VOLUME 1

Section A
 PAES 101 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery
Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General

shield or cover - protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts
of the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides
covered.

casing - protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the
machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides

enclosure - protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures
the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached
inadvertently.

guard construction - guards shall be sufficiently strong. unless it is clearly inappropriate,

these shall, without cracking, tearing or permanently deflecting, withstand a perpendicular
static load of 1,200 n.

safety distance - there may be circumstances where the requirements of clause 3 can
be met by ensuring a safety distance, as described in 5.3, from dangerous part.

safety distance from dangerous part - the safety distance is based on measurements
from the location where a person can occupy to operate, maintain or inspect the
dangerous part.

upward reach - the safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons standing
upright.

reach below barriers - no safety distance is specified where it is possible to reach below
a safety barrier, unless the aperture is small enough to be considered only in relation to
finger, hand or arm access in which case the requirements of 7.1.6 apply.

reach over barriers - barriers, the height of which is less than 1,000 mm above the
location, which a person can occupy, shall not be acceptable.

inside reach through guards - the safety distances depend on the shape of the
openings.

openings - the openings shall not exceed the size appropriate to the distance of the
guard from the moving part.

polygonal openings - polygonal openings, where the diameter of the largest circle that
can be inscribed is not less than the distance between the two apexes that are the furthest
apart, shall meet the same requirements as for round openings.
pinching points - a pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body
illustrated in table 4 if the appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained.

operating manuals - where safety precautions are necessary during operation and
servicing of agricultural machines, appropriate instructions shall be provided with the
machine.

warning notices - durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where parts
present danger to the operator. Also included are circumstances where the inadvertent
lowering of parts of equipment can cause danger.

working stability - machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user through
tilting, as a result of the shifting of the center of gravity (for example when emptying or
filling), shall be provided with means of preventing such danger.

handholds and steps - any machine, on which the presence of a driver or operator is
necessary, including any place to which access is required for service or maintenance,
shall be fitted with handle or handholds and steps so the person has a safe, convenient
means of mounting and dismounting.

operating positions - means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from
his workplace. any platform on which the operator is required to stand during the operation
of the machine shall be level and shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage
shall be provided.
the platform shall be provided with the following:
a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of
the platform or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less than
75 mm above the platform;
b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm above
the platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any two
rails does not exceed 500 mm.

seats - on a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall be provided
which will adequately support the operator in all working and operating modes. adequate
and comfortable support and protection for the feet shall be provided.

operating control - the operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers,
transmission levers, cranks, pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and fitted in such a
way as to allow safe and easy control and manipulation by an operator in the normal
operating position.
steering mechanism - the steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the
force of any sudden movement of the steering wheel or steering lever(s) due to reaction
from the steered wheel(s).

lifting and lowering controls - provision shall be made to protect and locate controls so
as to prevent accidental operation which may cause dangerous movement.
clutches (drive engagement controls)
the following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate:
a) foot-operated clutches
it should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. to disengage,
the pedal should be pushed forward. in such case of a combined traction-drive/pto
clutch, the pto shall be disengaged on the second stage.
b) hand-operated clutches
it should be located in a position convenient to the operator. to disengage,the
control should be moved rearward. control should be operated only withthe
operator in the operator’s station.

stopping devices for power sources - every power source shall be fitted with a device
by means of which it can be stopped quickly. it shall be so designed that it does not
depend on sustained manual effort for its operation and that, when it is in the “stop”
position, the power source cannot be started unless the device is reset manually

valves, taps and switches - in the case of hand-operated valves, taps and switches or
their means of control provided for controlling pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical systems,
the function and effect of the device in each of its positions shall be clearly indicated,
where necessary for safety reasons.

pedals - pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration. these shall
have slip-resistant surfaces in order to minimize the possibility of the op.erator’s foot
slipping off the pedals, and where necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the
pedal.

differential locks - any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the
differential gear shall be designed and fitted so that there is a clear indication to the
operator that the lock is engaged.

hitches - mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with suitable hitch
devices. machines used for towing or which are towed shall be provided with a towing
device constructed and fitted to be secure for the purpose.

hitch hook - if the towing machine is equipped with a hitch hook, it shall be in accordance
with iso 6489-1. the towed machine shall, in such case, have a drawbar eye according to
iso 5692.

drawbars - the drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. the
diameter of the hole in the drawbar should be 33 mm. the thickness of the drawbar shall
be not more than 32 mm. 05.0−+

jacks and supports - machines, which are not stable when disconnected, shall be
provided with a jack or other support to prevent tilting.
power take-off (pto) - the pto shall be protected as indicated in 12.1.1 to 12.1.3.

power intake connection (pic) - the pic shall be protected as indicated in 12.2.1 and
12.2.2.

pto drive-shafts - the drive-shaft shall be protected as indicated in 12.3.1 to 12.3.3.

exhaust pipes - the outlet of the exhaust pipe shall be located and directed in such a
way that the driver or any other operator obliged to stand on the machine will not normally
be exposed to harmful concentrations of noxious gases or fumes, for example by locating
the outlet over or to the side of the head level of the operator or the air intake of the cab.

hot parts - protection shall be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent contact
with any exposed element which may cause burns during mounting, dismounting or
operating the tractor or machine.

battery - the location of the batteries shall be such that hazards to the operator due to
fumes and electrolyte are minimized.

