Results:

There is a clear statement of findings in the research; the date is obtained from a statistical
software. The results were categories in three: Recovery oriented care, Therapeutic Milieu,
and correlations between patient centred measures. Clearly presented results and finding
allow the readers to easily access the research’s main outcomes. The research uses specific
quotes (interview questions) from the interviews (RSA Scale) to support and maintain the
findings dependability. The results of the research are adequately displayed within tables
and further described in detail by explaining the results.
The researcher also used Person correlation Coefficient (also known as Person’s P) to
produce results. This test of association is appropriate to the research as it enable the
researcher to calculate the strengths and gaps of recovery-oriented care. The researcher
finds that the level of recovery-oriented services in the forensic mental health hospital was
perceived satisfactory by the patients and the providers, which give a clear indication to the
perceived strengths and gaps in the services. The t test gives comparison for patients and
providers. The patients rating for both the treatment options and opportunity to discuss
spiritual needs and interest were lower. Differences in the total score were not statistically
significant. Some more significant differences were also existed .

Questions and Answers

1. A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing
practice would demonstrate which of the following research roles?
A. Consumer
B. Primary investigator
C. Collaborator
D. Producer
Correct Answer
A. Consumer
Explanation
A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing practice
is demonstrating the role of a consumer. As a consumer, the nurse is actively seeking out
and staying informed about the latest research in order to apply evidence-based practices in
their work. This role involves critically evaluating research articles, understanding the
implications of the findings, and integrating them into their clinical decision-making process.
By being a consumer of research, the nurse is able to provide the best possible care based
on the most current and reliable evidence available.
2. Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing
research?
A. Case study approach to research.
B. Data collection and analysis.
C. Framework and model development.
D. Quasi-experimental study design.
Correct Answer
B. Data collection and analysis.
Explanation
Florence Nightingale is most noted for her contributions to nursing research in the area of
data collection and analysis. She was a pioneer in using statistical methods to analyze
healthcare data and played a significant role in improving public health outcomes.
Nightingale's meticulous data collection and analysis helped to identify patterns and trends,
which led to important advancements in nursing practice and healthcare delivery. Her work
emphasized the importance of evidence-based practice and laid the foundation for modern
nursing research.
3. Which of the following historical events had a major impact on the funding for nursing
research?
A. Development of local, national, and international nursing research conferences by Sigma
Theta Tau.
B. Initiation of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
C. Formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research.
D. Development of a Nursing Research Council as part of the American Nurses Association.
Correct Answer
C. Formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research.
Explanation
The formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research had a major impact on the
funding for nursing research. This institute was specifically created to support and promote
nursing research, providing funding opportunities and resources for researchers in the field.
It played a crucial role in advancing nursing science and improving healthcare outcomes
through evidence-based practice. The establishment of this dedicated research institute
marked a significant milestone in the recognition and support of nursing research, leading to
increased funding and opportunities for nurses to contribute to the body of knowledge in
the field.
4. An example of inductive reasoning is:
A. Reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient.
B. Reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.
C. Using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient.
D. Using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
Correct Answer
B. Reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.
Explanation
Inductive reasoning involves drawing a general conclusion based on specific observations or
examples. In this case, reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients is an
example of inductive reasoning. By observing and studying one diabetic patient, we can
make generalizations and form conclusions about the characteristics, symptoms, and
treatment approaches that may apply to all diabetic patients. This is a common approach in
medical research and practice, where knowledge gained from studying individual cases is
used to inform broader understanding and decision-making.
5. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing
because they:
A. Are easy to implement.
B. Require few resources.
C. Are both process oriented.
D. Balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.
Correct Answer
D. Balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.
Explanation
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches in nursing balance each other by
generating different types of nursing knowledge. Quantitative research focuses on
numerical data and statistical analysis, providing objective and generalizable results. On the
other hand, qualitative research focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and
meanings of individuals, providing in-depth and contextualized insights. By using both
approaches, nurses can obtain a comprehensive understanding of healthcare phenomena,
combining the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative methods to inform evidence-
based practice. This balance allows for a more holistic and nuanced understanding of
nursing knowledge.
6. Which of the following types of research involve at least some control by the researcher
to implement the study treatment?
