I would get headaches and feel
desperately tired. When my dentist told me that I was at risk of losing teeth if I didn’t cut my sugar
intake, I was shocked and appalled at myself. I cleared out my cupboards immediately. Although it
was a struggle to get over the pain and exhaustion, I began to feel better in just a week! Now, I spring
out of bed in the morning and I have so much more energy. My teeth are also on the mend. I won’t
deny that it is hard to quit, but I can tell you that you will feel infinitely better when you do. My
experience is even supported by medical evidence. Doctor Foster, from the University of
Southampton, has carried out a long term study on sugar intake and found that on average, those
who consume less that 10g of sugar a day have 85% fewer health problems that those who consume
Now consider what makes
over 50g. They visited the doctor on average once a year compared to the high sugar consumers who this piece sophisticated and
went four times.
engaging.
I’m sure some of you are sitting there thinking this is yet another warning about yet another thing that What ideas can you steal for
can affect your health. Sugar is just another thing on a long list of things that we can’t have and that
list seems to be added to or change weekly. However, you cannot argue with such overwhelming
your own article?
scientific evidence. This isn’t just some phase that will change next month: excess sugar consumption
will have a detrimental effect on your health. Not only that, but the increasing amount of illnesses and
diseases that are caused by sugar are putting a massive strain on our already struggling NHS services.
This addiction negatively affects everyone and it’s time we brought sugar’s reign of destruction to an
end.
Finally, I’d like to leave you with this parting thought: even if you won’t consider giving up sugar for
yourself, think of those around you that love you. They don’t want to see your health suffer and above
all, they want to see you happy. Sugar will give you an instant rush of happiness but it won’t last. Of
course, have a little of what you fancy every once in a while, but limit it to special occasions! Trust me,
without sugar dominating your life you will feel fit, energised and healthy.
Top Tips for Paper 1 Question 5
‘
AQA English Language
READING Paper 2 PLC
Learning
Paper 2 - Reading Status
RAG
Questions 1 and 2 AO1 (7.5%)

I am able to show a detailed understanding by including perceptive interpretation of both texts (L4
P2)
Level 4 I am able to show a detailed understanding by synthesising evidence between texts (L4 P2)
I am able to show a detailed understanding by selecting a judicious range of quotations from both
texts (L4 P2)
Question 3 AO2 (7.5%)
I am able to show detailed and perceptive understanding when analysing the effects of writer's
choices of language/structure (L4)
Level 4 I am able to select a judicious range of quotations (L4)
I am able to use sophisticated subject terminology accurately (L4)
Question 4 AO3 (10%)
I am able to show a detailed understanding by comparing ideas and perspectives in a perceptive way
(L4)
I am able to show a detailed understanding by analysing how methods are used to convey ideas and
Level 4 perspectives (L4)
I am able to show a detailed understanding by selecting a judicious range of quotations from both
texts (L4)
Learning
Paper 2 - Writing Status
RAG
AO5 Content
Question 5
I am able to communicate convincingly (LL4)
I am able to consistently match tone, style and register to purpose, form and audience (LL4)
I am able to use extensive vocabulary with evidence of conscious crafting of linguistic devices (LL4)
Level 4 I am able to communicate in a convincing and compelling way throughout (UL4)
I am able to assuredly match tone, style and register to purpose, form and audience (UL4)
I am able to write in a way that is manipulative, subtle and increasingly abstract (UL4)
I am able to use extensive and ambitious vocabulary with sustained crafting of linguistic devices (UL4)
AO 5 Organisation
I am able to write in a structured and developed way with a range of engaging complex ideas (LL4)
I am able to make consistently coherent use of paragraphs with integrated discourse markers (LL4)
I am able to make use of varied and effective structural features (LL4)
Level 4 I am able to write in a highly structured and developed way, incorporating a range of integrated and
complex ideas (UL4)
I am able to link paragraphs fluently with seamlessly integrated discourse markers (UL4)
I am able to make varied and inventive use of structural features (UL4)
AO 6 Technical Accuracy
I am able to mark sentences with consistent accuracy throughout (L4)
I am able to use a wide range of punctuation with a high level of accuracy (L4)
I am able to use a full range of appropriate sentence forms for effect (L4)
Level 4 I am able to use Standard English securely throughout, including complex grammatical structures (L4)
I am able to write with a high level of accuracy in spelling, including ambitious vocabulary (L4)
I am able to use extensive and ambitious vocabulary (L4)
AQA Literature GCSE
All Papers are Closed Book
Paper One Paper Two

Shakespeare and 19th Century Novel Modern texts and Poetry
An Inspector Calls
A Christmas Carol
Macbeth
Unseen Poetry
(Paper One Texts) (Paper Two Texts)
Paper 1 Literature
We recommend highlighting and annotating the extract.

