A formula sheet for class sixth is important because it provides a handy reference for

students to quickly access important formulas and equations they need to solve
problems in various subjects like mathematics and science. It serves as a helpful tool
for students to reinforce their understanding of key concepts and equations, and it
allows them to save time by not having to search for formulas in textbooks or notes.
Having a formula sheet also promotes confidence in students, as they can easily recall
and apply the necessary formulas to solve different types of questions.

That's why the experts at Careers360 have made an Ebook with all the important
formulas for 6th grade, along with some solved problems to help you understand
how to use them. So, if you want to really understand maths in 6th grade, you should
definitely read the Ebook.

All Important Formulas For Class 6 Maths - Chapter-wise

Chapter 1: Knowing Our Numbers

1. Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth.
𝑛(𝑛+1)
2. Sum of first n natural numbers = 2

3. A number is formed by combining digits, which can only be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, or 9.

4. 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

5. When comparing two numbers, the one with more digits is always greater. If
two numbers have the same digit, the comparison starts from the leftmost
digit.

6. To create the smallest number, begin with 1 in the leftmost position and add
zeroes. For instance, the smallest four-digit number is 1000.

7. To create the largest number, start with 9 in the leftmost position. For
example, the largest four-digit number is 9999.

8. There are specific quantity weights for conversions, such as:

● 1 kilometre (km) = 1000 metres (m)

1
www.careers360.com
 ● 1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm)

● 1 centimetre (cm) = 10 millimetres (mm)

● 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (gm)

● 1 litre (l) = 1000 millilitres (ml)

9. Roman numerals are another system of representation, where each symbol

corresponds to a specific value:

● I – 1

● II – 2

● V – 5

● X – 10

● L – 50

● C – 100

● D – 500

● K – 1000

10.In Roman numerals, you can perform subtraction or addition by placing the
desired quantity to the left or right. For example, 21 can be written as XXI,
and 49 can be written as ILIX.

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: Write the following numbers in expanded form:

(a) 452 (b) 837 (c) 1,205

Solution:

We know that
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

(a) 452 = 4 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 2 = 400 + 50 + 2

2
www.careers360.com
(b) 837 = 8 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 7 = 800 + 30 + 7

(c) 1205 = 1 × 1000 + 2 × 100 + 0 × 10 + 5 = 1000 + 200 + 5

Problem 2: Write the Roman numerals for the following numbers:

(a) 51 (b) 152 (c) 385

Solution:

(a) 49 = LI (b) 152 = CLII (c) 385 = CCCLXXXV

Problem 3: Write the sum of first 20 natural numbers

Solution:
𝑛(𝑛+1)
We know that sum of first n natural numbers is given as 2

20(20+1) 20(21)
Therefore, 𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 2
= 2
= 10 × 21 = 210

Chapter 2: Whole Numbers

1. Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.

2. A factor of a number is a number that divides the other number without

leaving a remainder.

3. A multiple of a number is a number that is exactly divisible by the given

number.

4. The number 1 is a factor of every number and has only one factor.

5. Even numbers are those that are divisible by 2, while odd numbers are not
divisible by 2.

6. Divisibility rules:

● A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.

● A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

3
www.careers360.com
 ● A number is divisible by 4 if the digits in its tens and units place are
divisible by 4.

● A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is 0 or 5.

● A number is divisible by 6 if it satisfies the divisibility rules for both 2

and 3.

● A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its hundreds, tens,

and units placed is divisible by 8.

● A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

● A number is divisible by 10 if its units place digit is 0.

● A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of its

digits in odd places and the sum of its digits in even places is either 0 or
divisible by 11.

7. The LCM (Least Common Multiple) of two numbers, a and b, is the smallest
positive integer that is divisible by both a and b.

8. The HCF (Highest Common Factor) of two numbers, a and b, is the largest
positive integer that divides both a and b.

9. 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏

10.Properties of whole numbers:

● Closure Property of Addition: a + b is a whole number

● Closure Property of Multiplication: a × b is a whole number

● Associativity of Addition:

○ (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

● Associativity of Multiplication:

○ a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c

● Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition:

4
www.careers360.com
 ○ a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c

● Distributive Property of Multiplication over Subtraction:

○ a × (b - c) = a × b - a × c.

