21xx Bulletin

3.
0
Product Bulletin for
ADSP-21xx DSPs
Revision 1.0, July 2002

Part Number
82-000349-05
Analog Devices, Inc.
Digital Signal Processor Division
One Technology Way
Norwood, Mass. 02062-9106
Copyright Information
© 2002 Analog Devices, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This docu-
ment may not be reproduced in any form without prior, express written
consent from Analog Devices, Inc.
Printed in the USA.
Disclaimer
Analog Devices, Inc. reserves the right to change this product without
prior notice. Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be
accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog
Devices for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of
third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by impli-
cation or otherwise under the patent rights of Analog Devices, Inc.
Trademark and Service Mark Notice

The Analog Devices logo, VisualDSP, the VisualDSP logo, SHARC, the
SHARC logo, TigerSHARC, and the TigerSHARC logo are registered
trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc.
VisualDSP++, the VisualDSP++ logo, CROSSCORE, the CROSSCORE
logo, Blackfin, the Blackfin logo, and EZ-KIT Lite are trademarks of Ana-
log Devices, Inc.
All other brand and product names are trademarks or service marks of
their respective owners.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
Purpose of This Document ............................................................. vii
Intended Audience ......................................................................... vii
Manual Contents .......................................................................... viii
Technical or Customer Support ....................................................... ix
Supported Processors ....................................................................... ix
Product Information ........................................................................ x
MyAnalog.com ........................................................................... x
DSP Product Information .......................................................... xi
Related Documents ................................................................... xi
Online Technical Documentation ............................................. xii
From VisualDSP++ ............................................................. xiii
From Windows Explorer ..................................................... xiii
From the Web ..................................................................... xiii
Printed Manuals ....................................................................... xiv
VisualDSP++ Documentation Set ......................................... xiv
Hardware Manuals ............................................................... xiv
Datasheets ........................................................................... xiv
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs iii

CONTENTS
Contacting DSP Publications .................................................... xv

Notation Conventions .................................................................... xv
INTRODUCTION
Product Description ...................................................................... 1-2
VisualDSP++ 3.0 System Requirements .......................................... 1-2
Processor Support .......................................................................... 1-3
Benefits Provided by VisualDSP++ 3.0 ........................................... 1-3
NEW FEATURES AND ENHANCEMENTS

Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE) ...... 2-2
External Makefile Execution ..................................................... 2-2
New Profiler Interface .............................................................. 2-3
Linear Profiling ................................................................... 2-3
Statistical Profiling .............................................................. 2-4
New Streams Interface .............................................................. 2-4
Tcl Commands .................................................................... 2-5
Image Viewer ........................................................................... 2-5
Flash Programmer .................................................................... 2-7
Editor Enhancements ............................................................... 2-7
Simulator ...................................................................................... 2-8
Pipeline Viewer ........................................................................ 2-8
Assemblers .................................................................................. 2-10
Code Sequence Analysis ........................................................ 2-10
iv VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

CONTENTS
C Headers and Structures Import ............................................ 2-11

.IMPORT Directive ........................................................... 2 11
Search Option .................................................................... 2-11
Macros .............................................................................. 2-12
C Structures Support .............................................................. 2-12
.STRUCT Directive ........................................................... 2-12
.EXTERN STRUCT Directive ........................................... 2-12
Built-in Functions .............................................................. 2-13
Conditional Assembly ............................................................. 2-13
Compiler and Library ................................................................... 2-14
Pragmas ................................................................................. 2-14
Data Alignment Pragma .................................................... 2-15
Interrupt Handler Pragma .................................................. 2-15
Altregisters Pragma ............................................................. 2-15
Optimization Level Pragmas ............................................... 2-16
Linkage Pragmas ................................................................ 2-16
Stack Usage Pragma ........................................................... 2-16
ETSI Support ......................................................................... 2-17
Preprocessing of VIDL Files .................................................... 2-17
Linker .......................................................................................... 2-18
Expert Linker ......................................................................... 2-18
Data Elimination .................................................................... 2-19
New Default LDF Behavior ................................................... 2-19
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs v

CONTENTS
Documentation ........................................................................... 2-20

Online Help ......................................................................... 2-20
Error Message Numbering and Help .................................. 2-20
Unified Index and Search .................................................. 2-22
Online Manuals ..................................................................... 2-22
VisualDSP++ Component Software Engineering (VCSE) ............. 2-23
Integration with VisualDSP++ ............................................... 2-24
VisualDSP++ Kernel ................................................................... 2-25
Enhanced VDK Status Window ............................................ 2-26
Enhanced State History Window ............................................ 2-26
Object Protection ....................................................................... 2-27
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELEASES

Assembler and Preprocessor Differences ......................................... 3-2
Command Line Switches .......................................................... 3-2
Directives ............................................................................... 3-3
Built-in Functions and Operators ............................................. 3-4
Predefined Macros ................................................................... 3-5
Compiler and Library Differences .................................................. 3-6
Command Line Switches .......................................................... 3-6
Input and Output Files ............................................................ 3-8
Pragmas ................................................................................... 3-9
Library Functions .................................................................. 3-11
vi VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

CONTENTS
Linker Differences ....................................................................... 3-12

Command Line Switches ....................................................... 3-12
LDF Operators ...................................................................... 3-13
Builtin LDF Macros ............................................................... 3-13
LDF Commands .................................................................... 3-13
ADSP-219x DSP Loader/Splitter .................................................. 3-14
ADSP-2192-12 DSP Loader/Splitter ........................................... 3-15
File Formats ................................................................................. 3-15
VDK Differences ........................................................................ 3-16
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs vii

PREFACE
Thank you for purchasing VisualDSP++™, Analog Devices development

software for digital signal processor (DSP) applications.
Purpose of This Document

This document briefly describes the new features and enhancements pro-
vided by VisualDSP++ Release 3.0 for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x
16-bit, fixed-point DSPs. It also describes the differences between Release
3.0 and Release 2.0.
For details, refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 manuals for ADSP-21xx DSPs
and online Help.
Intended Audience
This publication is primarily intended for DSP programmers who are
upgrading from the previous release of VisualDSP++ and who want an
overview of the changes to VisualDSP++ 3.0.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs vii

PREFACE
Manual Contents
This manual consists of:
• Chapter 1, “Introduction”
Describes VisualDSP++ 3.0 and its benefits, provides the minimal

system requirements for running the product, and lists the sup-
ported processors.
• Chapter 2, “New Features and Enhancements”
Describes what is new in the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Integrated Develop-

ment and Debugging Environment (IDDE), simulator, assembler,
compiler, linker, loader, and documentation. Also describes the new
VisualDSP++ Component Software Engineering (VCSE) and the
changes to the VisualDSP++ Kernel (VDK), which are the key fea-
tures to Release 3.0.
• Chapter 3, “Differences Between Releases”
Describes the differences between Release 3.0 and Release 2.0 soft-
ware as they pertain to code generation tool chain: commands,
switches, operators, directives, pragmas, keywords, macros, and
library functions.
viii VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

PREFACE
Technical or Customer Support

You can reach DSP Tools Support in the following ways.
• Visit the DSP Development Tools website at
www.analog.com/technology/dsp/developmentTools/index.html
• Email questions to
dsptools.support@analog.com
• Phone questions to 1-800-ANALOGD

• Contact your ADI local sales office or authorized distributor
• Send questions by mail to
Analog Devices, Inc.
DSP Division
One Technology Way
P.O. Box 9106
Norwood, MA 02062-9106
USA
Supported Processors
The name “ADSP-21xx” refers to two families of Analog Devices 16-bit,
fixed-point digital signal processors. VisualDSP++ 3.0 for ADSP-21xx
DSPs currently supports the following processors.
• ADSP-218x family DSPs: ADSP-2181, ADSP-2183,
ADSP-2184/84L/84N, ADSP-2185/85L/85M/85N,
ADSP-2186/86L/86M/86N, ADSP-2187L/87N,
ADSP-2188L/88N, and ADSP-2189M/89N
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs ix