Remember highlighters on exam day!
STARTING WITH THIS EXTRACT, EXPLORE HOW FAR DICKENS PRESENTS CHRISTMAS
AS A JOYFUL TIME.
Write about:
- how Dickens presents Christmas as a special time in this extract
- how far Dickens presents Christmas as a special time in the novel as a whole.
In this extract, the Ghost of Christmas Past has taken Scrooge to the
place where he used to work.
REMEMBER to INFER and ANALYSE. They are two different skills and
you need to demonstrate both.
ANNOTATION WAGOLL
INFERENCE ANALYSIS
Why does
What can we Dickens use the
infer about adjective
Fezziwig ‘jovial’? How
based on the does he want
opening the reader to
paragraph? react?
How does this
What can we simile help
infer about present
how Scrooge Christmas as a
is feeling joyful time?
upon seeing
this scene? Why does
What can we Dickens use the
verb ‘skipping’
infer about
to show
Fezziwig’s Fezziwig’s
view of movements?
Christmas ? Why does
What can we Dickens want
infer about to present him
Fezziwig’s in this way?
role as an
employer in How does Dickens use language to
this extract? present the setting? How does this
help present Christmas as joyful?
A Christmas Carol Essay Frame
1. Introduction
Sentence 1: Address the question – use key words.
Sentence 2: Why is the extract pivotal? Link your ideas to the question.
Sentence 3: How does this character/theme develop in the rest of the novel? State your main argument – what
are you going to show about this character/theme?
2. Extract
How does Dickens present this character/theme in this extract?

Include some key quotations – full or micro – and dig in.
[Character/theme] is presented as…
The [T] ‘…’ suggests…
Literally, this means…
Metaphorically, this could suggest…
Symbolically, Dickens is saying…
He presents [character/theme] this way because…
3. Link 1
How does Dickens present [character/theme] in another key moment?
Explain why you have chosen this moment – why is it pivotal?

Does this moment:
 reinforce our perception of the character or theme?

 develop or change our perception?
 introduce the potential for different interpretations?
4. Link 2
How does Dickens present [character/theme] in another key moment? Explain why you have chosen this
moment – why is it pivotal?
Does this moment:

5. Conclusion
Recap: why is [character/theme] a so important?
How does Dickens use [character/theme] to put across his ideas?
How does the context of the time support your ideas?
Why might a reader in Dickens’s time respond differently to a modern one?
Macbeth Example Question
Read the following extract from Act 1 Scene 5 of Macbeth and then answer the question that
follows.
At this point in the play Lady Macbeth is speaking. She has just received the news that King
Duncan will be spending the night at her castle.
Q1: Starting with this speech, explain how far you think
Shakespeare presents
Lady Macbeth as a powerful woman.
Write about:
• how Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth in this speech
• how Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth in the play as a whole. [30 marks]
SPAG [4 marks]
The raven himself is hoarse

That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan
Under my battlements. Come, you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,
And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full 5
Of direst cruelty! make thick my blood;
Stop up the access and passage to remorse,
That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between
The effect and it! Come to my woman's breasts, 10
And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers,
Wherever in your sightless substances
You wait on nature's mischief! Come, thick night,
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, 15
Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry 'Hold, hold!'
What should you annotate and how
should you link to the text as a
whole?
Things you might write about:
The connotations of the “raven” and her use of the adjective “fatal” to
describe Duncan’s entrance to Dunsinane castle. What does it convey about
her immediate thoughts and reactions to Macbeth’s letter?
Summoning evil spirits. Explain clearly what Lady Macbeth invites the
“murdering ministers” to do to her body and why she requests their
assistance.
The fact she imagines committing the regicide herself in this soliloquy: she
refers to the weapon as “my keen knife”. However, she does not later commit
the crime herself. What reason does she give for not doing so, in an aside to
the audience in Act 2 scene 2, lines 15 – 16? Explain what impressions this
private admission conveys about Lady Macbeth’s character to the audience.
Think now about Act 3 scene 2, where we first see Lady Macbeth as Queen.
In an aside to the audience at the opening of this scene, explain what
feelings she privately admits to, now that her ambition to be queen has been
fulfilled.
Now think about our final impressions of Lady Macbeth, in Act 5 scene 1.
Write about the significance of having “light by her continually” and how this
links to her desire to be wrapped in “the dunnest smoke of Hell” when first
contemplating Duncan’s murder. Explain also the irony of her constantly
rubbing her hands, given her comment to Macbeth on the night of Duncan’s
murder: “A little water clears us of this deed.”
WAGOLL Paragraph
M
Macbeth
1. Introduction
Sentence 1: Address the question – use key words.
Sentence 2: Why is the extract pivotal? Link your ideas to the question.
Sentence 3: How does this character/theme develop in the rest of the play? State your main argument – what
are you going to show about this character/theme?
2. Extract
How does Shakespeare present this character/theme in this extract?