● Existence of Multiplicative Identity:

○ a+0=a=0+a

● Existence of Multiplicative Identity:

○ a×0=0=0×a

● Unit Multiplication:

○ a×1=a=1×a

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: Is 24 divisible by 3? If yes, find the quotient.

Solution:

Yes, 24 is divisible by 3 because the sum of its digits (2 + 4) is 6, which is divisible by

3. The quotient is 8.

Problem 2: Find the LCM of 4 and 6.

Solution:

To find the LCM, we list the multiples of both numbers: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32...
and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36...

The smallest number common to both lists is 12.

Therefore, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

Problem 3: Find the HCF of 36 and 48.

Solution:

5
www.careers360.com
To find the HCF, we list the factors of both numbers: 36 (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36)
and 48 (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48).

The largest common factor to both lists is 12.

Therefore, the HCF of 36 and 48 is 12.

Problem 4: What is the value of (2 + 3) × 4?

Solution:

Using the associativity of addition, we can first calculate 2 + 3 = 5. Then,

using the distributive property of multiplication over addition,

we can calculate 5 × 4 = 20.

Therefore, the value of (2 + 3) × 4 is 20.

Chapter 3: Playing With Numbers

1. Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on.

2. Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on.

3. The smallest natural number is 1, and the smallest whole number is 0.

4. A number line is a line where we mark equally spaced points to represent

whole numbers, starting from zero and going on in both positive and negative
directions.

Chapter 4: Basic Geometrical Ideas

1. Line segments:

● Line segments are the shortest distance between two points.

● They are represented by a straight line connecting two specific points,

denoted as 𝐴𝐵.

2. Intersecting lines:

6
www.careers360.com
 ● When two distinct lines meet at a common point, they are called
intersecting lines.

3. Parallel lines:

● Parallel lines are lines that will never intersect each other.

4. Polygons:

● A polygon is a closed figure made up of different line segments.

5. Sides of a polygon:

● The line segments form the sides of a polygon.

6. Adjacent sides:

● Any two sides of a polygon that share a common endpoint are called
adjacent sides.

7. Vertex:

● The point where a pair of sides meet in a polygon is called a vertex.

8. Adjacent vertices:

● Vertices that are located on the same sides of a polygon are called
adjacent vertices.

9. Diagonal:

● A diagonal is a line segment that connects the endpoints of two

non-adjacent vertices in a polygon.

10.Quadrilateral:

● A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides.

11.Opposite sides in a quadrilateral:

● In a quadrilateral ABCD, sides AB and CD are pairs of opposite sides.

● Similarly, sides BC and AD are pairs of opposite sides.

7
www.careers360.com
 12.Opposite angles in a quadrilateral:

● In a quadrilateral ABCD, angles ABC and CDA are pairs of opposite

angles.

● Similarly, angles BCD and DAB are pairs of opposite angles.

13.Adjacent angles:

● Angle BCD is adjacent to angles ABC and CDA.

● Similar relations hold for the other three angles in the quadrilateral.

Chapter 5: Understanding Elementary Shapes

1. Straight angle = 180 degrees and right angle = 90 degrees.

2. Acute angle: When an angle is smaller than a right angle, we call it an acute
angle.

3. Obtuse angle: When an angle is bigger than a right angle but smaller than a
straight angle, we call it an obtuse angle.

4. Reflex angle: When an angle is larger than a straight angle, we call it a reflex
angle.

5. 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

6. 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = (𝑛 − 2) × 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Triangle And Its Type

Based on Triangle Name Description

Sides Scalene triangle All three sides are unequal.

Isosceles triangle Any two sides are equal.

Equilateral triangle All three sides are equal.

8
www.careers360.com
Angles Acute angled triangle All the angles are acute.

Right-angled triangle Anyone's angle is the right angle.

