Exercises - Chapter 02

NEWTON’S LAWS
Problem 1
The free-body diagram of the problem is shown to the right.
Since the acceleration of the block is zero, the components of the Newton’s second law
equation yield
T–mgsinθ=0
FN−mgcosθ=0,
where T is the tension in the cord, and N is the normal force on the block.
(a) Solving the first equation for the tension in the string, we find
T=mgsinθ(85kg)(9.8m/s2)sin30o=42N
(b) We solve the second equation in part (a) for the normal force FN.
FN=mgcosθ(85kg)(9.8m/s2)sin30o=72N
(c) When the cord is cut, it no longer exerts a force on the block and the block
accelerates.
The x-component equation of Newton’s second law becomes −mgsinθ=ma, so the
acceleration becomes
a=−gsinθ=−(9.8m/s2)sin30o=−4.9m/s2
The negative sign indicates the acceleration is down the plane.
The magnitude of the acceleration is $$4.9 \, m/s^2$$.
Problem 2
We resolve this horizontal force into appropriate components.

(a) Newton’s second law applied to the x-axis produces
Fcosθ−mgsinθ=0
For a=0, this yields F=566N.
b) Applying Newton’s second law to the y axis (where there is no acceleration), we have
FN−Fsinθ−mgcosθ=0
which yields the normal force FN=1.13×103N.
Problem 3
1.3 2.8
From the figure,
The free-body diagrams for m1 and m2 are shown in the figures below. The only forces
on the blocks are the upward tension T and the downward gravitational forces F1=m1
g and F2=m2g. Applying Newton’s second law, we obtain:
T−m1g=m1a
m2g−T=m2a
which can be solved to yield
a=(m2+m1m2−m1)g
Substituting the result back, we have
T=(m1+m22m1m2)g
(a) With m1=1.3kg and m2=2.8kg, the acceleration becomes
a=(2.80kg+1.30kg2.80kg−1.30kg)(9.80m/s2)=3.59m/s2≈3.6m/s2
(b) Similarly, the tension in the cord is
T=1.30kg+2.80kg2(1.30kg)(2.80kg)(9.80m/s2)=17.4N≈17N
Problem 5
We apply Newton’s second law first to the three blocks as a single system and then to
the individual blocks. The +x direction is to the right in Fig. 5-48.
(a) With msys=m1+m2+m3=67.0kg, we apply Eq. 5-2 to the x motion of the system, in
which case, there is only one force T3=T3i^. Therefore,
T3=msysa⇒65.0N=(67.0kg)a
which yields a=0.970m/s2 for the system (and for each of the blocks individually).
(b) Applying Eq. 5-2 to block 1, we find
T1=m1a=(12.0kg)(0.970m/s2)=11.6N
(c) In order to find T2, we can either analyze the forces on block 3 or we can treat blocks
1 and 2 as a system and examine its forces. We choose the latter.
T2=(m1+m2)a=(12.0kg+24.0kg)(0.970m/s2)=34.9N.
Problem 5 below
(a) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction opposite to
the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is downward). Thus (with +y upward)
the acceleration is a=+2.4m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to T−mg=ma⇒m=g+aT
which yields m=7.3kg for the mass.
(b) Repeating the above computation (now to solve for the tension)
with a=+2.4m/s2 will, of course, lead us right back to T=89N. Since the direction of the
velocity did not enter our computation, this is to be expected.
Problem 6
The mass of the elevator is m=(27800/9.80)=2837kg and (with +y upward) the