A. Correlational
B. Descriptive
C. Quasi-experimental
D. Experimental
Correct Answer
C. Quasi-experimental
Explanation
Quasi-experimental research involves at least some control by the researcher to implement
the study treatment. In this type of research, the researcher manipulates the independent
variable and measures the effect on the dependent variable, similar to experimental
research. However, unlike experimental research, quasi-experimental research lacks
random assignment of participants to groups. This means that the researcher has some
control over the treatment being administered but cannot completely randomize
participants into different groups.

7. In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and
laboratory setting?

A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. Experimental
Correct Answer
D. Experimental
Explanation
Experimental research involves high researcher control, random sampling, and a laboratory
setting. In this type of research, the researcher manipulates the independent variable and
observes the effects on the dependent variable. The random sampling ensures that the
participants are selected randomly from the population, increasing the generalizability of
the findings. The laboratory setting allows for control over extraneous variables, creating a
controlled environment for the study. Therefore, experimental research is characterized by
these features, making it the correct answer in this case.
8. Benner (1984) emphasizes the importance of acquiring clinical knowledge and expertise
through:
A. Professional experience
B. Personal experience
C. Academic experience
Correct Answer
B. Personal experience
Explanation
Benner (1984) highlights the significance of gaining clinical knowledge and expertise through
personal experience. This implies that professionals in the field of healthcare need to
actively engage in real-life situations and encounters to develop their skills and
understanding. By directly participating in patient care, healthcare practitioners can learn
from their own experiences, reflect on their actions, and continuously improve their clinical
judgment and decision-making abilities. This hands-on approach allows individuals to
develop a deep understanding of the complexities and nuances of clinical practice,
ultimately leading to enhanced expertise and patient care outcomes.
9. What category of research is suggested by the following research question? "Does
telephone follow-up by nurses improve patients' compliance with their medication
regimens?"
A. Applied research
B. Basic research
C: Descriptive research
D.Phenomenological research
Correct Answer
A. Applied research
Explanation
The research question inquires about the effectiveness of telephone follow-up by nurses in
improving patients' compliance with their medication regimens. This question is focused on
practical application and seeks to provide a solution or intervention to a real-world problem.
Therefore, it falls under the category of applied research, which aims to address specific
issues and generate practical knowledge that can be implemented in real-life settings.
10. A researcher investigates the effect of frequency of position change on healing of
decubitus ulcers. The study would be described as:
A. Applied research
B. Basic research
C. Descriptive research
D. Phenomenological research
Correct Answer
A. Applied research
Explanation
Applied research refers to a type of research that is conducted with the intention of solving
practical problems or addressing specific issues in real-world settings. In this case, the
researcher is investigating the effect of frequency of position change on the healing of
decubitus ulcers, which is a practical concern in healthcare. Therefore, the study can be
described as applied research as it aims to provide practical solutions or interventions for
the treatment of decubitus ulcers.
11. Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in which setting?
A. Controlled
B. Laboratory
C. Natural
D. Simulated
Correct Answer
C. Natural
Explanation
Applied research seeks to solve a clinical problem in a natural setting. This means that the
research is conducted in a real-world environment, such as a hospital or community, where
the problem actually occurs. This allows researchers to study the problem in its natural
context and gather data that is representative of real-life situations. By conducting research
in a natural setting, the findings can be more applicable and relevant to the clinical problem
being studied.
12. A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling method to decrease the
likelihood of bias in the study sample. This strategy was used to implement:
A. Manipulation
B. Control
C. Data collection
D. Experimental research
Correct Answer
B. Control
Explanation
The researcher's use of random sampling aims to decrease bias in the study sample. By
randomly selecting participants from the population, the researcher ensures that each
individual has an equal chance of being included in the study. This helps to control for any
potential confounding variables or biases that could influence the results. Therefore, the
correct answer is control.
13. Which of the following definitions best describes rigor in quantitative research?
A. Time frame in which the research takes place
B. Degree of aggressiveness used in acquiring the data
C. Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology
D. Process used to synthesize findings to form conclusions from a study
Correct Answer
C. Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology
Explanation
Rigor in quantitative research refers to the amount of control and precision exerted by the
methodology. It involves the use of systematic and standardized procedures to ensure the
accuracy and reliability of the data collected. Rigorous research methods involve careful
planning, sample selection, data collection, and analysis techniques to minimize bias and
errors. By exerting control and precision, researchers can increase the validity and
generalizability of their findings, making them more reliable and trustworthy.