PAES 102 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

left-hand side - for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer
is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary
machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing the machine

right-hand side - for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an
observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for
stationary machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing the
machine

PAES 103 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Method Of Sampling

acceptance test - test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of
acceptance of the lot.

lot - in any consignment, all components or equipment under study

Note: to constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same kind, type, size, and
manufactured from the same material shall be grouped together.

routine test - test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the
specifications which are likely to vary during production
type test - test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant
specification
Note: this is intended to check the general qualities and design of a given type of
component or equipment.

PAES 104: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Location And Method Of Operation Of Operator’s Controls – Control For
Agricultural Tractors And Machinery

agricultural tractor - self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine

primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to
implements and machines used for agricultural, forestry and other related works.

pedestrian-operated machine - machine, having an integral power unit but normally

operated by a pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which may
also be operated from a seat on an attachment or trailer.

right-hand and left-hand - designations related to the operator when sitting on the
operator’s station.

self-propelled machine - having one or more integral power units which propel and
operate the machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the move.

PAES 105:2000
Agricultural Machinery
Symbol For Operator’s Controls And Other Displays - Common Symbols

agricultural machines - consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-

operated machines, implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural
operations.

Symbol - visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of

language.

PAES 106:2000
Agricultural Machinery
Soil Tillage And Equipment

tillage action action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation

tillage objective desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
tillage requirement soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is
necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations

broadcast tillage overall tillage tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage
as in bands or strips

deep tillage primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300
mm

earthmoving tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and
unload soil

land forming tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations

land grading tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and
slope

land planing tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth,
refined surface condition

oriented tillage tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with
respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines

rotary tillage tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and
mix soil

soil cultivation shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by
creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or
to pest control

tillage mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose

primary tillage tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally
designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

secondary tillage tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed
growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding

tillage depth tool depth vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point
of penetration of the tool

conservation tillage system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil
surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue
equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period
conventional tillage system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given
crop and grown in a given geographical area.

minimum tillage system wherein least soil manipulation is performed

mulch tillage system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way
that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface

optimum tillage idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop
under given conditions

precision tillage subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for
subsurface drainage
reduced tillage system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction
with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage
operations

reservoir tillage system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are
formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water

ridge tillage system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and
maintained from year to year in the same location

strip tillage system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled

anchoring tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as
plant residues or artificial mulches

bedding ridging listing tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration

bulldozing pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade

chisel plowing tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used

combined tillage operations operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different

types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter
combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field

harrowing operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting

incorporating mixing operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as

pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil

middlebreaking hilling-up operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a

furrow midway between two previous rows of plants
off barring operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants. NOTE
This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up.

moldboard plowing operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete
soil inversion

residue processing operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in
conjunction with soil manipulation

subsoiling deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth
and/or water movement

vertical mulching operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into
the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank

Tillage Equipment

general-purpose tillage implement implement performing functions simultaneously that

of initial cutting, breaking and pulverizing the soil

plow-harrow implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc
plow and harrow

rotary tiller implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical
incorporator and as row crop cultivator

spiral plow rotary plow implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral
flanged shafts which rotate vertically

primary tillage implement implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the
soil to reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in
the tillage layer

chisel plow implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of
surface materials

disc plow implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially
or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil

moldboard plow implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to
bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil

right-hand plow turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow

left-hand plow turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow
two-way plow eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation

subsoiler implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted

subsurface layers

secondary tillage implement implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than
primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers
into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

comb-tooth harrow implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for
subsequent operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling NOTE It
consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.