PREFACE
• ADSP-219x family DSPs: ADSP-2191, ADSP-2192-12,

ADSP-2195, ADSP-2196, ADSP-21990, ADSP-21991, and
ADSP-21992
Product Information
You can obtain product information from the Analog Devices website,
from the product installation CD-ROM, or from the printed publications
(manuals).
Analog Devices is online at www.analog.com. Our website provides infor-
mation about a broad range of products—analog integrated circuits,
amplifiers, converters, and digital signal processors.
MyAnalog.com
MyAnalog.com is a free feature of the Analog Devices website that allows
customization of a webpage to display only the latest information on
products you are interested in. You can also choose to receive weekly email
notification containing updates to the webpages that meet your interests.
MyAnalog.com provides access to books, application notes, data sheets,
code examples, and more.
Registration:
Visit www.myanalog.com to sign up. Click Register to use MyAnalog.com.
Registration takes about five minutes and serves as means for you to select
the information you want to receive.
If you are already a registered user, just log on. Your user name is your
email address.
x VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

PREFACE
DSP Product Information

For information on digital signal processors, visit our website at
www.analog.com/dsp, which provides access to technical publications,
datasheets, application notes, product overviews, and product
announcements.
You may also obtain additional information about Analog Devices and its
products in any of the following ways.
• Email questions or requests for information to
dsp.support@analog.com
• Fax questions or requests for information to

1-781-461-3010 (North America)
+49 (0) 89 76903-557 (Europe))
• Access the Digital Signal Processing Division’s FTP website at
ftp ftp.analog.com or ftp 137.71.23.21
ftp://ftp.analog.com
Related Documents
For information on product related development software, see the follow-
ing publications.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Getting Started Guide for ADSP-21xx DSPs
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Assembler and Preprocessor Manual for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs
VisualDSP++ 3.0 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs
VisualDSP++ 3.0 C/C++ Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-219x DSPs
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Linker and Utilities Manual for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Kernel (VDK) User’s Guide
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xi

PREFACE
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Component Software Engineering User’s Guide
VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide for ADSP-21xx DSPs
Quick Installation Reference Card
Online Technical Documentation

Online documentation comprises VisualDSP++ Help system and tools
manuals, Dinkum Abridged C++ library and FlexLM network license
manager software documentation. You can easily search across the entire
VisualDSP++ documentation set for any topic of interest. For easy print-
ing, supplementary .PDF files are also provided.
A description of each documentation file type is as follows.
File Description
.CHM Help system files and VisualDSP++ tools manuals.
.HTM or Dinkum Abridged C++ library and FlexLM network license manager software doc-
.HTML umentation. Viewing and printing the .HTML files require a browser, such as Inter-
net Explorer 4.0 (or higher).
.PDF VisualDSP++ tools manuals in Portable Documentation Format, one .PDF file for
each manual. Viewing and printing the .PDF files require a PDF reader, such as
Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 (or higher).
If documentation is not installed on your system as part of the software

installation, you can add it from the VisualDSP++ 3.0 CD-ROM at any
time by running the installation again.
Access the online documentation from the VisualDSP++ environment,
Windows Explorer, or Analog Devices website.
xii VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

PREFACE
From VisualDSP++
• Access VisualDSP++ online Help from the Help menu’s Contents,
Search, and Index commands.
• Open online Help from context-sensitive user interface items (tool-
bar buttons, menu commands, and windows).
From Windows Explorer

In addition to any shortcuts you may have constructed, there are many
ways to open VisualDSP++ online Help or the supplementary documenta-
tion from Windows.
Help system files (.CHM files) are located in the Help folder, and .PDF files
are located in the Docs folder of your VisualDSP++ installation. The Docs
folder also contains the Dinkum Abridged C++ library and FlexLM net-
work license manager software documentation.
• Double-click any file that is part of the VisualDSP++ documenta-
tion set.
• Double-click the vdsp-help.chm file, which is the master Help sys-
tem, to access all the other .CHM files.
From the Web

To download the tools manuals, point your browser at
www.analog.com/technology/dsp/developmentTools/gen_purpose.html.
Select a DSP family and book title. Download archive (.ZIP) files, one for
each manual. Use any archive management software, such as WinZip, to
decompress downloaded files.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xiii

PREFACE
Printed Manuals
For general questions regarding literature ordering, call the Literature
Center at 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643) and follow the prompts.
VisualDSP++ Documentation Set

VisualDSP++ manuals may be purchased through Analog Devices Cus-
tomer Service at 1-781-329-4700; ask for a Customer Service
representative. The manuals can be purchased only as a kit. For additional
information, call 1-603-883-2430.
If you do not have an account with Analog Devices, you will be referred to
Analog Devices distributors. To get information on our distributors, log
onto http://www.analog.com/salesdir/continent.asp.
Hardware Manuals
Hardware reference and instruction set reference manuals can be ordered
through the Literature Center or downloaded from the Analog Devices
website. The phone number is 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643).
The manuals can be ordered by a title or by product number located on
the back cover of each manual.
Datasheets
All datasheets can be downloaded from the Analog Devices website. As a
general rule, any datasheet with a letter suffix (L, M, N) can be obtained
from the Literature Center at 1-800-ANALOGD (1-800-262-5643) or
downloaded from the website. Datasheets without the suffix can be down-
loaded from the website only—no hard copies are available. You can ask
for the datasheet by a part name or by product number.
xiv VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

PREFACE
If you want to have a datasheet faxed to you, the phone number for that
service is 1-800-446-6212. Follow the prompts and a list of datasheet
code numbers will be faxed to you. Call the Literature Center first to find
out if requested datasheets are available.
Contacting DSP Publications

Please send your comments and recommendation on how to improve our
manuals and online Help. You can contact us by:
• Emailing dsp.techpubs@analog.com
• Filling in and returning the attached Reader’s Comments Card
found in our manuals
Notation Conventions
The following table identifies and describes text conventions used in this
manual.
Additional conventions, which apply only to specific chapters, may appear
throughout this document.
Example Description
Close command Text in bold style indicates the location of an item within the
(File menu) VisualDSP++ environment’s menu system. For example, the Close
command appears on the File menu.
{this | that} Alternative required items in syntax descriptions appear within curly
brackets and separated by vertical bars; read the example as this or
that.
[this | that] Optional items in syntax descriptions appear within brackets and sepa-
rated by vertical bars; read the example as an optional this or that.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xv

PREFACE
Example Description
[this,…] Optional item lists in syntax descriptions appear within brackets

delimited by commas and terminated with an ellipsis; read the example
as an optional comma-separated list of this.
.SECTION Commands, directives, keywords, and feature names are in text with
letter gothic font.
filename Non-keyword placeholders appear in text with italic style format.
A note, providing information of special interest or identifying a

related topic. In the online version of this book, the word Note appears
instead of this symbol.
A caution, providing information about critical design or program-

ming issues that influence operation of a product. In the online version
of this book, the word Caution appears instead of this symbol.
xvi VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the product and the requirements for running its
latest revision, VisualDSP++ 3.0. It also lists the supported processors and
some of the benefits provided by this release.
The information is organized as follows.
• “Product Description” on page 1-2
• “VisualDSP++ 3.0 System Requirements” on page 1-2
• “Processor Support” on page 1-3
• “Benefits Provided by VisualDSP++ 3.0” on page 1-3
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs 1-1