Symbolically, Shakespeare is saying…
3. Link 1
How does Shakespeare present [character/theme] in another key moment? Explain why you have chosen this
Does this moment:


4. Link 2
How does Shakespeare present [character/theme] in another key moment? Explain why you have chosen this
Does this moment:

5. Conclusion
Recap: why is [character/theme] so important?
How does Shakespeare use [character/theme] to put across his ideas?
Why might an audience in Shakespeare’s time respond differently to a modern one?
How is Scrooge presented in the
following quotation?
‘secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster’
Red Circle: One key word from the text
Yellow Circle: Connotations of the key word in red.
Pink: Connotations of the second word (linked to key word) and so on.
‘Secret’
‘Solitary’
Write up your analysis here:

When we are first introduced to Scrooge…
QUOTATION ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE SOCIAL AND
AND HISTORICAL
INFERENCE (AO2) CONTEXT
(AO3)
(AO1)
Paper 2 Literature
We recommend highlighting and annotating the poems.

Remember highlighters on exam day!
An Inspector Calls EXAM QUESTION
There are two

questions on the
exam paper.
Candidates must
only answer one.
They should spend
time annotating
each question with
points, quotations,
analysis. This is a
simple exercise to
help candidates
choose which
question to answer.
Do not answer both questions

WAGOLL Paragraph
How does Priestley present Mr Birling in ‘An Inspector Calls’?
AO1: Use
At the end of the play, Priestley presents Mr Birling as a quotations and
man who has not learned his lesson, unlike his children Eric discuss
and Sheila who have clearly seen the error of their ways. them/make
When Sheila and Eric voice their concerns that their father
has not changed, Birling replies, ‘Now look at the pair of inferences.
them – the famous younger generation who know it all.’
This suggests Mr Birling is mocking his children for thinking
they know best. This in itself highlights Birling’s arrogance.
He does not believe someone younger than him could know AO2: Analyse
better. The verb and imperative ‘look’ tells the audience language, form
that Birling is still a commanding presence in this house. He and structure
has not been humbled by the events that have taken place using the
over the last two hours. Priestley has Birling use the correct subject
pronoun ‘them’ to describe his children, perhaps to terminology.
highlight the divide between the older and the younger
generations. ‘Them’ is very dismissive and an audience may
feel animosity towards Birling that he is segregating himself
away from his children. Even the adjective ‘famous’ shows
how mocking and cold Birling is here. Priestley may show AO3: Discuss the
Birling is unwilling to change in order to target the younger social/historical
generations. It is them that can change and if they do, they context (What
are the ones who will grow up with Priestley’s preferred life was like at
socialist views, therefore changing a capitalist society into the time)
one that embraces socialism. Birling is a representation of
business owners at the time. For example, there was no
minimum wage at this time and business owners could pay
AO4: Use a range
their workers what they wanted. Birling pays his workers of vocabulary and
low wages to make more money for himself. sentence structures
for clarity, purpose
and effect, with
accurate spelling
and punctuation.
An Inspector Calls
1. Introduction Sentence 1: Why is the character/theme important in the play?
Sentence 2: What is the character/theme’s role in the play? Include context information and link this to what
Priestley’s message is.
Sentence 3: State your main argument – what are you going to show about this character/theme?
2. First Impressions
How does Priestley present this character/theme at the start of the play?
Symbolically, Priestley is saying
3. Character / Theme Development
How does Priestley present [character/theme] in the middle of the play? Why has he made these changes?
4. Final Thoughts
How does Priestley present [character/theme] at the end of the play? Why has he changed [character/theme]
in this way?