disc harrow implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed
germination and growth

single-action disc harrow consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle,
which throw the soil in opposite directions

double-action disc harrow tandem disc harrow consists of two or more gangs, in which
a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the
discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on
the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions

offset disc harrow consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other
at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor

field cultivator implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow

cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage

packer implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil

roller-harrow implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and
smooths and firms the soil surface

rotary hoe implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust
and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge

row crop cultivator implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to
adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage

spike-tooth harrow implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars
and staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil
spring-tooth harrow implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring
steel

cultivating tillage implement implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the
crop by loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation

continuous-tool bar cultivator implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the
top of the rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing

separated gang cultivator implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between
the rows to provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants

bed shaper soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined
shapes

blade soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed
to cut through the soil

coulter circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil

draft force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite
to drawbar pull

effective operating width operating width excluding overlap (see 2.6.18 and 2.6.19)

edge clearance angle effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a
line drawn through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge

ground clearance minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially
obstructing machine element

hitch portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source

implement width horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the
outermost edges of the implement

injector implement used to insert materials into the soil

jointer miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice
directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash

lateral tool spacing horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on

adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel

line of travel line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
lister-planter combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting
attachment to permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being
operated in the furrow

longitudinal tool spacing horizontal distance between corresponding reference points

of two tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
mechanical tillage implement single or groups of soil-working tools together with power
transmission structure, control, and protection systems present as an integral part of the
machine

Moldboard Plow Clearances

horizontal clearance distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow

bottoms

vertical clearance distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially
obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism,
etc

operating overlap distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement

reworks soil previously tilled

operating width horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function

protected zone soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool
spacing or evasive tool movement

scouring shedding soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool
without significant adhesion

shank structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard

shovel spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers

side force side draft horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion

soil-additive applicator machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives
by means of tillage

soil-additive incorporator machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material

into the soil
soil opener tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion
of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers

soil roller rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or
compacting

soil-sliding path path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool

soil-sliding path length length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides

soil-ascending angle angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point
along the sliding path

soil-sliding angle angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path
and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of the tool

soil-tool geometry configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is
usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface

soil-working surface portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with
the soil

specific draft unit draft draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section

standard beam upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

sweep type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped

teeth projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil

tillage tool individual soil-working element

complex tillage tools tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying
boundary and contact area to the soil

dynamic tillage tools tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements
are in direction other than along the line of travel

multi-powered tillage tools tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such
as draft and rotating power, or draft and electrical power

simple tillage tools tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to
the soil

tool clearance minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and
the nearest potentially obstructing implement element
tool-operating width maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion
over which a tool performs its intended function

orientation, tool position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is

usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel NOTE Orientation is
specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.

lift angle rake angle angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between
a tool axis and the soil surface

side angle angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel

tilt angle angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool
axis and the soil surface

tool overlap distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating
width coincides with the operating width of another tool

tool-skip area area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool

tool width maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of
motion

vertical tool spacing vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools
when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

wings projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which
can be disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually
have lift, tilt, and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the
main tool and standard

Soil Reaction Nomenclature

soil abrasion scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil

soil adhesion sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

soil compaction act of reducing the specific volume of soil

soil cutting separation of a soil mass by a slicing action

soil failure alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces

such as in shearing, compression, or tearing
soil heaving lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing

soil reaction soil response to the application of mechanical forces

soil shatter pulverization general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action
of tillage forces

soil sliding sliding of soil across a surface

throw movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil
by the tillage tool

Soil Nomenclature

additive (soil) foreign materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or
incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or environment.
EXAMPLE pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners, but not foreign bodies such as
drain tiles, which have an indirect influence

adhered soil bodies masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion)
which adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool.
EXAMPLE soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone; soil sheet, an
adhered soil body which covers a large area of tool like a sheet; soil wedge, an adhered
soil body which resembles a narrow wedge.

compacted layer hard pan plow pan plow soil dense layer of soil immediately below
tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces

concretions soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

covering depth thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

foreign materials all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil
additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's development

mechanical impedance resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through
soil that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil

mechanical stability mechanical strength degree of resistance of soil to deformation

shear blocks clods blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by
tillage tool action

shear surface failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
primary shear surfaces initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are
caused mainly by shear

secondary shear surfaces shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or
tumbling of the soil after or during the initial displacement.
NOTE Secondary shear surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces.

soil aggregates soil peds agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced
by natural processes

tillability degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
Soil And Surface Characteristics

back furrow raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started
from center to side

dead furrow open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the
adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing NOTE It is formed when two adjacent
furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.

furrow trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

furrow crown peak of the turned furrow slice

furrow depth ditch depth pit depth trench depth depth of depression below a specified
(initial or subsequent) soil surface

furrow slice soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow
bottom

furrow wall undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow

head land unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip

land unplowed soil

ridge height bed height hill height windrow height height of soil above a specified (initial
or subsequent) soil surface
root bed soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots

root zone part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants

seedbed soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds

soil density weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil
and water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most common)
 PAES 107 : 2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
HITCH FOR WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – SPECIFICATIONS

hitch assembly structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement.
NOTE It consists of hitch frame, pin sleeve and hitch pin

size of primemover rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the

manufacturer
walking-type agricultural tractor pedestrian controlled tractor hand tractor self-
propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