Product Description
Product Description
VisualDSP++ 3.0 is Analog Devices project management and development
environment for Digital Signal Processor (DSP) application development.
The environment successfully integrates the graphical user interface and
code generation tool chain, enabling programmers to move easily between
editing, building, debugging, and deployment of final products.
The code generation chain is comprised of the processor-specific
development tools: simulator, assembler, C/C++ compilers and libraries,
linker, loaders, splitter, VisualDSP++ Component Software Engineering
(VCSE), VisualDSP++ Kernel (VDK), and utilities necessary for
developing DSP applications.
The product installation CD-ROM also includes an evaluation suite of
the EZ-KIT Lite™ software, which provides programmers with an easy
method for initial evaluation of a target processor system and allows
application prototyping.
The successor to VisualDSP++ 2.0, this software release incorporates a
number of new features and enhancements, described in “New Features
and Enhancements” on page 2-1.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 System Requirements

To install and run VisualDSP++ 3.0, your PC must provide the following
software, configuration, and system resources.
• Windows 98/NT 4.0SP3/2000/ME/XP
• At least 100 MB of available hard drive space
• At least 32 MB of RAM
• CD-ROM drive
1-2 VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

Introduction
• Internet Explorer 4.01 or later
Processor Support
VisualDSP++ 3.0 supports the following 16-bit, fixed-point processors.
• ADSP-2181, ADSP-2183, ADSP-2184/84L/84N,
ADSP-2185/85L/85M/85N, ADSP-2186/86L/86M/86N,
ADSP-2187L/84L/87N, ADSP-2188L/88N, and
ADSP-2189M/89N
• ADSP-2191, ADSP-2192-12, ADSP-2195 (new), ADSP-2196
(new), ADSP-21990 (new), ADSP-21991 (new), and ADSP-21992
(new)
Benefits Provided by VisualDSP++ 3.0

Some of the benefits provided by VisualDSP++ Release 3.0 include:
• Support for new architectures. VisualDSP++ 3.0 includes support
for new 16-bit, fixed-point processors: ADSP-2195 and
ADSP-2196 as well as for ADSP-21990, ADSP-21991, and
ADSP-21992, mixed-signal DSP controllers.
• Rapid application development (RAD). The tight integration
between the VisualDSP++ environment and the underlying tools
enables you to develop applications rapidly, as you do not have to
create all the required control code manually. Using automatic code
generation and file templates, you can concentrate on algorithms
and control flow rather than on implementation details.
VisualDSP++ provides both the means to develop code that is easy
to read and maintain and the option to optimize manually.

• Easy-to-use debugging activities. Debug with one common,

easy-to-use interface for all processor simulators and emulators, or
hardware evaluation and development boards. Switch easily
between these targets.
• Multiple language support. Debug programs written in C, C++
(ADSP-219x DSPs only), or assembly, and view your program in
machine code. For programs written in C/C++, you can view the
source in either C/C++ or mixed C/C++ and assembly, and can
display the values of local variables or evaluate expressions (global
and local) based on the current context.
• Effective debug control. Set breakpoints on symbols and addresses
and then step through the program’s execution to find problems in
coding logic. Set watchpoints (conditional breakpoints) on
registers, stacks, and memory locations to identify when they are
accessed.
• Tools for improving performance. Use the trace, profile, and linear
and statistical profiles to identify bottlenecks in your DSP
application and to identify program optimization needs. Use
plotting to view data arrays graphically. Generate interrupts,
outputs, and inputs to simulate real-world application conditions.
• Multiprocessor debugging (ADSP-219x DSPs only). You can easily
manage and debug any number of processors from the same debug
session. Fully synchronous multiprocessor operations such as step,
run, and halt allow cycle-accurate debugging of complex systems.
You can arrange processors into logical groups for better control of
system’s behavior.
• Code reusability. Programmers often begin a new project by writing
infrastructure portions that transfer data between algorithms. The
VisualDSP++ Kernel (VDK) provides this control logic as a

Introduction
standard, portable, and reusable library. The kernel’s design takes

advantage of commonality in user applications and encourages code
reuse.
Each thread of execution is created from a user-defined template,
either at boot time or dynamically by another thread. Multiple
threads can be created from the same template, but the state
associated with each created instance of the thread remains unique.
Each thread template represents a complete encapsulation of an
algorithm that is unaware of other threads in the system unless it has
a direct dependency.
The kernel also promotes good coding practice and organization by
partitioning large applications into blocks or subsystems of
functionality that are easy to maintain.
• Flexibility and extensibility. VisualDSP++ Component Software
Engineering (VCSE) tools simplify the process of developing,
documenting, and validating reusable software components.
VisualDSP++ support includes the means to display information about
available components and to incorporate them into a project. You use
the VCSE Interface Definition Language (VIDL) to define interfaces
and the components that implement them.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 provides a VIDL compiler that enables you to create

and use components without becoming familiar with the detail of the
model and mechanism involved. VisualDSP++ 3.0 also provides
wizards for creating interfaces and components.


2 NEW FEATURES AND
ENHANCEMENTS
Table 2-0.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 has a number of new features and enhancements

designed to increase productivity and shorten application development
cycles. This chapter describes the new features and enhancements
introduced in environment, tools, and documentation.
The information is presented as follows.
• “Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE)”
on page 2-2
• “Simulator” on page 2-8
• “Assemblers” on page 2-10
• “Compiler and Library” on page 2-14
• “Linker” on page 2-18
• “Documentation” on page 2-20
• “VisualDSP++ Component Software Engineering (VCSE)” on page
2-23
• “VisualDSP++ Kernel” on page 2-25
• “Object Protection” on page 2-27

Integrated Development and Debugging Environment (IDDE)
Integrated Development and

Debugging Environment (IDDE)
The IDDE provides these new features and enhancements:
• “External Makefile Execution” on page 2-2
• “New Profiler Interface” on page 2-3
• “New Streams Interface” on page 2-4
• “Image Viewer” on page 2-5
• “Flash Programmer” on page 2-7
• “Editor Enhancements” on page 2-7
For more information, refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide for
ADSP-21xx DSPs and online Help.
External Makefile Execution

The IDDE has been enhanced to support the loading and building of
external gmake-compatible makefiles. This feature enables you to develop,
maintain, and use your own external makefile without having to leave the
IDDE. When you open a makefile, it is displayed in the Project window
as a single file node. Double-clicking on the makefile icon in the Project
window opens the makefile in the editor window. A syntax highlighting
file is provided for easier makefile editing.
The IDDE does not consume, parse, or perform any type of syntax
checking on the makefile and does not modify the loaded makefile in any
way. While a makefile is opened, all project related commands with the
exception of Build and Build All are disabled. When a Build or Build All
command is issued, the gmake engine is executed and all output is
displayed on the Build page of the Output window.

New Features and Enhancements
If an error occurs, the error text, which includes the line number and
name of the file, appears on the Build page of the Output window. The
error text conforms to the syntax described in the section “Error Message
Numbering and Help” on page 2-20. Double-clicking the text opens the
specified file and places the cursor on the line that has the error.
New Profiler Interface

The legacy profiling tool supported by simulators has been merged with
the new statistical/linear profiler.
The Profile option has been removed from the Tools menu and from the
View/Debug Windows menu since the legacy profiler is no longer
supported.
Linear Profiling
A new linear profiling interface is available for the ADSP-219x DSP
simulator only. Emulators continue to use the statistical profiling
interface. A new menu option (New Profile) under Tools and Linear
Profiling opens the Linear Profiling Results window.
Settings in the Profile Window Properties dialog box control which and
how data items are utilized in the profiling interface. To open the
properties dialog box, right-click in the Linear Profiling Results window.
From the Display tab, select the profiling data items to display. The linear
profiling interface enables the simulator to pass additional profiling data,
such as cache hits and misses, which can be displayed in additional
columns.