14. A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke
victims. The researcher designs a study where data collection takes place in the caregiver's
home. This would be an example of which type of research setting?
A. Natural, field
B. Highly controlled, field
C. Partially controlled, laboratory
D: Highly controlled, laboratory
Correct Answer
A. Natural, field
Explanation
The researcher's study takes place in the caregiver's home, indicating that the research
setting is a natural, field setting. This means that the study is conducted in a real-life
environment, allowing for a more realistic and ecologically valid understanding of stress and
coping in caregivers of elderly stroke victims.
15. Problem identification in the research process would be equivalent to which step in the
nursing process?
A. Goal identification
B. Data interpretation
C. Identifying solutions
D. Nursing diagnosis
Correct Answer
D. Nursing diagnosis
Explanation
In the research process, problem identification is the first step where researchers identify
and define the problem they want to study. Similarly, in the nursing process, nursing
diagnosis is the step where nurses identify and define the patient's health problem based on
the assessment data. Both problem identification in the research process and nursing
diagnosis in the nursing process involve identifying and defining the problem to be
addressed. Therefore, the correct answer is nursing diagnosis.
16. The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research
process?
A. Outcomes
B. Design
C. Implementation
D. Goal identification
Correct Answer
B. Design
Explanation
The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to the design step in the research
process. In both cases, a plan or design is created to guide the overall process. In problem-
solving, the plan outlines the steps and strategies to solve a specific problem, while in
research, the design refers to the overall framework and methodology that will be used to
conduct the study. Both involve careful planning and consideration of the best approach to
achieve the desired outcomes or goals.
17. The research process differs from the nursing process on which of the following?
A. Identifies new information
B. Involves abstract, critical thinking
C. Has a broader focus
D. Utilizes complex thinking
Correct Answer
C. Has a broader focus
Explanation
The research process differs from the nursing process in that it has a broader focus. While
the nursing process is specific to the field of nursing and focuses on providing patient care,
the research process is applicable to various disciplines and aims to generate new
knowledge and understanding. It involves investigating and exploring a wide range of topics
and questions, not limited to nursing practice alone.
18. Which of the following would identify the specific aim or goal of the study based on the
identified problem?
A. Purpose
B. Literature review
C. Methodology
D: Assumptions
Correct Answer
A. Purpose
Explanation
The purpose of a study is to clearly identify the specific aim or goal that the study aims to
achieve. It provides a clear direction and focus for the research, outlining what the
researcher intends to accomplish through the study. The purpose statement usually
highlights the problem or gap in knowledge that the study seeks to address and provides a
rationale for conducting the research. Therefore, the purpose is the most appropriate
option for identifying the specific aim or goal of the study based on the identified problem.
19. Research subjects in a study of quality of life (QOL) in liver transplant recipients were
asked to complete a questionnaire about their experiences following transplantation. Which
of the following would be a likely assumption the researcher made in relation to this study?
A. Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire.
B. Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL.
C. All liver transplant recipients invited to participate in the study will complete a
questionnaire.
D. QOL is an important issue to liver transplant recipients.
Correct Answer
B. Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL.
Explanation
The researcher likely assumed that the subjects in the study have the ability to recognize
and understand their own quality of life (QOL) following liver transplantation. This
assumption is based on the fact that the subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire
about their experiences, indicating that they are capable of reflecting on and evaluating
their own QOL.
20. Before implementing a large, multisite research investigation, a researcher conducts a
smaller study of the planned study to identify any problematic areas. This smaller study is
known as a(n):
A. Abstract
B. Exploratory design
C. Pilot study
D. Proposal
Correct Answer
C. Pilot study
Explanation
A pilot study is conducted by a researcher before implementing a larger, multisite research
investigation. The purpose of the pilot study is to identify any problematic areas in the
planned study and make necessary adjustments before proceeding with the larger
investigation. It helps in testing the feasibility of the research design, data collection
methods, and procedures. By conducting a pilot study, the researcher can gain valuable
insights and make improvements to ensure the success of the larger study.
21. The researcher uses which portion of the research report to capture the reader's
attention?