PAES 108 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Hexagonal Axle And Hub For Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Specification

type 1 - hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of
up to 3.4 kW (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline
engine
type 2 - hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of
3.5 kW to 10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1
hp - 16.0 hp) using gasoline engine

PAES 109 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications Part 1 : Pull-Type

walking-type agricultural tractor - hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled

machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery

pull type - traction type capable of pulling various kinds of implements

PAES 110: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications Part 2: Rotary Tilling-Type

rotary tilling type a type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller
which cuts, breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues
walking-type agricultural tractor hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled machine
having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural
implements and machinery

PAES 111 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

applicable work - range of operations that could be performed by the machine as

specified by the manufacturer.

ground clearance - distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the
tractor.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the tractor.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting upwards are
contained between these two planes.

overall length - distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane
of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities. Note all parts of the tractor, in
particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these
two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum
length.

overall width - distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
tractor, each plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and
with wheels set for minimum track.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting laterally are
contained between these two planes.

slip - ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with
load, to the speed without load.

tractor weight - total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the
fuel tank filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and
lubricating oil (if engine is integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels.

walking-type agricultural tractor - self-propelled machine having a single axle designed

primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery

PAES 112 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
 Lever-Operated Knapsack Sprayer – Specification

Lever-Operated Knapsack Sprayer (LOKS) Backpack - sprayer sprayer which is

operated manually with a lever and can be carried on the back of an operator for spraying.

pressure chamber - component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid
pressure and induces more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid.

tank capacity - maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when
equipped with all its internal mounting.

PAES 114 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Centrifugal Pump – Specifications

capacity - discharge at maximum efficiency

centrifugal pump - type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which
draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through
a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force.

diffuser pump - turbine pump type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is
surrounded by diffuser vanes. note the diffuser vanes have small openings near the
impeller and enlarge gradually to their outer diameter where the water flows into the
chamber and around to the pump discharge.

volute pump - type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or
volute curve.
NOTE the casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of water as it flows from
the impeller to the discharge, thus changing velocity head to pressure head.

head - quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of
the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.

net positive suction - head required (npshr) performance characteristic required of the
pump and is the npsh at the pump inlet. note it is the statement of the minimum suction
conditions required to prevent cavitation.

pump - device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.

pump efficiency (ηp) - ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump

priming - filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through
a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing
shaft power - power required to drive the pump shaft.
note it is the input power to the pump.

water power - theoretical power required for pumping.

note it is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.

PAES 115 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Centrifugal, Mixed Flow And Axial Flow Water Pumps – Methods Of Test

axial flow pump - type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head
by propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water.

base plane - datum elevation for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of
water source to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps (volute
and diffusion vane type), the distance from the entrance eye to the first stage impeller; for
vertical double suction pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the impeller
discharge horizontal centreline.

cavitation - formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and
collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure.

centrifugal pump - type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing
which draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out
through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force.

discharge - volume of water pumped per unit time.

friction head, hf - equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow
through the pipe and pipe fittings.
NOTE It is specifically defined by the expression.
𝐼 𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = k
𝐶 2 𝐷2

head - quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content
of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.

mixed flow pump - type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal
and the axial flow pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force
and partly by the lift of the vanes on the water.

net positive suction head-npsh (hsv) - total suction head determined at the suction
nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping
temperature.
net positive suction head available (npsha) - npsh as determined from the actual
suction piping conditions.

net positive suction head required (npshr) performance characteristic - required of

the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet.

performance curve - curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity,

head, power, npsh and efficiency of the pump.

pump - device that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.

priming - filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through
a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing.

pump efficiency (ηp) - ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump.

shaft power - power required at the pump shaft. NOTE: it is the input power to the pump.

static discharge head ( hd ) - vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the
discharge water level.

static suction head ( hs ) - vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center
line of the pump. NOTE it exists when the source of water supply is above the center line
of the pump.

static suction lift ( hs ) - vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center
line of the pump.
note it exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.

total discharge head (hd) - sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the
discharge piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of discharge. note
as determined on test, it is the reading of a pressure gauge at the discharge pipe of the
pump referred to datum plus velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.

total head (th) - measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the
algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total suction head. note total
head, as determined on test where suction lift exists, is the sum of the total discharge
head and total suction lift. where positive suction head exists, the total head is the total
discharge head minus the total suction head.