From the Filter tab, choose one of the following items to profile.
• Entire memory space. The linear and statistical profilers have the
same behavior as in VisualDSP++ 2.0.
• C/C++ functions. Choose functions to profile from a list of
available functions. The profiler discards any collected PC samples
that are not within the selected functions.
• Memory ranges. Specify the start and end addresses of the memory
ranges to profile. The profiler discards any collected program
counter (PC) samples that are not within the selected memory
ranges.
Most of the time, when building debug versions of the code, you profile
without concern for non-debug code. A check box provides the option of
filtering out any PC samples that have no corresponding debug
information. If you put a check mark in the box, the profiler discards any
PC samples that have no debug information.
Statistical Profiling
The Statistical Profiling Results window (emulator only) has been
modified to include a horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the window.
The scroll bar is useful when the window is not big enough to display both
the histogram and source panes.
New Streams Interface

The Streams dialog box (under the Settings menu) has been overhauled to
make the process of creating or modifying a stream easier. The dialog box
contains a list of current streams. Add new streams by pressing the Add
button to invoke the Add New Stream dialog box to guide you through
the setup procedure. Modify current streams by selecting a stream from a
list of current streams and pressing the Edit button. The Edit Stream
dialog box appears to guide you through the edit procedure.

The settings for the streams are automatically saved and restored to ensure
you do not have to set up the streams every time you start the IDDE. The
settings are saved on a per-session basis.
Tcl Commands
VisualDSP++ 3.0 has extended Tcl command set (version 8.3) with several
procedures for steaming data into and from the actual or simulated DSP
target. VisualDSP++ introduces the following Tcl commands for stream
management.
Table 2-1. New Tcl Commands
Command Description
dspaddstream Adds a stream to the debug session.
dspdeletestream Deletes the stream identified by ID.
dspdeleteallstream Deletes all the streams in the debug session.
dspliststream Returns the list of streams. The list consists of the ID of the stream,
source device or a file, destination device or a file.
For more information, see the VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide and online
Help.
Image Viewer
An IDDE plug-in window allows to display image and video data or DSP
memory stored in a PC image file. Supported file types include .BMP,
.JPEG, .PPM, and .MPEG.

The following dialog boxes control the Image Viewer settings.

• The Configuration dialog box enables the image source (memory or
file) and image attributes to be defined. If the image is located in
DSP memory, the image address, size, and format must be specified.
The image is read from DSP memory, based on the parameters
entered. If the image is located in a file, the image size is determined
automatically. The image data is read from the file and is transferred
to DSP memory, starting at the specified start address.
• The Image Viewer window renders the image. Scroll bars are
enabled if the image is larger than the window. Buttons for zooming
the image in and out are available. Each press of the zoom-in or
zoom-out button enlarges or decreases the size of the image by a
factor of 2. As the mouse is moved over the image, the status bar
displays:
• DSP address where the selected pixel is located
• Red, green, and blue (RGB) pixel values
• Column and row in pixel coordinates
• The Gamma Correction dialog box provides slider controls for
adjusting the red, green, and blue (RGB) pixel values of the image.
Linking the sliders adjusts the brightness of the image. Clicking OK
writes the adjusted image data to DSP memory.
• The Export dialog box enables the image to be sent to a printer or
copied to the clipboard or a file.
• The Property dialog box displays image address and attributes.
• The Play Video dialog box allows to play a video clip of MPEG data
stored in DSP memory.

Flash Programmer
The VisualDSP++ Flash Programmer (under Tools and Flash Programmer)
provides a consistent, generic interface to numerous DSPs and flash
memory devices, allowing you to modify a flash device’s memory.
The new utility provides a convenient user interface that simplifies the
process of changing data values on a flash device. You no longer have to
remove the flash memory from the board—use a separate Flash
Programmer and then replace the flash.
For more information, see the VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide and online
Help.
Editor Enhancements
New features to VisualDSP++ 3.0 editor windows include:
• Right-click menu command that toggles the display of line numbers
• Brace matching based on the position of the text cursor
• Auto-positioning of closing curly brackets for proper alignment
with preceding opening brace
• Right-click command to open header files from the file name in an
#include statement
• Support for dragging and dropping text into an open Expressions

window

Simulator
Simulator
VisualDSP++ 3.0 simulator for ADSP-219x DSPs is a cycle accurate simu-
lator with a six-stage pipeline. The simulator functionality models the
behavior of the following.
• Instruction set
• Processor sequencer
• Memory hierarchy, including the external SRAM
• Registers, including the MMRs

• All the core peripherals
• All memory transactions
The processor state is updated after each instruction execution.
The correct execution count trails the execution of the instruction by at
least the length of the sequencer pipeline and maybe more. When you
break execution of the simulator, the cycle count may not be accurate. At
the completion of the program, the cycle count is correct.
Pipeline Viewer
The Pipeline Viewer (ADSP-219x DSPs only), under View and Debug
Windows, enables you to understand how the processor affects the execu-
tion timing of your program.
The Pipeline Viewer window displays the pipeline stages and
cycle-by-cycle analysis of the instructions passing through the stages. The
window The window also displays informational messages for instructions
indicated with an event icon. These types of messages may appear:
• Stalls detected

• Kills detected
• Multicycle instruction messages
For more information, see the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Getting Started Guide,
VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide, and online Help.

Assemblers
Assemblers
VisualDSP++ Release 3.0 provides new assembler features:
• “Code Sequence Analysis” on page 2-10
• “C Headers and Structures Import” on page 2-11
• “C Structures Support” on page 2-12
• “Conditional Assembly” on page 2-13
For more information, refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Assembler and
Preprocessor Manual for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs and online
Help.
Code Sequence Analysis

New command line switches -stallcheck=cond and -stallcheck=all
help optimize assembly code by providing code sequence analysis and
feedback on latencies and stalls. Feedback from the assembler consists of
informational messages displayed in the Output window of VisualDSP++.
You can review dynamic information about latencies and stalls as provided
by a cycle accurate simulator.
A latency condition (use before availability) exists when a pair of
instructions incur extra cycles between them because of their proximity to
each other in the code. Such cases are reported when you use the default
switch:
-stallcheck=cond
You can avoid a latency condition’s cycle loss by separating the two
instructions with as many instructions as cycles lost.
Multicycle behavior exists when an instruction, sometimes only under
certain circumstances, takes more than one cycle to complete. You cannot

avoid this cycle loss without removing the instruction that causes it. Such
cases (in addition to conditional stalls) are reported when you use the
following switch:
-stallcheck=all
C Headers and Structures Import

Now the assemblers can import C header files and access structures
defined in C header files. VisualDSP++ 3.0 includes the following
directive, command line switch, and macros to support this feature.
.IMPORT Directive
The .IMPORT directive makes C struct layouts (declared in the imported file)
visible inside an assembly program. The .IMPORT file is a C header file
preprocessed by the C compiler preprocessor.
The .IMPORT directive provides the assembler with the typedef and struct
names as well as the name, sequence, size, and offset of each data member.
This allows referencing the struct data members by name in assembly file,
just as in C. The assembler calculates the offsets within the structure based on
the size and sequence of the data members. Note that the .IMPORT directive
does not allocate space for a variable of the struct type—that requires the
.STRUCT directive.
Search Option
The assembler calls the compiler to process each header file in an .IMPORT
directive. The -flags-compiler -opt1 [-opt2...] switch takes a list of
one or more comma-separated options, which are passed onto the
compiler command line for .IMPORT header compilations. Use this switch
to override the order in which the include directories are searched. The
-flags-compiler options always take precedence over the assembler’s -I
options.