Obtuse angled triangle Anyone's angle is obtuse.

Quadrilaterals

Quadrilateral Type Property

Rhombus All four sides are of equal length.

Square It is a rhombus with four right angles.

Parallelogram It has two pairs of parallel sides.

Rectangle It is a parallelogram with four right angles.

Trapezium It has one pair of parallel sides.

Polygons

Polygon Name No. of Sides

Triangle 3

Quadrilateral 4

Pentagon 5

Hexagon 6

9
www.careers360.com
 Heptagon 7

Octagon 8

Nonagon 9

Decagon 10

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: In a polygon, the sum of the measures of all the interior angles is
900 degrees. If the polygon has 6 sides, find the measure of each interior
angle.

Solution:

The sum of the measures of all the interior angles of a polygon with n sides

can be calculated using the formula: (𝑛 − 2) × 180 degrees. In this case, the

polygon has 6 sides, so the sum of the measures of the interior angles is

(6 − 2) × 180 = 720 degrees.

Since all the interior angles are equal in a regular polygon, each interior angle
720
measures 6
= 120 degrees.

Problem 2: In a triangle, angle A measures 30 degrees, and angle C measures

60 degrees. What is the measure of angle B?

Solution:

Since the sum of angles in a triangle is 180 degrees.

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180 degree

𝐵 = 180 − 𝐴 − 𝐶 = 180 − 30 − 60 = 90 degrees

10
www.careers360.com
Thus, Angle B will be 90 degrees.

Problem 3: A triangle has sides measuring 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. What type
of triangle is it?

Solution:

Since all three sides of the triangle are unequal, it is a scalene triangle.

Problem 4: In a quadrilateral, three angles measure 60 degrees, 80 degrees,

and 100 degrees. What is the measure of the fourth angle?

Solution:

The sum of the measures of angles in a quadrilateral is 360 degrees.

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 360 − (60 + 80 + 100) = 120 Degrees.

Chapter 6: Integers

1. Integers are numbers like -4, -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. They include both
positive and negative whole numbers.

2. Positive integers are numbers like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. They are greater than
zero. Negative integers are numbers like -1, -2, -3, and so on. They are less than
zero.

3. The number 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. It is right in

the middle of the number line.

4. If we imagine a number line, with 0 in the centre, all the numbers to the right
of 0 are positive integers, and all the numbers to the left of 0 are negative
integers.

11
www.careers360.com
5. Opposite numbers are two integers that have the same distance from 0 on the
number line but are on opposite sides. For example, 3 and -3 are opposite
numbers.

6. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 + 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 0

7. The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without
considering its sign. If the integer is positive or zero, the absolute value is the
same as the number itself. If the integer is negative, the absolute value is its
opposite (positive) value.

8.

Operation Rule Result

Integer with the same sign

Same sign: Add the absolute values
and keep the same sign Absolute value is the sum of
the absolute values

Addition of Integer with the sign of the

integers addend (integer) that has a
Opposite signs: Take the difference
greater absolute value has a
between the absolute values and
greater absolute value
keep the sign of the greater absolute
value
Absolute value is the difference
between the absolute values

12
www.careers360.com
 9. To subtract an integer b from another integer a, you can change the sign of b
and add it to a.

𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (− 𝑏)

10.If you subtract one integer (b) from another integer (a), the result (a - b) is also
an integer.

11.All the properties that apply to whole numbers also apply to integers. The
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division work the
same way for integers as they do for whole numbers.

Solved Problems

Problem 1: Find the sum of -5 and 8.

Solution:

Since the signs are different, we subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger
one: 8 +( - 5) = 3. The result is positive, so the sum is 3.