acceleration is a=+1.22m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to
T−mg=ma⇒T=m(g+a)
which yields T=3.13×104N for the tension.
(b) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction opposite to
the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is upward). Thus (with +y upward) the
acceleration is now a=−1.22m/s2, so that the tension is
T−m(g+a)=2.43×104N
Problem 7
With ace meaning “the acceleration of the coin relative to the elevator” and aeg meaning
“the acceleration of the elevator relative to the ground,” we have
ace+aeg=acg⇒−8.00m/s2+aeg=−9.80m/s2
which leads to aeg=–1.80m/s2. We have chosen upward as the positive y direction. Then
Newton’s second law (in the “ground” reference frame) yields T−mg=maeg, or
T=mg+maeg=m(g+aeg)=(2000kg)(8.00m/s2)=16.0kN.
WORK AND ENERGY
Kinetic and Work
Problem 1
A proton (mass m=1.67×10−27kg) is being accelerated along a straight line

at 3.6×1015 m/s2 in a machine. If the proton has an initial speed
of 2.4×107 m/s and travels 3.5 cm, what then is (a) its speed and (b) the
increase in its kinetic energy?
(a) We know V2=V02+2aΔx. Thus,
v=V02+2aΔx=(2.4×107 m/s)2+2(3.6×1015 m/s2)(0.035 m)=2.9×107 m/s.
(b) The initial kinetic energy is
Ki=21 mv02=21(1.67×10−27 kg)(2.4×107 m/s)2=4.8×10−13 J.
The change in kinetic energy is Δ K=6.9×10−13 J−4.8×10−13 J=2.1×10−13 J.
Problem 2
We denote the mass of the father as m and his initial speed vi.
The initial kinetic energy of the father is
Ki=21Kson
and his final kinetic energy (when his speed is vf=vi+1.0m/s) is
Kf=Kson.
(a) We see from the above that Ki=21Kf, which (with SI units understood) leads to
21mvi2=21[21m(vi+1.0m/s)2].
The mass cancels and we find a second-degree equation for vi.
21vi2−vi−21=0.
The positive root (from the quadratic formula) yields vi=2.4m/s
(b) From the first relation above
(Ki=21Kson), we have
21mvf2=21(21(m/2)vson2)
and (after canceling m and one factor of 1/2) are led to vson=2vf=4.m/s.
Problem 3
Part (a):
Given : F1=5.00N,F2=9.00N,F3=3.00N,θ=60o,d=3m(−i)^
Step 1: Work done by each force

We know that, work done by a force is given by:
W=F.d=Fd cosϕ, where ϕ is the angle between Force and displacement vectors.
F1 is in the direction of the displacement.

So, W1=F1dcosϕ1=(5.00N)(3.00m)cos00=15.0J.
Force F2 makes an angle of ϕ2=180o−θ=180o−60o=1200 with the displacement i.e in
negative x direction.
So, W2=F2dcosϕ2=(9.00N)(3.00m)cos1200=−13.5J.
Force F3 is perpendicular to the displacement.

So, W3=F3dcosϕ2=(3.00N)(3.00m) cos900=0J.
Step 2: Net Work done by three forces

As work is a scalar quantity, so total work done will be the algebraic sum of all the
individual works.
So, W=W1+W2+W3=15−13.5+0=+1.50J.
Part (b):
According to Work energy theorem, total work done on a system equal the change in
kinetic energy of the system.
Here, a positive work of 1.5 Joules is done on the trunk, so its Kinetic Energy will
increase by 1.5 Joules.
Work done by the conversative forces

Problem 1
A helicopter lifts a 72 kg astronaut 15 m vertically from the ocean by

means of a cable. The acceleration of the astronaut is g/10. How much
work is done on the astronaut by
(a) the force from the helicopter (b) the gravitational force on her?
Just before she reaches the helicopter, what are her (c)
kinetic energy (d) speed?
We use F to denote the upward force exerted by the cable on the astronaut. The
force of the cable is upward and the force of gravity is mg downward. Furthermore,
the acceleration of the astronaut is a=g/10 upward. According to Newton’s second
law, theforce is given by
F−mg=ma⇒F=m(g+a)=1011mg,i
n the same direction as the displacement. On the other hand, the force of gravity has
magnitude Fg=mg and is opposite in direction to the displacement.
(a) Since the force of the cable Force and the displacement d are in the same
direction, the work done by Force is,
WF=Fd=1011mgd=1011(72kg)(9.8m/s2)(15m)=1.164×104J≈1.2×104J.
(b) The work done by gravity is