total suction head ( hs ) - vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free
level of the water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus
any pressure head existing on the suction supply. note as determined on tests, it is the
reading of a gauge at the suction of the pump referred to datum plus the velocity head at
the point of gauge attachment. suction head exists when the total suction head is above
atmospheric pressure.
total suction lift ( hs ) - sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction
piping.
note as determined on the tests, it is the reading of the pressure gauge at the suction
nozzle of the pump corrected to the datum minus the velocity head at the point of gauge
attachment. suction lift exists where the total suction head at pump datum is below
atmospheric pressure which the flow source vented to atmosphere.

velocity head (hv) - pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow.
note it is specifically defined by the expression

PAES 117 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Small Engine – Methods Of Test

bore - diameter of the cylinder.

compression ratio - ratio of the cylinder volume on top of the piston (piston displacement
and combustion chamber) when it is at its lowest position to the volume remaining above
the piston when it is at its highest position (combustion chamber).
𝑃𝐷 + 𝑉
𝐶𝑅 =
𝑉

continuous brake power - power recommended by the manufacturer for satisfactory

operation under continuous duty condition within a specified speed range.

engine (heat engine) - mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by
combustion of fuel into mechanical energy.

compression-ignition engine - engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing

the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.

spark-ignition engine - engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a

spark on the fuel and air mixture.

engine performance - maximum brake power, fuel consumption and operating

characteristics of the engine at different speeds.

fuel consumption - volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis.

fully equipped engine - engine equipped with all the accessories necessary to perform
its intended functions such as air cleaner, exhaust system, radiator, generator, starter
and related parts.

maximum brake power - highest power developed at a given speed.

net power - power output of a “fully equipped” engine.

peak brake power - highest power developed.

rated brake power - power indicated in the specification sheet or plate at a given rated
speed submitted by the manufacturer.

rated engine speed - speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer.

specific fuel consumption - quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per
horsepower hour.

stroke - length of the piston travel.

torque - product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that
force to the axis of rotation and is expressed in kg-m.

PAES 105 : 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Symbols for Operator’s Controls and Other Displays – Common Symbols

agricultural machines - consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-

operated machines, implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural
operations

symbol - visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language

NOTE It may be produced by drawing, printing or other means
 VOLUME 1
Section B

PAES 201: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer - Specifications

batch type - mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying
chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content
flat bed type - shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held
stationary in a horizontal grain holding bin

recirculating type - batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of
grain during the drying operation

vertical bin type (columnar type) - batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is
held stationary in a vertical grain holding bin

continuous flow dryer - dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying
chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated

concurrent flow type (parallel flow type) - continuous flow dryer wherein the product
being dried moves in the same direction as drying air

counter-flow type - continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one
direction and the drying air moves in the opposite direction

cross-flow type - continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the
direction of flow of the grain being dried

mixing type - continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar drying
bin except that it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the grain flows through the
system non-mixing type continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows
through the column in a straight path
NOTE: it consists of two parallel screens or columns of louvers. the space between the
two columns is the plenum chamber where heated air is introduced and forced through
the grain.

cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

dryer (direct-fired) - dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact
with the product b

dryer (indirect-fired) - dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact
with the products being dried

drying efficiency (heat utilization efficiency) - ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize
moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in
percent

dust collecting system - device used to collect dust ( i.e. consist of aspiration fan,
cyclone, etc.)
fan (blower) - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
grains at the desired air flow rate and pressure

grain dryer - device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced or
natural convection with or without addition of heat

head rice - grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

heated-air mechanical grain dryer - device used to remove grain moisture by forcing
heated air through the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained

heating system efficiency - product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace

efficiency

moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture
content randomly sampled after drying

multi-pass dryer - mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles
or stages through a drying chamber either by mechanical means or by gravity with
subsequent cooling and tempering until the grain reaches the desired moisture content

plenum - chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated
air through the grain mass

safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the
parts and components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the
operation of the dryer in case of malfunction

PAES 202: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer
Methods of Tests

airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second

burner efficiency (furnace efficiency) - ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace,
to the heat released by the fuel

combustion efficiency - ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat
available from the fuel

conventional energy source - source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels

such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil
damaged grains - grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or
distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means

drying air temperature - mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain,
measured at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain bed

drying rate - amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

drying system efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available
in the fuel expressed in percent

foreign matter - all matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds

fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time

grain holding capacity (load capacity) - continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the
dryer after a period of stable operation batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the
dryer at the input moisture content

heat utilization - total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
expressed in kj/kg of h₂o

immature grains - palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture

moisture reduction rate - ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from
the grain, to drying time, expressed in percent per hour

non–conventional energy source - source of energy that includes non-petroleum based

fuels such as biomass and solar energy

Purity
Percentage of grains free of foreign matter

scattered grains - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the
drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent

static pressure - pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform

distribution of air flow through the grain mass, expressed in pascal

tempering - temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the
moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize

PAES 203: 2000

Moisture Content Determination for Rice and Corn
moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis
NOTE calculated as:
Mₒ-M₁
Moisture Content, % w.b. = Mₒ 𝑥 100
Where:
Mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
M₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

primary method - method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of

water either by convection heating (oven method) or distillation

secondary method - method of grain moisture determination based on some

characteristics of the grain sample such as electrical resistance and capacitance which
are related to moisture content and must be periodically calibrated against an official
primary method

PAES 204: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications

axial flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a
helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material
axially between the feeding and discharge outlets

blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the
weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber

concave grate - concave component iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the
cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

cracked grains - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

grain-straw ratio (grain content) -ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles,
to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

hold-on thresher - type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the
threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the
threshing operation

mechanically damaged grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully)
as a result of threshing operation
mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the palay from the
panicles. NOTE: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.

moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample (wet basis). NOTE: it is calculated as:
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
m₁
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

palay (paddy rice, rough rice) - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the
hull/husk

peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on
the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements

purity - ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean grains sample,
expressed in percent

rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars
built into or attached to the concave grate

rated engine speed - engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the
engine shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous
load

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during
threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent

separation loss - ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber
with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of
mature, immature, and damaged grains

threshing unit (threshing chamber) - part of the thresher where the grains are detached
and separated from the panicles

threshing cylinder (threshing drum) - part of the threshing unit that rotates about an
axis and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery
threshing efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets,
to the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop

and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles

threshing recovery - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain
outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the
rotating cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are
discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants
into the machine

total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss
during threshing

unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants
fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed
in percent

wire-loop cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size
are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the
threshing concave

PAES 205: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Thresher – Methods of Tests

actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet
per unit time

clean threshed grain - threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains
and other impurities

concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave
component

concave component - an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the
threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

corrected capacity - the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content
(wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity
cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running
at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s

effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the
cylinder threshing elements

grain-straw ratio (grain content) - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion
of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles

primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the
thresher threshing output the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet

total grain input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing
losses

upper concave - a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing
cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw

PAES 206: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Rice Mill – Specifications

bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the
endosperm of the rice grain

broken grains - grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than
eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain

brown rice - dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact

coefficient of hulling - measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls

coefficient of wholeness - measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls
without breaking the grain

head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
huller (dehuller) - component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma)
from the grains

hulling efficiency - product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness
of grains, expressed in percent

input capacity - weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed
in kilogram per hour

milled rice - grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran

milling capacity - quantity of palay that the rice mill can process to a specified quality
per total milling time, expressed in kilogram per hour

milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed
as a result of whitening

milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, expressed
in percent

milling recovery index - ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the
milling recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill

multi-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines

palay (paddy, rough rice) - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is grain with the
hull/husk enclosing the grain

percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling
and with a size ofthree-fourth (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled
rice, expressed in percent

percent head rice index - ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the
percent head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill

polisher - auxiliary device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining small bran particles
on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance

rice hull - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of
the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn

rice mill - machine used to remove the hull and bran of the palay to produce milled rice
and consists mainly of hulling and whitening assembly

cone “cono” type - type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical
cone whitener
rubber roll type - type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or
combination of other types of whitener

single-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs only one whitening machine

well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layers may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

whitener - component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice

abrasive type - type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with
abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated
steel housing

friction type - type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a

perforated steel housing

PAES 207: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Rice Mill – Methods of Test

brewers rice - “binlid”

chips - small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having round
perforations 1.4 millimeters in diameter

destoner - auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice

output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in kg/h

overmilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been
completely removed

paddy grader - auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness

paddy separator - auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice

polisher (pearler) - auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles
on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance

pre-cleaner - auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy
before milling
regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and
the greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise
streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains

undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layer may still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains

well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layer may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

PAES 208: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Specifications

blower loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of
the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

closed-frame cylinder - type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or

formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder
note : the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of a cylinder or at
the longitudinal bars.

concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which
the shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the corn ear with or without husk

corn cob - part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached

corn ear - pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with a leaf-like
protective covering known as husk

corn husker-sheller - machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate
and clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation

corn sheller - machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the
cobs

cylinder-type - type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such
as knife bar or pegtooth. note : the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.

cracked kernels - kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

disc-type - type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
note : the disc rotates along horizontal axis.