Assemblers
Macros
For each .IMPORT header, the assembler calls the compiler driver with the
appropriate processor option. The compiler sets the machine constants
accordingly to the preprocessor and defines _LANGUAGE_C as 1. The macro
replaces _LANGUAGE_ASM, which is present by default.
C Structures Support
Now the assemblers can call the compilers to process structure definitions
provided by C header files. Release 3.0 includes the following directives,
built-in functions, and macros that support this feature.
For more information about C structures support, refer to the
VisualDSP++ 3.0 Assembler and Preprocessor Manual for ADSP-218x and
ADSP-219x DSPs and online Help.
.STRUCT Directive
The .STRUCT directive allows you to define and initialize high-level data
objects within the assembly file in which the directive appears. The
.STRUCT directive creates a struct variable using a C style typedef, as it
follows from the .IMPORT C header file(s). Structure initialization can be
of the long or short form. The difference is that the long form includes
data member names and is assembler-specific, while the short form does
not include data member names and corresponds to the syntax in C
struct initialization.
.EXTERN STRUCT Directive

The .EXTERN STRUCT directive allows an assembly code module to reference a
struct that is defined and initialized in another assembly file or in C
compiled code. Code in the assembly file then can reference the data members
by name, just as if they are declared locally.

Built-in Functions
The assemblers support the offsetof() and sizeof() built-in functions
for passing information obtained from the imported C struct layouts.
The offsetof() builtin is used to calculate the offset of a specified member
from the beginning of its parent data structure. For ADSP-21xx DSPs, the
offsetof() units are in words.
The sizeof() builtin returns the amount of storage associated with an

imported C struct or data member. It provides functionality similar to its C
counterpart. This builtin returns the size in the units appropriate for its
processor. For ADSP-21xx DSPs, the sizeof() units are in words.
Conditional Assembly
VisualDSP++ 3.0 introduces conditional assembly directives for
evaluation of assembly time constants using relational expressions. The
conditional assembly directives are: .IF, .ELIF, .ELSE, and .ENDIF.
These directives are in addition to the C style preprocessing directives
#if, #elif, #else, and #endif. The expressions may include relational
and logical operators.
The assembler supports nested conditional directives. The outer
conditional result propagates to the inner condition, just as it does in C
preprocessing. These directives are reserved keywords.
Refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Assembler and Preprocessor Manual for
ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs and online Help for more information.

Compiler and Library

VisualDSP++ 3.0 ADSP-218x (C) and ADSP-219x (C/C++) DSP
compilers provide advantages in performance over VisualDSP++ 2.0. The
compilers generate efficient code that is optimized for both size and
execution.
Of the new features and enhancements, the most notable are:
• “Pragmas” on page 2-14
• “ETSI Support” on page 2-17
• “Preprocessing of VIDL Files” on page 2-17
The compilers also include a number of processor-specific enhancements.
For information on these enhancements, refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 C
Compiler and Library Manual for your target DSP.
Pragmas
ADSP-21xx DSP compilers support a number of pragmas. Pragmas are
implementation-specific directives that modify the compiler’s behavior
for:
• Data alignment
• Interrupt or exception handling
• General optimization
• External module linkage
• Stack usage (ADSP-218x DSPs only)

Data Alignment Pragma

The align num pragma is useful for declaring arrays that need to be on a
circular boundary. Such arrays might be required to make use of a
bit-reversal sorting algorithm implemented using the ADSP-219x DSP
DAG1 bit-reversal mode. For ADSP-218x DSP architectures, the align num
pragma is also useful for declaring arrays at correct base addresses. The
latter can be passed to assembly functions and used as circular buffers or
storage for autobuffering.
Interrupt Handler Pragma

The interrupt pragma applies to the function declaration or definition
that immediately follows the pragma. The pragma causes the compiler to
generate the function code that may be used as a self-dispatching interrupt
handler.
An interrupt pragma function saves its full context, including all modes
and registers required for the function’s operation, and restore the context
upon exit. The function returns using a return from interrupt (RTI)
instruction.
Altregisters Pragma
The altregisters pragma may be used in conjunction with the
interrupt pragma to indicate that the compiler can optimize the saving
and restoring of registers through use of the secondary register sets. Note
the use of the altregisters pragma is not safe when nested interrupts are
enabled.

Optimization Level Pragmas

The optimize_off, optimize_for_space, and optimize_for_speed
pragmas change the optimization level while a given module is being
compiled. These pragmas are subject to the following restrictions.
• They apply only to back-end optimizations. Front-end
optimizations always work with the optimizations specified on the
command line or by the IDDE.
• They are valid only before a function definition.
• They are ignored if optimization is not requested in the IDDE or on
the command line.
• They are ignored if Interprocedural Analysis (IPA) is enabled.
Linkage Pragmas
The linkage pragmas linkage and weak change how a given global
function or variable is viewed during the linking stage.
The linkage_symbol pragma associates the named symbol with the next
external function declaration. It ensures the identifier is used as the
external reference, overriding the default compiler’s behavior.
The weak_entry pragma causes the compiler to generate the function
definition with weak linkage. It applies to the function declaration or
definition that immediately follows the pragma.
Stack Usage Pragma

This pragma applies to the ADSP-218x DSP architectures only. The
make_auto_static pragma is associated with the function definition that
immediately follows the pragma. It directs the compiler to place all
automatic variables used in the function in static store. This may be
beneficial because an access to a static store for the ADSP-218x DSPs is

done in one instruction, while an access to a local automatic stack may

require three instructions.
ETSI Support
The ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) support
for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x processors is a collection of functions
that provides high-performance implementations for operations
commonly required by DSP applications. These operations provided by
the ETSI library (libetsi.dlb) and compiler built-in functions (defined
in ETSI_fract_arith.h) include support for fractional, or fixed-point,
arithmetic. The results obtained from these operations have well defined
overflow and saturation conditions. The ETSI support operations are
Analog Devices extensions to ANSI C standard.
Refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 C/C++ Compiler and Library Manual for
your target DSP for more information.
Preprocessing of VIDL Files

VisualDSP++ 3.0 compiler preprocessor supports the preprocessing of
Interface Definition Language (VIDL) specifications for VCSE
components and interfaces. Every specification (.IDL) is analyzed by the
preprocessor prior to syntax analysis. Refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0
Component Software Engineering User’s Guide and online Help for details.

Linker
Linker
Of the new linker features and enhancements, the most notable are:
• “Expert Linker” on page 2-18
• “Data Elimination” on page 2-19
• “New Default LDF Behavior” on page 2-19
For more information, refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Linker and Utilities
Manual for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs.
Expert Linker
The Expert Linker provides a GUI-based means of supplying the link
commands currently supplied to the linker in a Linker Description File
(.LDF). The tool also provides graphical and hypertext representations of
text output for cross reference, the linker map, and ELFDUMP.
Expert Linker enables you to visualize the commands in an .LDF file, make
changes by manipulating graphical representations of the .LDF file, and
generate an .LDF file. Any .LDF file that the Expert Linker supports can be
read, modified, and written out to ensure support from both the linker
and the Expert Linker. Key features include:
• Ability to display the memory layout (memory maps of supported
parts) in the Expert Linker window and change the memory
description. Use the Memory Map pane’s right-click menu to access
various commands.
• Ability to drag and drop (add, move) sections and object files.
• Representation of object files after “pre-linking.” A determination
of the sections appears in the link after you eliminate unused
functions and objects.

• Zoom functions that provide greater detail of executables and

objects. You can zoom down to symbols and lengths.
Data Elimination
The style of assembly code generated by the compiler was modified to
provide the linker with greater scope for eliminating unneeded data and
code. This modification does not affect the efficiency or size of the
generated code.
New Default LDF Behavior

The default .LDF file no longer enables you to enter user mode by default.
The SMALL configuration, remaining in supervisor mode and not
registering event handlers, is now the default.
Note: To be in user mode, you must pass the USERMODE option to the
linker.