Correct Answer
abstract
Explanation
The researcher uses the abstract portion of the research report to capture the reader's
attention. The abstract is a concise summary of the entire research report, highlighting the
main objectives, methods, findings, and conclusions of the study. It provides a brief
overview of the research, allowing readers to quickly grasp the key points and decide if they
want to read the full report. By presenting the most important information upfront, the
abstract serves as a hook to engage the reader and generate interest in the research.

22. The sentence "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between
health beliefs and breast self-examination" would most likely be found in which section of a
research report?
Correct Answer
abstract
Explanation
The sentence "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health
beliefs and breast self-examination" would most likely be found in the abstract section of a
research report. The abstract is a concise summary of the entire study, including the
research question or purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. It provides a brief
overview of the study's objectives and findings, allowing readers to quickly understand the
main focus and contribution of the research.
23. The initial and one of the most significant steps in conducting the research process is:
A. Defining the research variables.
B. Identifying the research problem.
C: Stating the research purpose.
D. Determining the feasibility of the study.
Correct Answer
B. Identifying the research problem.
Explanation
Identifying the research problem is the initial and most significant step in conducting the
research process because it helps to define the scope and focus of the study. By identifying
the research problem, researchers can determine what specific issue or question they want
to investigate and what gaps in knowledge they aim to fill. This step sets the foundation for
the entire research process and guides the selection of research variables, research
purpose, and the feasibility of the study.
24. The purpose statement should identify the study variable(s) and what other key aspect
of the study?
A. Design
B. Measurement tools
C. Population
D. Statistics
Correct Answer
C. Population
Explanation
The purpose statement should identify the study variable(s) and the population. This is
because the population is a key aspect of the study that helps determine the generalizability
of the findings. The study variable(s) refer to the specific characteristics or factors that are
being investigated in the study. Therefore, the purpose statement should clearly state both
the study variable(s) and the population being studied.
25. One important source for identification of a research problem would be:

A. Nursing practice
B. Research textbook
C. Nursing code of ethics
D. Practice guidelines
Correct Answer
A. Nursing practice
Explanation
Nursing practice is an important source for identifying a research problem because it
involves the direct application of knowledge and skills in the field. Nurses encounter various
challenges and issues in their daily practice, which can serve as potential research problems.
By observing and analyzing these problems, nurses can identify areas that require further
investigation and research to improve patient outcomes and enhance nursing practice.
Therefore, nursing practice provides valuable insights and real-world scenarios that can
guide the identification of research problems in the field.
26. In the literature report of a study on quality of life, the researcher describes two
previous investigations suggesting that spirituality is related to quality of life. This
information suggests the current study is significant because it:
A. Influences theology.
B. Builds on previous research.
C. Challenges existing theory.
D. Addresses multidisciplinary concerns.
Correct Answer
B. Builds on previous research.
Explanation
The answer "Builds on previous research" is correct because the literature report mentions
two previous investigations that suggest a relationship between spirituality and quality of
life. This indicates that the current study is significant because it is adding to the existing
body of knowledge by further exploring this relationship. By building on previous research,
the study can contribute to a better understanding of the topic and potentially provide new
insights or confirm existing findings.
27. Feasibility is determined by examining which of the following?
A: Researcher's credibility
B: Significance of research problem
C. Availability of subjects
D. Previous studies
Correct Answer
C. Availability of subjects
Explanation
Feasibility is determined by examining the availability of subjects. This means that in order
to conduct a research study, it is important to consider whether there are enough
participants or subjects available to gather data and draw meaningful conclusions. Without
a sufficient number of subjects, it may not be feasible to carry out the research effectively.
Therefore, the availability of subjects plays a crucial role in determining the feasibility of a
research study.
28. In a research proposal, the investigator notes that written permission has been obtained
from three local hospitals to access patients for the proposed study. This is an example of
what aspect of a study?
A. Reliability
B. Methodology
C. Ethics
D. Feasibility
Correct Answer
D. Feasibility
Explanation
In a research proposal, obtaining written permission from local hospitals to access patients
for the proposed study is an example of the feasibility aspect of a study. Feasibility refers to
the practicality and likelihood of successfully conducting a study, which includes obtaining
necessary permissions and resources. By securing permission from the hospitals, the
investigator demonstrates that the study is feasible in terms of accessing the required
participants and data.