Chapter 7: Fractions
𝐴
1. A fraction can be represented as 𝐵
, where A is called the numerator and B is
called the denominator. The denominator cannot be zero.
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
2. 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟

3. Addition and subtraction of fraction with same denominator

𝐴 𝐶 𝐴+𝐶
𝐵
+ 𝐵
= 𝐵

𝐴 𝐶 𝐴−𝐶
𝐵
− 𝐵
= 𝐵

4. Addition and subtraction of fraction with different denominator

𝐴 𝐶 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐷+𝐶𝐵
𝐵
+ 𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷
+ 𝐵𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷

13
www.careers360.com
 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐷−𝐶𝐵
𝐵
− 𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷
− 𝐵𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷

5. Multiplication: Multiply numerator to numerator and denominator to

denominator
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝐵
× 𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷

6. Division: Flip the second fraction and then multiply with the first fraction.
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐷 𝐴𝐷
𝐵
÷ 𝐷
= 𝐵
× 𝐶
= 𝐵𝐶

Solved Problems:

Solution:

Problem 1: Solve the addition: 3/4 + 2/4.

Since the denominators are the same, we can simply add the numerators:

3 + 2 = 5. Therefore, the result is 5/4.

Problem 2: Solve the subtraction: 5/6 - 1/6.

Solution:

Since the denominators are the same, we can subtract the numerators:

5 - 1 = 4. Therefore, the result is 4/6, which can be simplified to 2/3.

2 4
Problem 3: Solve the multiplication: 3
× 5
.

Solution:

To multiply fractions, we multiply the numerators and denominators:

2×4 8
3×5
= 15

3 2
Problem 4: Solve the division: 4
÷ 3
.

Solution:

14
www.careers360.com
Division is done by flipping the second fraction and multiplying:
3 3 9
4
× 2
= 8
.

Chapter 8: Decimals
1
1. 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 = 10

1
2. 𝐻𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑠 = 100

3. The decimal point is moved to the left by the number of zeros in the
denominator
150
For example 100
= 1. 5 (𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

Chapter 9: Data Handling

𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1 𝑐𝑚 = 100 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

Chapter 10: Mensuration

1. The size of a line segment is its length.

2. Various units of measurement are connected by the following relations:

○ 1 kilometre = 1000 metre (m)

○ 1 metre = 100 centimetre (cm)

○ 1 decimetre = 10 centimetre (cm)

○ 1 metre = 10 decimetre (dm)

○ 1 centimetre = 10 millimetre (mm)

○ 1 foot= 12 inches

○ 1 yard = 3 feet

○ 22 yards = 1 chain

15
www.careers360.com
3. A closed plane gure together with its interior is called the region enclosed by
it.

4. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒

5. 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒

6. A square centimetre is the area of the region formed by a square of 1 cm.

7. Standard units of area and their relations are:

○ 100 mm2 = 1 cm2

○ 100 cm2 = 1 dm2

○ 100 dm2 = 1 m2

○ 10000 cm2 = 1 m2

○ 100 m2 = 1 are

○ 100 ares = 1 hectare

○ 100 hectares = 1 sq. km.

8. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 2 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) 𝑂𝑟, 𝑃 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

9. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 4 × (𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒) 𝑂𝑟, 𝑃 = 4𝑙

10.𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑟, 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑏

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
11.𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ
𝑂𝑟, 𝑙 = 𝑏

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
12.𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑂𝑟, 𝑏 = 𝑙

2
13.𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = (𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒) 𝑂𝑟, 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑙

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: Find the perimeter of a rectangle with length 8 cm and width 5

cm?

16
www.careers360.com
Solution:

Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)

Perimeter = 2 × (8 cm + 5 cm)

Perimeter = 2 × 13 cm

Perimeter = 26 cm

Problem 2: Find the area of a rectangle with length 12 cm and width 6 cm.

Solution:

Area = Length × Width

Area = 12 cm × 6 cm

Area = 72 cm²

Problem 3: Find the perimeter of a square with a side length of 10 cm.

Solution:

Perimeter = 4 × Side

Perimeter = 4 × 10 cm

Perimeter = 40 cm

Problem 4: Find the area of a square with a side length of 7 cm.