Wg=−Fgd=−mgd=−(72kg)(98m/s2)(15m)=1.058×104J≈−1.1×104J
(c) The total work done is the sum of the two works:Wnet=WF+Wg
=1.164×104J−1.058×104J=1.06×103J≈1.1×103J.
Since the astronaut started from rest, the work-kinetic energy theorem tells us that
this is her final kinetic energy.
(d) Since K=21mv2, her final speed is v=m2K=72kg2(1.06×103J)=5.4m/s.

Note: For a general upward acceleration a, the net work done is
Wnet=WF+Wg=Fd−Fgd=m(g+a)d−mgd=mad.
Since Wnet=ΔK=mv2/2,
by the work-kinetic energy theorem, the speed of the astronaut would be v=2ad,
which is independent of the mass of the astronaut.
Problem 2
A spring and block are in the arrangement of given figure.When the

block is pulled out to x=+4.0 cm, we must apply a force of
magnitude 360 N to hold it there. We pull the block to x=11 cm and then
release it. How much work does the spring do on the block as the
block moves from xi=+5.0 cm (a) x=+3.0 cm, (b) x=−3.0 cm, (c) x=−5.0 cm, and
(d) x=−9.0 cm?
From the given figure, we see that the work done by the spring force is given by
Ws=21k(xi2−xf2).
The fact that 360 N of force must be applied to pull the block to x = + 4.0 cm implies
that the spring constant is
k=4.0cm360N=90N/cm=9.0×103N/m
(a) When the block moves from xi=+5.0 cm to x = + 3.0 cm, we have
Ws=21(9.0×103N/m)[(0.050m)2−(0.030m)2]=7.2J
(b) Moving from xi=+5.0 cm to x = - 3.0 cm, we have

Ws=21(9.0×103N/m)[(0.050m)2−(−0.030m)2]=7.2J
(c) Moving from xi=+5.0 cm to x = - 5.0 cm, we have
Ws=21(9.0×103N/m)[(0.050m)2−(−0.050m)2]=0J
(d) Moving from xi=+5.0 cm to x = - 9.0 cm, we have

Ws=21(9.0×103N/m)[(0.050m)2−(−0.090m)2]=−25J
Work done by variable forces
(a) As the body moves along the x axis from xi=3.0m to xf=4.0m the work done by the
force is
W=∫xixfFxdx=∫xixf−6x dx
=−3(xf2−xi2)=−3(4.02−3.02)=−21J
According to the work-kinetic energy theorem, this gives the change in the kinetic
energy:
W=ΔK=21m(vf2−vi2)
Where vi is the initial velocity (at xi) and vf is the final velocity (at xf). The theorem
yields
vf=m2W+vi2=2.0kg2(−21J)+(8.0m/s)2=6.6m/s.
(b) The velocity of the particle is vf=5.0m/s when it is at x=xf.
The work-kinetic energy theorem is used to solve for xf.
The net work done on the particle is W=−3(xf2−xi2), so the theorem leads to
−3(xf2−xi2)=21m(vf2−vi2).
Thus,
xf=−6m(vf2−vi2)+xi2
=−6N/m2.0kg((5.0m/s)2−(8.0m/s)2)+(3.0m)2=4.7m.
Power
Problem 1
A force of 5.0 N acts on a 15 kg body initially at rest. Compute the work