ear corn (dehusked corn, corn-in-cob) - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk
has been removed mechanically or manually

hopper-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
by gravity

kernel - dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn

kernel-ear corn ratio - ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the
weight of the ear corn

mechanically damaged kernels - kernels that were broken and/or scratched as a result
of shelling operation

moisture content - amount of moisture in the kernel expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis. NOTE: calculated as:
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = mₒ 𝑥 100
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁= mass in grams of the dry test portion

net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and
after the shelling operation

open-frame cylinder - type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached
to the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically (figure 2)

purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of unclean corn kernels
sample, expressed in percent

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels that fell out from the machine during
shelling operation to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in
percent

separation loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels that come out of the shelling chamber
with the cobs at the cob outlet, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller,
expressed in percent

shelled kernels - whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling

shelling cylinder (shelling drum) - part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis
and it is equipped with pegs on its periphery
shelling efficiency - ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at all outlets,
to the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

shelling recovery - ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at the main
outlet, to the total weight of the corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

shelling unit (shelling chamber) - part of the sheller where the kernels are detached
and separated from the corn cobs

table-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
with the application of external force
unshelled kernels - kernels that remain in the cob after shelling

unshelled loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels that remained in the cobs of the corn
fed into the shelling chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller,
expressed in percent

whole kernels - unbroken kernels after shelling

PAES 209: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods of Tests

clean shelled kernel - shelled kernel free from foreign matter

concave clearance - clearance between cylinder shelling elements and concave

component

corrected capacity - actual capacity of the sheller corrected at 20% kernel moisture
content (wet basis), and 100% purity

feed rate - weight of unshelled corn fed into the sheller per unit of time

foreign matter - all matters other than corn kernels such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds

output capacity - weight of shelled kernel collected per unit of time

oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or
small particles

primemover - electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the sheller

total kernel input - sum of the weight of collected shelled kernels and all the shelling
losses
total losses - sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller,
expressed in percent by weight

PAES 210: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Corn Mill – Specifications
bran “tahop” - coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during the
milling process

by-product - refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran
by-product recovery - ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel
input, expressed in percent. note: it is calculated as:
wt. of the by-product, kg
%by-product recovery = 𝑥100
total weight of input, kg

corn kernels - shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties

corn grits - milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed
and with particle size of not less than 0.86 mm

Grit #10 - milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm

Grit # 12 - milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm

Grit # 14 - milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm

Grit # 16 - milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm

Grit # 18 - milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm

Grit # 20 - corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm

Grit # 24 - corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm

conditioning - rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content and
tempering it to make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove

corn mill - equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process

degerminator - machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel

degerminator efficiency - ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the
initial weight of the sample, expressed in percent
dry milling - process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and pericarp
with or without conditioning

floured corn (fines) (“tiktik”) - fine powder by-product of corn milling process

germ “sungo”- embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process

input capacity - weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour

main product - refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18

main product recovery - ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel
input, expressed in percent. note: it is calculated as:

wt. of the main product, kg

%main product recovery = 𝑥100
total weight of input, kg

moisture content - amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the
total weight of the sample, wet basis. note: calculated as:
mₒ-m₁
moisture content, % w.b. = 𝑥 100
mₒ
where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

roller mill - major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn grits.

PAES 211: 2000

Agricultural Machinery
Corn Mill – Methods of Tests

aspirator - cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn
kernels/corn grits such as floured corn, germ and bran

bulk density - ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m³)

degerminated corn kernels - shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have
been removed

feed rate - weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time

foreign matter (impurity) - any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of
corn kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud,
weeds and other crop seeds
input capacity - weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogramper hour

laboratory sieve shaker - equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size
of the milled materials using standard screen sieves

milling capacity - quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn
grits per unit of time

output capacity - weight of the milled corn collected per unit of time

precleaner - auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material

primemover - electric motor, or gasoline-fed, or diesel-fed engine used to run the corn
mill

purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of uncleaned corn
kernels, expressed in percent

sifter (oscillating screen) - wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-
forth direction, permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles
to remain on top.
VOLUME 1
Section C
 PAES 301:2000
Engineering Materials
V-belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

v-belt - flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power between two shafts,
the cross section of which is shaped roughly like a regular trapezoid outlined by the base,
sides and top of the belt.

v-pulley - wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by
means of one or more v-belts
note: the cross section of the grooved rim is in the shape of an open-channel outlined by
the base and the two slanted sides.

v-belt drive - power transmission device, which consists of one or more v-belts, mounted
on two or more v-pulleys.

pulley diameter - the outside diameter of the pulley.

pulley pitch diameter - the diameter of the pulley, which coincides with the belt pitch.

belt pitch - the region in the belt that keeps the same length when the belt is bent
perpendicularly to its base.

belt length - the length of the belt at the level of its pitch.

speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip
and creep.

belt speed - the linear speed of the belt at the level of the pulley pitch diameter.