Solution:

Area = Side × Side

Area = 7 cm × 7 cm

Area = 49 cm²

Chapter 11: Algebra

1. 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

17
www.careers360.com
 2. Consider two literal numbers x and y

● 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦

● 5 × 𝑥 = 5𝑥

● 𝑥 × 3 = 3𝑥
12
3. 𝑎 × 𝑎 ×............. × 𝑎 (12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 ) = 𝑎
9
4. In expressions like this 𝑥 , the number 9 is called the index or exponent, and
the letter x is called the base.

5. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: Simplify the expression 3x + 2y - 4x.

Solution:

Combining like terms, we have: (3x - 4x) + 2y = -x + 2y

2 2
Problem 2: Simplify the expression 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 ?.

Solution:
2 2 2
Combining like terms, we have: 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 5𝑥
3
Problem 3: Evaluate the expression 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 when x = 4.

Solution:

Substituting x = 4 into the expression,

we have: (43) + 2(4) - 3 = 64 + 8 - 3 = 69.

Problem 4: Evaluate the expression 2x + 3y - x - 4y when x = 5 and y = 2.

Solution:

Substituting x = 5 and y = 2 into the expression

18
www.careers360.com
we have: 2(5) + 3(2) - 5 - 4(2) = 10 + 6 - 5 - 8 = 3.

Problem 5: Simplify the expression 3a2 + 2b2 - 4a2 + b2.

Solution:

we have: 3a2 + 2b2 - 4a2 + b2 = -a2 + 3b2.

Chapter 12: Ratio And Proportion

1. The ratio of a number ‘a’ to another number ‘b’ where 𝑏 ≠ 0 is written as a

𝑎
fraction 𝑏
also represented as a : b. Here the first term is a and the second
term is b.

2. A ratio is said to be in the simplest form if its two terms have no common
factor other than 1

3. The ratio of two numbers is usually expressed in its simplest form.

4. The ratio of two quantities is an abstract quantity, i.e., it has no units in itself.

5. An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If a : b = c : d , then we write a

: b :: c : d.

6. The numbers a, b, c, d are in proportion if the ratio of the first two is equal to
the ratio of the last two, i.e., a : b = c : d.

7. If four numbers a, b, c, d are in proportion, then a and d are known as extreme

terms and b and c are called middle terms.

8. Four numbers are in proportion if the product of extreme terms is equal to

the product of middle terms, i.e., a : b :: c : d if and only if ad = bc.

9. From the terms of a given proportion, we can make three more proportions.

10.If a : b = b : c, then a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion.

11.if a, b, and c are in continued proportion, i.e., a : b :: b : c, then b is called the

mean proportional between a and c.

12.𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐

19
www.careers360.com
13.𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒) 𝑥 (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
14. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
(Unitary Method)

Solved Problems:

Problem 1: Find the mean proportional between 4 and 16.

Solution:

The mean proportional is the square root of the product of the two numbers.

Here, the mean proportion between 4 and 16 is √(4 × 16) = √64 = 8.

Problem 2: If 15:25 = 12:x, find the value of x.

Solution:
15 12
We know that 15:25=12:x can be written as 25
= 𝑥

To find x, we cross multiply: 15x = 25 × 12. Simplifying, we get: 15x = 300. Dividing
both sides by 15, we find x = 20.

Problem 3: The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:5. If there are 24 boys, how
many girls are there?

Solution:

Let's consider there are x girls

3 24
Therefore, 5
= 𝑥

To find x, we cross multiply: 3𝑥 = 5 × 24

5×24
𝑥= 3
= 40

Therefore, there are 40 girls in the class.

Problem 4: If a : b = 5 : 7 and b : c = 4 : 3, find the value of a : b : c.

Solution:

20
www.careers360.com
𝑎 : 𝑏 = 5 : 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 : 𝑐 = 4 : 3

We can rewrite this

𝑎 : 𝑏 = 5 × 4 : 7 × 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 : 𝑐 = 4 × 7 : 3 × 7

𝑎 : 𝑏 = 20 : 28 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 : 𝑐 = 28 : 21

Therefore, 𝑎 : 𝑏 : 𝑐 = 20 : 28 : 21

21
www.careers360.com