Documentation
Documentation
This section describes the changes to online Help and online manuals.
Online Help
New VisualDSP++ online Help features include error message numbering,
a unified index for all manuals in the documentation set, and the ability to
search for keywords across the documentation set.
Error Message Numbering and Help

Tools that do batch processing can produce a list of errors and warnings
when returning a result. Error reporting has been enhanced as follows.
• Every error is uniquely identified with a number that is consistent
from release to release. Consistent numbering enables you to
become familiar with the meaning of an error message.
• Tool identifiers prepended to error numbers identify the tool
involved when an error is reported to customer support. The tool
prefixes are defined as follows.
ar0001 archiver
cc0001 compiler
ea0001 assembler
el0001 Expert Linker
ld0001 loader
li0001 linker
pp0001 assembler/linker preprocessor

• Every error is documented. Detailed information about an error

includes the severity level, condition that causes the error and
remedy, examples, and related information.
• Error messages are output in a format that can be parsed by the
IDDE. Where applicable, they include file name and line number
information. Error messages that do not refer to a particular source
location do not include the file name and line number information.
• Every tool uses the same hierarchy of error message severity,
described as follows from the highest to the lowest level of severity.
fatal Identifies an error so severe that further processing of the input is

suspended. The tool reports a failure.
error Identifies a problem that causes the tool to report a failure. Further
processing of the input might be allowed to continue to enable
additional problems to be reported.
warning Identifies a situation that does not prevent the tool from processing
the input, but may indicate potential problems
remark Provides information of possible interest
• You can suppress the reporting of warnings and remarks.

• You can promote or demote error messages individually. You can
demote an error to a warning or remark, and you can promote a
remark or warning to an error. You can also restrict the errors that
can be promoted or demoted. For example, a condition in the input
that might crash the tool can be set to ensure it is always an error.
• You can suppress or restrict the reporting of an individual error
message at the command line through #pragma in the input source.
The form of the pragma is consistent across all tools to enable
header files to be shared.

Documentation
To view an explanation of the error message, select the six-character error

identifier (for example, cc0251) in the Output window’s Build page and
press the F1 key. Error message details appear in the Help window.
Unified Index and Search

Index entries from all the VisualDSP++ 3.0 manuals have been merged
into one unified index, which you can access by clicking the Index tab in
the online Help. You can use the Search function in the online Help to
search for keywords and instructions across all VisualDSP++ 3.0
publications for the target processor family. The Help window lists each
occurrence and its location (manual).
Online Manuals
Some manuals in the VisualDSP++ 3.0 documentation set have been
converted to HTML Help and merged to facilitate searches in the online
Help. Each book is still available in PDF format. To access VisualDSP++
online documentation from online Help, click the Start button and
choose Programs, VisualDSP, and VisualDSP++ Help.
The Docs directory of your tools installation contains a complete set of
documentation for Digital Signal Processors that are supported by your
VisualDSP++ development tools suite. The set is comprised of
VisualDSP++ tools manuals, hardware manuals, and data sheets placed in
the appropriate folders:
• Datasheets directory contains one .PDF file for each data sheet.
• Tools Manuals directory contains one .PDF file for each tool
manual.
• Hardware Manuals directory contains one .PDF file for each chapter
in each manual.

VisualDSP++ Component Software

Engineering (VCSE)
VCSE consists of a combination of tools and guidelines that simplify the
process of developing reusable components and help to document and
validate such components. These tools and guidelines:
• Enable applications to incorporate and use software algorithm
components from other developers easily and with confidence
• Ensure that components from multiple vendors do not interact with
each other in unpredictable ways or have resource clashes
• Allow components to be developed in assembly, C, or C++ and be
used from applications developed in any of these languages
• Allow components to be reused easily
• Allow comparison of algorithms that offer the same functionality
• Encourage third party developers to provide the implementation of
algorithms as easily used components
VCSE supports an Interface Definition Language (IDL) and a VIDL
compiler that enable developers to specify and then create and use
components without having to become familiar with the detail of the
model and its mechanisms. The VIDL compiler processes the specification
of the interfaces that a component supports and generates the framework code
needed to implement the component. The developer of the component can
then concentrate on providing the implementation of the methods that the
component is to provide. In addition, the VIDL compiler can generate a
simple test harness to help in testing the component.

VisualDSP++ Component Software Engineering (VCSE)
Integration with VisualDSP++

Integration of VCSE with VisualDSP++ simplifies the process of creating
components and of incorporating and utilizing components from a variety of
developers.
VCSE menu options are accessed from the Tools menu and enable you to:
• Use a wizard to create an new interface specification
• Use a wizard to create a VCSE component and a project to build the
component
• Create a project to support the creation of a VCSE component
• Install and view components on the local system
• Download and install new or updated components from the ADI
web site
• Add an installed component to a project

VisualDSP++ Kernel
The following VisualDSP++ Kernel (VDK) features have been added in
Release 3.0.
• Inter-thread messaging
• A block-based memory manager
• Dynamic creation of semaphores and device flags
• Counting (taking any value within a specified range) semaphores
• Support for measuring thread stack usage
• Local storage for threads
• Sizeable reductions in the costs of many common API functions and a
significant reduction in interrupt latency
• Kernel page support for the new functionality
You can use VDK messages to:
• Communicate information between threads
• Control access to a shared resource
• Signal the occurrence of an event and communicate information
about the event
• Allow two threads to synchronize
The maximum number of supported messages can be configured
separately for each project, and the messages owned by each thread can be
viewed in the VDK Status window.

VisualDSP++ Kernel
The memory pool manager provides support for deterministic and highly
efficient memory allocation for one or more memory pools. Each memory
pool contains memory blocks of a single size, but multiple pools can be
defined, each with a different block size.
Device driver support has been redesigned and device drivers are now
constructed as input/output objects. See the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Kernel
(VDK) User’s Guide for instructions on how to convert device drivers of
the previous release for use in Release 3.0 projects.
Enhanced VDK Status Window

The VDK Status window’s tree view has been extended to display values
for:
• Additional thread items (last error, stack, and message queue)
• Semaphores
• Events
• Event words
• Device flags
• Memory pools
Enhanced State History Window

The VDK State History window displays:
• Log events, including user defined events
• User-configurable colors, patterns, and fonts
Each thread state can have a color and pattern. Each event can have a color
but not a pattern. Font selection applies to all text in the display. Selecting

Use as default loads the custom settings each time the VDK State History
window is created.
Object Protection
DSP tools now support the encryption and decryption of object files. This
feature enables algorithm providers to distribute objects and libraries
under license protection.

Object Protection

3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
RELEASES
Table 3-1.
This chapter describes the differences between VisualDSP++ 3.0 and

VisualDSP++ 2.0. Read this chapter if upgrading from the previous
software release.
VisualDSP++ 3.0 produces code compatible with VisualDSP++ 2.0, so the
existing project files (.DPJ) can be imported into the new release.
However, once the project file is imported, you are not able to bring the
project back in the VisualDSP++ 2.0. Similar, new projects created using
VisualDSP++ 3.0 cannot be used by earlier versions of the tools.
Of the new and changed features, the following have the most impact on
your existing project files:
• “Assembler and Preprocessor Differences” on page 3-2
• “Compiler and Library Differences” on page 3-6
• “Linker Differences” on page 3-12
• “ADSP-219x DSP Loader/Splitter” on page 3-14
• “ADSP-2192-12 DSP Loader/Splitter” on page 3-15
• “File Formats” on page 3-15
• “VDK Differences” on page 3-16

Assembler and Preprocessor Differences

VisualDSP++ 3.0 ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSP assemblers have some
differences you may encounter when upgrading from VisualDSP++ 2.0.
There are some differences to the preprocessor as well.
The following changes have the most impact on your existing assembly
projects.
• “Command Line Switches” on page 3-2
• “Directives” on page 3-3
• “Built-in Functions and Operators” on page 3-4
• “Table 3-4 briefly describes the new assembly built-in functions and
preprocessor operator.” on page 3-4
Command Line Switches

ADSP-21xx DSP assemblers introduce the following command line
switches (Table 3-2).
Table 3-2. New Assembler Switches
Switch Description
-flags-pp -opt1 [,-opt2...] Passes the specified option or a list of options to the
compiler. Used when compiling .IMPORT C header files.
-proc ADSP-ID Specifies an ADSP-218x or ADSP-219x processor for

which the assembler should produce suitable code.
-Wnumber1 [,number2 ...] Suppresses any report of the specified warning or a list of
warning.

