1. The document discusses pseudorandom number generation and stream ciphers.
2. Pseudorandom number generators use a seed and formula to deterministically generate random-looking numbers. Stream ciphers xor a random keystream with plaintext for encryption.
3. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher that uses a key to shuffle an array and xor array values with plaintext bytes to encrypt.
1. The document discusses pseudorandom number generation and stream ciphers.
2. Pseudorandom number generators use a seed and formula to deterministically generate random-looking numbers. Stream ciphers xor a random keystream with plaintext for encryption.
3. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher that uses a key to shuffle an array and xor array values with plaintext bytes to encrypt.
1. The document discusses pseudorandom number generation and stream ciphers.
2. Pseudorandom number generators use a seed and formula to deterministically generate random-looking numbers. Stream ciphers xor a random keystream with plaintext for encryption.
3. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher that uses a key to shuffle an array and xor array values with plaintext bytes to encrypt.
1. The document discusses pseudorandom number generation and stream ciphers.
2. Pseudorandom number generators use a seed and formula to deterministically generate random-looking numbers. Stream ciphers xor a random keystream with plaintext for encryption.
3. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher that uses a key to shuffle an array and xor array values with plaintext bytes to encrypt.
7-5 Linear-Congruential Generators Discovered by D. H. Lehmer in 1951 The residues of successive powers of a number have good randomness properties.
7-7 Blum Blum Shub Generator Use least significant bit from iterative equation: xi = xi-12 mod n where n=p.q, and primes p,q=3 mod 4
Unpredictable, passes next-bit test
Security rests on difficulty of factoring N Is unpredictable given any run of bits Slow, since very large numbers must be used Too slow for cipher use, good for key generation
7-11 Natural Random Noise Best source is natural randomness in real world Find a regular but random event and monitor Do generally need special h/w to do this E.g., radiation counters, radio noise, audio noise, thermal noise in diodes, leaky capacitors, mercury discharge tubes etc Starting to see such h/w in new CPU's Problems of bias or uneven distribution in signal Have to compensate for this when sample, often by passing bits through a hash function Best to only use a few noisiest bits from each sample RFC4086 recommends using multiple sources + hash
7-12 Stream Ciphers Process message bit by bit (as a stream) A pseudo random keystream XOR’ed with plaintext bit by bit Ci = Mi XOR StreamKeyi But must never reuse stream key otherwise messages can be recovered
7-13 RC4 A proprietary cipher owned by RSA DSI Another Ron Rivest design, simple but effective Variable key size, byte-oriented stream cipher Widely used (web SSL/TLS, wireless WEP/WPA) Key forms random permutation of all 8-bit values Uses that permutation to scramble input info processed a byte at a time
7-18 Homework 7 a. Find the period of the following generator using seed x0=1:
b. Now repeat part a with seed x0 =2
c. What RC4 key value will leave S unchanged during initialization? That is, after the initial permutation of S, the entries of S will be equal to the values from 0 through 255 in ascending order.