29. A research hypothesis:
A. Predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study
B. Defines the theoretical framework for the study
C. Identifies the source of the problem under study
D. Clarifies the concepts used in the study
Correct Answer
A. Predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study
Explanation
The correct answer is "predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study." A research
hypothesis is a statement that suggests the relationship between variables and predicts the
expected results or outcomes of the study. It helps guide the research and provides a
direction for data collection and analysis. By formulating a hypothesis, researchers can test
their assumptions and evaluate the validity of their predictions. This allows them to draw
conclusions and contribute to the existing knowledge in their field.
30. The statement "This study explores the experience of caregiving by adult daughters of
parents with Alzheimer disease" is an example of which of the following?
A. Objective
B. Question
C. Simple hypothesis
D. Complex hypothesis
Correct Answer
A. Objective
Explanation
The statement "This study explores the experience of caregiving by adult daughters of
parents with Alzheimer's disease" is an example of an objective. This is because the
statement describes the purpose or goal of the study, which is to explore the experience of
caregiving by a specific group of individuals. It does not make any assumptions or
predictions, and it does not propose any cause-and-effect relationships, which are
characteristics of hypotheses.
31. What type of hypothesis is the following? "Normal saline flush with heparin is more
effective than normal saline flush alone in maintaining patency of an intermittent
intravenous site."
A. Simple, research
B. Complex, nondirectional
C. Complex, causal
D. Simple, directional
Correct Answer
D. Simple, directional
Explanation
The given hypothesis is a simple, directional hypothesis. This is because it clearly states that
one variable (normal saline flush with heparin) is more effective than another variable
(normal saline flush alone) in maintaining patency of an intermittent intravenous site. It is a
simple hypothesis because it only involves two variables and a directional hypothesis
because it specifies the direction of the expected difference between the two variables.
32. What type of hypothesis is the following?"Cancer patients who receive music therapy
complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not
receiving music therapy."
A. Complex, directional hypothesis
B. Simple, associative hypothesis
C. Simple, nondirectional hypothesis
D: Complex, null hypothesis
Correct Answer
A. Complex, directional hypothesis
Explanation
This statement is a complex, directional hypothesis because it predicts a specific relationship
between two variables (receiving music therapy and pain reduction) and the direction of
that relationship (less pain and less medication). It suggests that there is a cause-effect
relationship between music therapy and pain reduction in cancer patients.
33. What type of hypothesis is the following? "Low-fat diet is related to lower total
cholesterol and higher HDL (high-density lipoprotein)."
A. Complex, directional, causal
B. Complex, directional, associative
C. Simple, nondirectional, research
D. Simple, directional, causal
Correct Answer
B. Complex, directional, associative
Explanation
The hypothesis stated in the question is complex because it involves multiple variables (low-
fat diet, total cholesterol, and HDL). It is directional because it suggests a relationship
between low-fat diet and lower total cholesterol, as well as higher HDL. Lastly, it is
associative because it implies that there is a correlation or association between low-fat diet
and cholesterol levels, rather than a cause-and-effect relationship.
34. The dependent variable is:
A. A stimulus or activity that is varied by the researcher.
B. The quality, property, or characteristic identified in the problem.
C. A characteristic or element of the human subjects involved in the study.
D. The response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand.
Correct Answer
D. The response or outcome that the researcher wants to understand.
Explanation
The dependent variable refers to the response or outcome that the researcher wants to
understand. It is the variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment or study.
The researcher manipulates the independent variable and then measures the effect it has
on the dependent variable. By studying the dependent variable, researchers can gain
insights into the relationship between the independent variable and the outcome or
response they are interested in.
35. Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis:"Cancer patients who
receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication
than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
A. Relaxation therapy
B. Complaints of pain
C. Pain medication use
D. Music therapy
Correct Answer
D. Music therapy
Explanation
The independent variable in this hypothesis is "Music therapy". This is because it is the
variable that is being manipulated or controlled by the researchers. The hypothesis suggests
that cancer patients who receive music therapy will complain less frequently of pain and
require less pain medication compared to cancer patients who do not receive music
therapy. Therefore, the researchers are interested in studying the effects of music therapy
on pain complaints and pain medication use, making it the independent variable.
36. Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical
patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative
support." Question: "Request for analgesics" is the:
A. Independent variable.
B. Dependent variable.
C. Attribute variable
D. Extraneous variable
Correct Answer
B. Dependent variable.
Explanation
The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment.
In this scenario, the dependent variable is the "request for analgesics," as it is the outcome
or response that is being measured to determine the effectiveness of structured
preoperative support in reducing patients' perception of pain. The independent variable
would be the "structured preoperative support" because it is the variable that is being
manipulated or controlled to see its effect on the dependent variable. Attribute variable and
extraneous variable do not apply in this context.
37. Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical
patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative
support." Question: "Perception of pain" is the:
A. Independent variable.
B. Dependent variable.
C. Attribute variable.
D. Extraneous variable
Correct Answer
B. Dependent variable.
Explanation
The question asks about the variable that is the "perception of pain." In this case, the
perception of pain is what is being measured or observed in the study. It is the outcome that
is expected to be influenced by the independent variable, which is the type of support
(preoperative or postoperative) provided to the surgical patients. Therefore, the perception
of pain is the dependent variable in this study.
38. Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical
patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative
support." Question: "Type of support" is
A. Independent variable.
B. Dependent variable
C. Attribute variable
D. Extraneous variable
Correct Answer
A. Independent variable.
Explanation
The type of support provided (structured preoperative support or structured postoperative
support) is the independent variable in this study. The researchers are interested in
examining the effect of different types of support on surgical patients' perception of pain
and request for analgesics. They are manipulating the type of support provided to the
patients and measuring the outcomes, making it the independent variable.
39. Hypotheses: "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical
patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative
support." This hypothesis is

A. Simple, directional, research

B. Complex, nondirectional, null
C. Complex, directional, research
D. Simple, nondirectional, statistical
Correct Answer
C. Complex, directional, research
Explanation
This hypothesis is complex because it involves multiple variables (structured preoperative
support, perception of pain, request for analgesics) and their relationship. It is directional
because it states that structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing patients'
perception of pain and request for analgesics. It is research because it is proposing a study
to investigate the effectiveness of structured preoperative support.
40. The statement below is an example of which of the following? "In this study, pain is
reflected as a score between 0 and 10 on the Post-operative Pain Rating Scale."
A. Problem statement
B. Conceptual definition
C. Associative hypothesis
D. Operational definition
Correct Answer
D. Operational definition
Explanation
The given statement is an example of an operational definition. An operational definition
defines a concept or variable in terms of the specific procedures or operations used to
measure or manipulate it. In this case, the concept of pain is defined operationally as a
score between 0 and 10 on the Post-operative Pain Rating Scale. This operational definition
provides a clear and measurable way to assess and quantify pain in the study.
41. In which section of the research report might the problem statement be located?
A. Literature review
B. Methods
C. Results
D. Implications
Correct Answer
A. Literature review
Explanation
The problem statement is typically located in the literature review section of a research
report. This section provides an overview of existing literature and research related to the
topic of study. It is in this section that the researcher identifies the gap or problem in the
existing knowledge, which then leads to the formulation of the problem statement. By
reviewing the literature, the researcher can establish the need for the study and justify its
significance.
42. The literature review section of a research report might include a summary of which of
the following?
A : Empirical literature
B. Funding sources
C. Proposed methods and design.
D. Description of study sample
Correct Answer
A. Empirical literature
Explanation
The literature review section of a research report includes a summary of empirical
literature. This means that it includes a summary of previous research studies and findings
that are relevant to the topic of the current research. This helps to establish the context and
background for the current study, and also allows the researchers to identify any gaps in the
existing literature that their study aims to address. By summarizing the empirical literature,
the researchers can demonstrate the need for their study and show how it contributes to
the existing body of knowledge.
43. Which of the following represents a primary source
A. The results of a computer search related to the primary topic of interest.
B. A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study.
C. A published summary of the relevant research in a primary care area.
D. A thesaurus that identifies key words to use in a computer search.
Correct Answer
B. A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study.
Explanation
A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study is considered a primary
source because it is an original document that presents the findings and conclusions directly
from the person who conducted the research. It provides firsthand information and insights
into the study, making it a reliable and authoritative source of information.