Differences Between Releases
Directives
The following assembly directives are new to Release 3.0 (Table 3-3).
Note that these directives are reserved keywords.
Table 3-3. New Assembly Directives
Directive Description
.ENDIF Ends a conditional assembly block.
.ELIF Adds an alternative condition to the .IF/.ENDIF conditional block.
.ELSE Adds an alternative condition to the .IF /.ENDIF conditional block.
.EXTERN STRUCT References a global symbol that was defined in another file.
.IF Begins a conditional assembly block.
.IMPORT Provides the assembler with the structure layout (C struct )

information.
.LIST Starts listing of source lines.
.LIST_DATA Starts listing of data opcodes.
.LIST_DATFILE Starts listing of data initialization files.
.LIST_DEFTAB Sets the default tab width for listings.
.LIST_LOCTAB Sets the local tab width for listings.
.LIST_WRAPDATA Starts wrapping opcodes that do not fit listing columns.
.NOLIST Stops listing of source lines.
.NOLIST_DATA Stops listing of data opcodes.
.NOLIST_DATFILE Stops listing of data initialization files.

Table 3-3. New Assembly Directives (Cont’d)
Directive Description
.NOLIST_WRAPDATA Stops wrapping opcodes that do not fit listing columns.
.STRUCT Defines and initializes data objects based on C typedefs from

.IMPORT C header files.
Built-in Functions and Operators

Table 3-4 briefly describes the new assembly built-in functions and
preprocessor operator.
Table 3-4. New Assembly Functions and Preprocessor Operator
Operator Description
offsetof() Calculates the offset of a specified member from the beginning of its
parent data structure. For ADSP-21xx DSPs, units are in words.
sizeof() Returns the amount of storage associated with an imported C struct or

data member.
... Specifies a variable length argument list in macro definition statements.

Predefined Macros
Predefined macros are defined by the assembler to specify the architecture
and language being processed. The following table lists two new macros
defined by the assembler when it invokes the preprocessor.
Table 3-5. Assembler Feature Macros
Macro Definition Notes
-D_LANGUAGE_ASM =1 Always present.
-D_LANGUAGE_C=1 Used for C compiler calls to specify .IMPORT headers.

Replaces _LANGUAGE_ASM .

Compiler and Library Differences

The compiler differences between Releases 3.0 and 2.0 are as follows.
• “Input and Output Files” on page 3-8
• “Pragmas” on page 3-9
• “Library Functions” on page 3-11

VisualDSP++ 3.0 compilers introduce some new command line switches.
These C mode switches are listed in Table 3-6.
Table 3-6. New Compiler Switches
Switch Description
-alttok Allows alternative keywords and sequences in sources.
-debug-types Supports building a *.h file directly and writing a complete set of
debugging information for the header file.
-dollar New for ADSP-218x DSP compiler. Accepts dollar signs in

symbols.
-J Performs "old-style" preprocessing.
-Mt filename Makes dependencies for the specified source file.
-MQ Generates make rules only; does not compile. No notification

when input files are missing.
-no-dir-warnings Disables warnings about include and library switch directories that
do not exist.

Table 3-6. New Compiler Switches (Cont’d)
Switch Description
-no-dollar New for the ADSP-218x DSP compiler. Stops accepting dollar
signs in symbols.
-no-widen-muls Disable widening multiplications optimization.
-opt-forspace Produces code optimized for minimal size.
-path tool directory Updated for the ADSP-219x DSP compiler. Now uses the specified
directory as the location of the driver definition file, in addition to
the assembler, compiler, archiver, or linker.
-pch Generates and uses precompiled header files (*.pch ).
-pchdir directory Specifies the location of PCH repository.
-proc ADSP-ID Specifies a processor for which the compiler should produce
suitable code.
-val-global Specifies that the names given by <name-list > are present in all
<name-list> globally defined variables.
-W{error|remark| Functionally modified. Overrides the default severity of the

suppress|warn} num- specified diagnostic messages (errors, remarks, or warnings).
ber
-workaround Enables code generator workaround for specific hardware defects.

The compilers of the current release do not support all the command line
switches presented in VisualDSP++ 2.0. The removed switches are listed
in Table 3-7.
Table 3-7. Obsolete Compiler Switches
Switch Description
-ansi Supports ANSI/ISO standard C language.
-deps Instructs driver to rebuild only components of a target that have

changed.
-Fno Disables the specified level of optimization.
-MD Generates make rules and outputs to a file.
-no_std_ass Ignores any predefined assertions and predefined system-specific

preprocessor macros.
Input and Output Files

VisualDSP++ 3.0 compilers can process Interface Definition Language,
template instantiation, memory map, and symbol map files, as described
in Table 3-8.
Table 3-8. New Input/Output Files
File Extension Description
.IDL Interface Definition Language specifications for VCSE components

and interfaces.
.II ADSP-219x DSP compiler only. Template instantiation files; used

internally by the compiler when instantiating C++ templates.

Table 3-8. New Input/Output Files (Cont’d)
.MAP DSP system memory map file output.
.SYS DSP system symbol map file output.
Pragmas
Table 3-9 through Table 3-14 list VisualDSP++ 3.0 pragmas for data
alignment, interrupt handling, alternative registers usage, optimization,
linkage, and stack usage.
Table 3-9. Data Alignment Pragma
Pragma Description
align number Applies to the symbol that immediately follows the number
argument. Useful for declaring circular buffer arrays.
Table 3-10. Interrupt Handler Pragma
Pragma Description
interrupt Applies to the function definition that immediately follows the

pragma. Causes generation of the function code that can be used as
interrupt handler.
Table 3-11. Alternative Registers Pragma
Pragma Description
altregisters Used with the interrupt pragma. Specifies that the secondary
registers can be used for saving and restoring of registers.

Table 3-12. Optimization Pragmas
Pragma Description
optimize_off Turns off the optimizer if it is enabled.
optimize_for_space Turn the optimizer back on if it is disabled, or switch focus

optimize_for_speed between reducing code size and increasing performance if the
optimizer has been already enabled.
Table 3-13. Linking Pragmas
Pragma Description
linkage_name Ensures that the named variable or function declaration is

used as the external reference.
weak_entry Applies to the symbol or functional definition that

immediately follows the pragma. Causes generation of the
symbol or function with weak linkage.
Table 3-14. ADSP-218x DSPs Stack Usage Pragma
Pragma Description
make_auto_static Applies to the ADSP-218x DSP architectures only. The

pragma is associated with the function definition that
immediately follows the pragma. It directs the compiler to
place all automatic variables used in the function in static
store.