done by the force in (a) the first, (b) the second and (c) the third
seconds and (d) the instantaneous power due to the force at the end of
the third second.
Hard
Updated on : 2022-09-05
Solution
Verified by Toppr
(a) The power is given by P = Fv and the work done by F from time t1 to time t2 is
given by
W=∫t1t2Pdt=∫t1t2Fvdt.
Since F is the net force, the magnitude of the acceleration is a = F/m, and, since the
initial velocity is v0=0, the velocity as a function of time is given by v=v0
+at=(F/m)t. Thus
W=∫t1t2(F2/m)t dt=21(F2/m)(t22−t12).
For t1=0 and t2=1.0s, W=21(15kg(5.0N)2)(1.0s)2=0.83J.
(b) For t1=1.0 and t2=2.0s, W=21(15kg(5.0N)2)[(2.0s)2−(1.0s)2]=2.5J.
(c) For t1=2.0 and t2=3.0s, W=21(15kg(5.0N)2)[(3.0s)2−(2.0s)2]=4.2J.
(d) Substituting v = (F/m)t into P = Fv we obtain P=F2/m for the power at any time t.
At the end of the third second
P=(15kg(5.0N)2(3.0s))=5.0W.
Problem 2
According to the problem statement, the power of the car is
P=dtdW=dtd(21mv2)
=mvdtdv=constant.
The condition implies dt=mvdv/P, which can be integrated to give
∫0Tdt=∫0vTPmvdv
⇒T=2PmvT2
Where vT is the speed of the car at t = T. On the other hand, the total distance
traveled can be written as
∫0Tdt=∫0vTPmvdv
=Pm∫ovTv2 dv=3PmvT3
By squaring the expression for L and substituting the expression for T, we obtain
L2=(3PmvT3)2=9m8P(2PmvT2)3=9m8PT3
which implies that
PT3=89mL2=constant
Differentiating the above equation gives dPT3+3PT2dT=0,

or dT=−3PTdP.

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NEWTON’S LAWS

We resolve this horizontal force into appropriate components.

The mass of the elevator is m=(27800/9.80)=2837kg and (with +y upward) the

A proton (mass m=1.67×10−27kg) is being accelerated along a straight line

v=V02+2aΔx=(2.4×107 m/s)2+2(3.6×1015 m/s2)(0.035 m)=2.9×107 m/s.

(b) The initial kinetic energy is

Ki=21 mv02=21(1.67×10−27 kg)(2.4×107 m/s)2=4.8×10−13 J.

The change in kinetic energy is Δ K=6.9×10−13 J−4.8×10−13 J=2.1×10−13 J.

The initial kinetic energy of the father is

and his final kinetic energy (when his speed is vf=vi+1.0m/s) is

The mass cancels and we find a second-degree equation for vi.

The positive root (from the quadratic formula) yields vi=2.4m/s

(b) From the first relation above

Step 1: Work done by each force

F1 is in the direction of the displacement.

Force F3 is perpendicular to the displacement.

Step 2: Net Work done by three forces

Work done by the conversative forces

A helicopter lifts a 72 kg astronaut 15 m vertically from the ocean by

(b) The work done by gravity is

(d) Since K=21mv2, her final speed is v=m2K=72kg2(1.06×103J)=5.4m/s.

A spring and block are in the arrangement of given figure.When the

(b) Moving from xi=+5.0 cm to x = - 3.0 cm, we have

(d) Moving from xi=+5.0 cm to x = - 9.0 cm, we have

Work done by variable forces

(b) The velocity of the particle is vf=5.0m/s when it is at x=xf.

The work-kinetic energy theorem is used to solve for xf.

A force of 5.0 N acts on a 15 kg body initially at rest. Compute the work

(b) For t1=1.0 and t2=2.0s, W=21(15kg(5.0N)2)[(2.0s)2−(1.0s)2]=2.5J.

(c) For t1=2.0 and t2=3.0s, W=21(15kg(5.0N)2)[(3.0s)2−(2.0s)2]=4.2J.

According to the problem statement, the power of the car is

The condition implies dt=mvdv/P, which can be integrated to give

Differentiating the above equation gives dPT3+3PT2dT=0,

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