44. At what point is the literature review conducted in a qualitative investigation?
A. Prior to study implementation
B. During study implementation
C. After study completion
D. Depends on the type of study
Correct Answer
D. Depends on the type of study.
Explanation
The literature review in a qualitative investigation can be conducted at different points
depending on the type of study. In some cases, it may be conducted prior to study
implementation to gather background information and inform the research design. In other
cases, it may be conducted during study implementation to explore emerging themes and
concepts. Additionally, the literature review can also be conducted after study completion
to validate findings and situate them within the existing body of knowledge. Therefore, the
timing of the literature review depends on the specific nature and objectives of the
qualitative study.
45. Which of the following types of information is consistently covered in a quantitative
literature review?
A. Descriptions of effective clinical outcomes
B. Anecdotal opinions of expert researchers
C. Approaches used to investigate similar problems
D. Clinical impressions of related phenomena
Correct Answer
C. Approaches used to investigate similar problems
Explanation
A quantitative literature review consistently covers the approaches used to investigate
similar problems. This type of review focuses on analyzing and synthesizing empirical studies
that have utilized quantitative research methods to investigate a specific research question
or problem. By examining the approaches used in these studies, researchers can identify
common methodologies, variables, and statistical analyses employed in the field. This
information is crucial for understanding the current state of knowledge and for guiding
future research endeavors. Descriptions of effective clinical outcomes, anecdotal opinions of
expert researchers, and clinical impressions of related phenomena are not consistently
covered in a quantitative literature review.
46. The primary purpose for reviewing relevant literature is to:
A. Select the research design.
B. Delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem
C. Interpret previous research findings
D. Develop conceptual and operational definitions of variables
Correct Answer
B. Delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem
Explanation
Reviewing relevant literature serves the purpose of delineating the existing knowledge base
of an identified problem. By reviewing previous research and scholarly articles, researchers
can gain a comprehensive understanding of what is already known about the problem they
are studying. This allows them to identify any gaps in the existing knowledge and determine
the research questions or hypotheses that need to be addressed. It also helps researchers to
build upon and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in their field.
47. A crucial resource for researchers conducting a literature review would be:
A. A secondary source.
B. An academic library.
C. Lay literature
D. A research mentor
Correct Answer
B. An academic library.
Explanation
An academic library would be a crucial resource for researchers conducting a literature
review because it provides access to a wide range of scholarly materials, such as books,
journals, and databases. These resources are essential for researchers to gather relevant
information, review existing studies, and identify gaps in the literature. Academic libraries
also offer assistance from librarians who can help researchers navigate the collection and
provide guidance on effective search strategies. Additionally, academic libraries often
provide access to interlibrary loan services, allowing researchers to obtain materials from
other libraries if needed. Therefore, an academic library is an invaluable resource for
researchers conducting a literature review.
48. Which numbers are even?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
E. 7
Correct Answer(s)
A. 2
C. 4
D. 6
Explanation
The numbers 2, 4, and 6 are even because they are divisible by 2 without leaving a
remainder. Even numbers are those that can be divided by 2, while odd numbers cannot be
divided by 2 evenly. Therefore, 2, 4, and 6 are the only even numbers among the given
options.
49. Which of the following indexes would provide the largest number of relevant nursing
sources?
A. International Nursing Index
B. Nursing Studies Index
C. Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
D. Index Medicus
Correct Answer
C. Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Explanation
The Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature would provide the largest
number of relevant nursing sources because it covers a wide range of nursing and allied
health literature, including journals, books, and conference proceedings. This index is
specifically designed to include comprehensive coverage of nursing research and related
fields, making it a valuable resource for finding relevant sources in the nursing field. The
other indexes listed may also provide nursing sources, but they may not have the same
breadth and depth of coverage as the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health
Literature.
50. A critical aspect of beginning a database search for relevant literature on a topic of
interest involves identifying:
A. Reference management software
B. Electronic journals
C. Keywords
D. Existing knowledge
Correct Answer
C. Keywords
Explanation
When beginning a database search for relevant literature on a topic of interest, one critical
aspect is identifying keywords. Keywords are specific words or phrases that represent the
main concepts or ideas related to the topic. By using appropriate keywords, researchers can
effectively narrow down their search and find the most relevant articles and information.
Keywords help in retrieving accurate and targeted search results, saving time and effort in
the research process.