Library Functions
The libraries provided with the current release of software have a number
of new and enhanced functions, as described in Table 3-15.
Table 3-15. Library Functions
Function Description
external_memory_read() sysreg.h allows the use of functions that generate efficient

external_memory_write() inline instructions to implement read and write of values
from and to external memory.
interruptf The interruptf interrupt dispatcher does the same as

interrupt, except it switches between primary and secondary
register sets to save and restore registers instead of using the
data stack.
signalf The signalf interrupt dispatcher does the same as interrupt,

except it switches between primary and secondary register sets
to save and restore registers instead of using the data stack.
cotf Added as part of the cot function.
CFIR For ADSP-219x DSPs only. Improved function description and

syntax synopsis.
FIR For ADSP-219x DSPs only. Improved function description and

syntax synopsis.
FIR_DECIMA For ADSP-219x DSPs only. Improved function description and

syntax synopsis.
FIR_INTERP For ADSP-219x DSPs only. Improved function description and

syntax synopsis.
IIR For ADSP-219x DSPs only. Improved function description and

syntax synopsis.
acos, asin, atan, Trigonometric functions. Improved function description and

atan2, cos syntax synopsis.

Linker Differences
Linker Differences
VisualDSP++ 3.0 linker, Linker Description File, and utilities provide the
following changes:
• “LDF Operators” on page 3-13
• “Builtin LDF Macros” on page 3-13
• “LDF Commands” on page 3-13

The switches listed in Table 3-16 have been introduced in VisualDSP++
3.0.
Table 3-16. New Linker Switches
Switch Description
-od fileName Specifies the output directory. Sets the value of the
$COMMAND_LINE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY macro as 1.
-proc ADSP-ID Specifies a target processor for which the linker should produce
suitable code.

LDF Operators
Table 3-17 lists the new LDF operator for use in memory address
expressions.
Table 3-17. New LDF Operator
LDF Operator Description
ABSOLUTE(expression) The linker returns the value expression. Use this operator to
assign an absolute address to a symbol.
Builtin LDF Macros

Table 3-18 describes the new LDF built-in macro.
Table 3-18. New Builtin LDF Macro
Switch Description
$COMMAND_LINE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY The macro expands into the path of the output

directory, which is set with the linker’s -od switch (or
-o switch when -od is not specified).
LDF Commands
The following LDF command (Table 3-19) is no longer supported.
Table 3-19. Obsolete LDF Command
Switch Description
DYNAMIC() The DYNAMIC() command allows a Dynamic Linking Object

(DLO) to be located at runtime.

ADSP-219x DSP Loader/Splitter
ADSP-219x DSP Loader/Splitter

Table 3-20 lists the command line options that are new to VisualDSP++
3.0 loader, which also includes the splitting functionality, for
ADSP-2191, ADSP-2195, ADSP-2196, ADSP-21990, ADSP-21991, and
ADSP-21992 DSPs.
Table 3-20. New ADSP-219x Loader Switches
Switch Description
-dADSP-2195 Specifies the processor. The new DSP IDs are: ADSP-2195,
-dADSP-2196 ADSP-2196, ADSP-21990, ADSP-21991, and ADSP-21992.
-dADSP-21990
-dADSP-21991
-dADSP-21992
-proc ADSP-ID Preferable way to specify the processor. The valid IDs are: ADSP-2191,
ADSP-2195, ADSP-2196, ADSP-21990, ADSP-21991, and
ADSP-21992.
-p address Specifies a hexadecimal integer as the PROM starting address.
-readall Creates a non-bootable image and non-boot stream image in the same
output file, together with the boot-loadable image.
-romsplitter Creates a non-bootable image only. This switch overwrites -b

boot_type and any other switch bounded by boot types.
-maskaddr # Masks all EPROM address bits above or equal to #.
-split #[#] Valid only when width is 16. Generates two output files for the 16-bit
wide EMI data bus.
-forcefirstbyte Forces the writing of the first byte of the UART boot stream. Use this
option when the bit rate is high.
-host3bytes HOST boot only, when width is 8. Uses three bytes to represent 24-bit
data. The default is four bytes with one byte of zero padding.

Refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Linker and Utilities Manual for ADSP-218x
and ADSP-219x DSPs and online Help for more information about the
ADSP-219x loader.
ADSP-2192-12 DSP Loader/Splitter

Table 3-21 lists the command line option that is new to VisualDSP++ 3.0.
Table 3-21. New ADSP-2192-12 Loader Switch
Switch Description
-proc ADSP-2192 The preferable way to specify the ADSP-2192-12 processor.
Refer to the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Linker and Utilities Manual for ADSP-218x
and ADSP-219x DSPs for further information about the ADSP-2192-12
loader.
File Formats
Table 3-8 lists the newly added file formats.
Table 3-22. New Input/Output Files
.BNA IDMA host boot file format.
.IDM ASCII-byte stream format.
For more information, see “File Formats” in the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Linker
and Utilities Manual for ADSP-218x and ADSP-219x DSPs.

VDK Differences
VDK Differences
The VDK differences between VisualDSP++ 2.0 and VisualDSP++ 3.0 are
as follows.
• Device driver architecture has fundamentally changed. Device
drivers have become part of the I/O interface, and are,
consequently, now class based.
While the underlying changes to device drivers have a minimal
affect on the use of a device driver, the implementation of the device
driver has changed significantly. Therefore, device drivers created
under VisualDSP++ 2.0 are incompatible with the device driver
model in VisualDSP++ 3.0. Additionally, device flags are no longer
associated with an individual device driver, but are instead created
as global objects.
The VisualDSP++ 3.0 Kernel (VDK) User’s Guide contains an
appendix describing how to convert device drivers created under
VisualDSP++ 2.0 for use in projects built with VisualDSP++ 3.0.
• In VisualDSP++ 2.0, all semaphores are binary semaphores created
at boot time. In VisualDSP++ 3.0 all semaphores are counting
semaphores that can be dynamically created.
• VDK state history is displayed within the VisualDSP++
environment if the vdk.cpp file is compiled with debugging
information, even in Release configuration. There is no negative
impact on runtime performance since this source file contains only
data declarations.

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3.

Revision 1.0, July 2002

Trademark and Service Mark Notice

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs iii

Contacting DSP Publications .................................................... xv

NEW FEATURES AND ENHANCEMENTS

iv VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

C Headers and Structures Import ............................................ 2-11

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs v

Documentation ........................................................................... 2-20

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELEASES

vi VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

Linker Differences ....................................................................... 3-12

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs vii

Thank you for purchasing VisualDSP++™, Analog Devices development

Purpose of This Document

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs vii

Describes VisualDSP++ 3.0 and its benefits, provides the minimal

Describes what is new in the VisualDSP++ 3.0 Integrated Develop-

viii VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

Technical or Customer Support

• Phone questions to 1-800-ANALOGD

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs ix

• ADSP-219x family DSPs: ADSP-2191, ADSP-2192-12,

x VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

DSP Product Information

• Fax questions or requests for information to

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Getting Started Guide for ADSP-21xx DSPs

VisualDSP++ 3.0 C Compiler and Library Manual for ADSP-218x DSPs

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Kernel (VDK) User’s Guide

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xi

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Component Software Engineering User’s Guide

VisualDSP++ 3.0 User’s Guide for ADSP-21xx DSPs

Quick Installation Reference Card

Online Technical Documentation

If documentation is not installed on your system as part of the software

xii VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

From Windows Explorer

From the Web

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xiii

VisualDSP++ Documentation Set

xiv VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

Contacting DSP Publications

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs xv

[this,…] Optional item lists in syntax descriptions appear within brackets

filename Non-keyword placeholders appear in text with italic style format.

A note, providing information of special interest or identifying a

A caution, providing information about critical design or program-

xvi VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs 1-1

VisualDSP++ 3.0 System Requirements

1-2 VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

• Internet Explorer 4.01 or later

Benefits Provided by VisualDSP++ 3.0

VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs 1-3

• Easy-to-use debugging activities. Debug with one common,

1-4 VisualDSP++ 3.0 Product Bulletin for ADSP-21xx DSPs

standard, portable, and reusable library. The kernel’s design takes