5. Conclusion
Recap: why is [character/theme] so important?
How does Priestley use [character/theme] to put across his ideas?
Why might an audience in Priestley’s time respond differently to a modern one?
Example Power and Conflict Question
How is the power of nature presented in ‘Exposure’

and one other poem from the anthology?
In ‘Exposure’, Wilfred In ‘Exposure’,

Owen presents nature
Wilfred Owen
as a malevolent force,
something that is presents nature in
brutal and agonising. a variety of ways.
Nature is as deadly, if
not more so, as the
In ‘Exposure’,
man-made weapons
designed to kill the Owen uses a
enemy. Similarly, range of similes,
Seamus Heaney metaphors and
describes nature as a
personification to
powerful force and
highlights man’s present nature.
arrogance in thinking
they can prepare for
it.
HAVE I ANSWERED THE QUESTION?
In ‘Exposure’, Wilfred Owen presents nature as a

malevolent force, something that is brutal and agonising. Nature is
as deadly, if not more so, as the man-made weapons designed to
kill the enemy. When describing the harsh conditions the soldiers
are forced to endure, the speaker says, ‘pale flakes with fingering
stealth come feeling for our faces.’ This could suggest that nature is
powerful because its effects have taken the soldiers by surprise.
Owen could also be suggesting that nature has the ability to target
the soldiers on purpose in order to cause them pain. This is seen
through the noun, ‘stealth’, which emphasises the malevolence of
nature. It implies nature has the ability to be sly and manipulative.
The devastating impact of this power is not fully appreciated by the
soldiers and they are suffering as a result. Furthermore, the
possessive pronoun ‘our’ indicates that nature has no mercy;
everyone is affected and no one can escape its painful force.
This brutal power is further emphasised through the

structure of the poem. For example, the pause at the end of this
line created by the dash implies…
The power of nature is presented similarly in ‘Storm on

the Island’, yet Seamus Heaney uses language and structure
differently to highlight its destructive power. For example,…
1. Introduction
Sentence 1: ‘Both [named poem] and [chosen poem] present…’
Sentence 2: Outline any similarities and differences between the poems. Why did you choose the second
poem?
Sentence 3: State your main argument – what are you going to show about this theme?
2. Link 1
Write about the way both poems deal with your first point – focusing on feelings and attitudes – and back up
your ideas with context.

Both poems present…
[Poem 1] suggests whereas [Poem 2] implies…
Similarly…
In contrast…
Symbolically, the poet is saying…
3. Link 2
Write about the way both poems deal with your second point – focusing on language techniques – and back
up your ideas with context where you can.
4. Link 3
Write about the way both poems deal with your third point – focusing on structure – and back up your ideas
with context where you can.
5. Possible Link 4 and Conclusion
Write about the way both poems deal with your fourth point – focusing on a volta or shift – and back up
your ideas with context where you can.
Conclude by referring back to the question and summarising the similarities and differences between the
poems.
Make sure you have answered the question and add in context if you haven’t already managed to.
The Unseen Poems -WHAT IS THE
EXAMINER MARKING ME ON?
AO2 – Discuss and analyse
AO1 – Demonstrate your language devices used and
understanding of the comment on how the poem is
structured and set out. Discuss the
poem’s meaning by form of the poem. Remember to
selecting relevant use the correct subject
quotations to support terminology and comment on
how this links to the poet’s ideas.
your points and analysing
them
STEP ONE: STEP FIVE:
Explore What is the

connotations effect on the
of the title. reader?
STEP TWO: STEP FOUR:
Read the Analyse the

STEP THREE:
poem at least poet’s use of
twice. Consider the language
meaning of the and
poem and structure.
identify the
poet’s ideas.
READ THE QUESTION
In ‘Composed Upon Westminster Bridge,

September 3rd, 1802’, how does the poet present
the narrator’s feelings about the city?
Highlight THREE key

words from the question.
WAGOLL 1. Write your point.

In ‘Composed Upon Westminster 2. Add your quotation.
Bridge’, the narrator is in
3. Write a simple statement about what
complete awe of the city he your quotation suggests.
observes. Perhaps this is reflected 3. Offer another interpretation about what
in the form Wordsworth has your quotation suggests.
chosen to write his poem. A 4. Discuss key words in the quotation using
sonnet is usually about love and the correct subject terminology.
here, the speaker is describing his 5. Discuss more key words or language
devices from the quotation and the effect
love for the city he is in. on the reader.
The speaker begins by
6. Make a comment about the structure of
saying, ‘Earth has not anything to the poem.
show more fair.’ This implies… 7. Add a new point and repeat the steps.
THE FINAL POETRY QUESTION
The final question is worth 8 marks. This question will require you to
compare the unseen poem from the previous question to a new unseen
poem.
It is likely this new poem will be quite short as you will not have a long time
to answer it.
This question is only testing you on AO2, meaning it is seeing if you can
compare language, structure, form and other methods used by a writer.
Example Question and WAGOLL

Read the poem below. In both ‘Composed Upon Westminster
Bridge’ and ‘Winter Night: Edinburgh’, the poets describe a
city. What are the similarities and differences in the way the
cities are described?
The two poems describe cities with very different atmospheres. In Wordsworth’s poem, London is
‘calm’ and ‘asleep’ in ‘the beauty of the morning’, whereas Forster’s Edinburgh is busy and vibrant,
‘alive with light’ in the evening rush hour. Both poets use rhyme to create the atmosphere they
describe. Wordsworth’s poem is written in the form of a Petrarchan sonnet, so it has the rhyme
scheme, ABBA, ABBA, CDCDCD. The regularity of the rhyme scheme gives the poem a tranquil
atmosphere, which mirrors the ‘deep’ calm in the ‘silent’ city. In contrast, ‘Winter Night: Edinburgh’
is written in free verse and uses no rhyme. This gives the poem an irregular, stop-start rhythm, which
reflects the city’s busy atmosphere, mirroring the movement of the cars as they make their way
home in the rush hour, ‘controlled/by coloured lights.’
Wordsworth and Forster both use metaphorical language to make the cities sound alive. Wordsworth
says that London is wearing the ‘beauty of the morning’ ‘like a garment’, and describes the city using
the metaphor of a ‘mighty heart’. He also personifies the Thames – it ‘glideth at his own sweet will.’
This suggests that the city has a ‘will’ of its own, independent from the people who live in it.
Similarly, Forster says that Edinburgh is ‘alive with light’ and personifies the city’s ‘shops and cafes’,
saying they use light like ‘baited hooks’ to draw customers in. As in Wordsworth’s poem, this makes
the reader think of the city as a living being which is independent of the people who live there.

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A Student’s Guide to AQA

Language and Literature

How can I prepare for the

Get some revision guides

Create spider diagrams or

Useful revision websites

Power and Conflict Poetry

Questions: Read paragraph 2 again.

Suggestions to support learning:

Home: The story of everyone who ever lived in our house

What to do: Place your extract here

* WHAT is the point Here, it is the use

Terminology: simile; metaphor; personification; hyperbole; stative verbs;

Write 3 There is a clever

Terminology: omniscient narrator; protagonist; setting; dialogue; narrative focus; narrative

Now, identify 4 or 5 So, you should

Terminology: simile; metaphor; personification; hyperbole; stative verbs;

Suggestions to support learning:

Success criteria for English Language Writing:

• Writing suits the audience and purpose

We have included some example questions and sample responses.

You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on this section.

EITHER: Write a description as suggested by this picture

(24 marks for content and organisation

You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on this section.

Either: Write a story about a conflict as suggested by this image

(24 marks for content and organisation

You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on this section.

EITHER: Write a description as suggested by this picture

(24 marks for content and organisation

Question 1 o Full sentences using quotations or my It says…

Question 3 o Three paragraphs The writer uses structure to

Question 5 Description of a picture: Personification

Section A is made up of 4 questions on the reading of TWO

One will be a 20th/21st century text; the other will be a 19th

Section B You will be given ONE writing task to respond to.

You need to write to show a viewpoint, i.e. you might be aiming

The whole paper is worth 80 marks and lasts 1 hour 45 minutes.

What do I have to do? How should I do it?

SOURCE A – 21ST CENTURY NON-FICTION

What do I have How should I do it?

Sample task WAGOLL (extract)

Read through both sources and make some quick

Firstly, Sophie Haydock’s difficult

Firstly, Sophie Haydock discusses ___________. The USEFUL PHRASES

What to do: MODEL

This is an 8 mark 1. Statement

What do I have How should I do it?

Sample task WAGOLL (extract)

* WHAT is the point Here, it is the use

Terminology: simile; metaphor; personification; hyperbole; stative verbs;

‘tangle of EVIDENCE: He creates this

TECHNIQUE: Perhaps Dickens uses

ANALYSIS: Furthermore, this

LINK: As a result, these

What do I have How should I do it?

Sample task WAGOLL (extract)

Terminology: simile; metaphor; personification; hyperbole; stative verbs;

Sophie Haydock clearly feels that whereas