PAES 302:2000
Engineering Materials
Flat Belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

flat belt - belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which lie
flat on the face of its corresponding pulley.

flat belt pulley - wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit motion and power by
means of flat belts.

flat belt drive - power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between
two shafts consisting of flat belts which ride in flat pulleys.
pulley diameter - outside diameter of the pulley.

belt length - stretched-out length of the belt.

speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for
slip and creep.

belt speed - the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the rpm and the
diameter of the driver.

PAES 303:200
Engineering Materials
Roller Chains and Sprockets for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

chain pitch - distance between adjacent joint members.

pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the
link pins as the chain is wrapped on the sprocket.

bottom diameter - the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called the seating curve)
at the bottom of the tooth gap.

caliper diameter - for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the distance from the
bottom of the tooth gap to that of the nearest opposite tooth gap
NOTE: The caliper diameter is the same as the bottom diameter for a sprocket with an
even number of teeth.

outside diameter -it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth.

PAES 306:2000
Engineering Materials
Spur Gears for Agricultural Machines –Specifications and Applications

spur gear - a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis.
generally, it transmits rotational motion and power between two axes.

gear tooth - each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to ensure, by
contact with the teeth of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other.

module - the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the
quotient of the reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

pitch circle - the line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the gear.

addendum - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle.
addendum circle - the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.

dedendum - the radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle.

dedendum circle - the line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane

perpendicular to the axis of the gear.

clearance - the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum
of its meshing gear.

pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle.

addendum diameter - the diameter of the addendum circle.

dedendum diameter - the diameter of the of the dedendum circle.

tooth depth - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.

circular pitch - the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive
corresponding profiles.

tooth thickness - the width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.

tooth space - the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.

backlash - the tooth space minus the tooth thickness 4.18 face width the width over the
toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the reference cylinder.

tooth flank - the portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the
root surface.

pressure angle - angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle.

base circle- of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the
tooth profiles.

tooth profile - the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the
reference surface.

tooth trace - the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface.

involute cylindrical gear - a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc
of an involute to a circle.

involute to a circle - a plane curve described by a point on a straight line

VOLUME 1
Section D
 PAES 410:2000
Agricultural Structures
Lairage for Swine, Small and Large Animals

lairage – any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be
slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens, and detention pens.

small animals – refers to sheep, goats, and deer.

large animals – refers to cattle and carabao.

detention pen – separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected
animals.

loose type – animals are free to move in a pen while waiting to be slaughtered.

tie-up type – pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered.

slaughterhouse – any building or place used for the killing of animals where the flesh is
intended for human consumption.

PAES 411:2000
Agricultural Structures
Slaughterhouse for Swine, Small and Large Animals

slaughterhouse – any building or place used for the killing of animals where the flesh is
intended for human consumption, typical situation, and floor plan of a slaughterhouse.

stunning pen – compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time
while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to
prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward, or sideways.

stunning – renders an animal insensible before it is killed.

pithing – insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by
the captive bolt to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and
possible injury to operatives.

sticking – severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to
the heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall be construed accordingly.
bleeding – remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling.

scalding – lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing.

dehairing – removal of the hair from the carcass.

gambrelling – suspending the carcass for a particular operation.

singeing – cleaning the carcass by burning the hair.

evisceration – process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic
cavities.

dressing – preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale.

splitting – dividing carcass into parts.

carcass – all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats, or swine
that may be used for human consumption.

meat – edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats, or swine.

offal – part of the internal organs of a slaughtered animal.

green offal – digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which
still contain fecal matter.

black offal – digestive tracts of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still
contain fecal matter.

detained meat – meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector

after the veterinary examination.

condemned meat – meat that is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary
inspector after the veterinary examination.

gut and tripe – black or green offal.

PAES 419:2000
Agricultural Structures
Warehouse for Bagged Storage Of Grains

warehouse – a building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags, a typical
warehouse.
bag storage – storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or
polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos.

palay – paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain.

fumigation – process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes.

moisture content – amount of moisture in the grain expressed as a percentage of the

total weight of the sample, wet basis.

dunnage – pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames are used on concrete floors for stacking bags
to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor.

aeration – moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between
0.07 – 0.28 cubic meters per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain
or improve its quality.
VOLUME 2
Section A
 PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery
Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type

rotary tilling type - a type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller
which cuts, breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues.

walking-type (agricultural tractor, hand tractor pedestrian tractor) - self-propelled

machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery.

PAES 116: 2001

Agricultural Machinery
Small Engine – Specifications

air-cooled (direct cooling system) - system wherein air is used to remove excess heat
from the engine through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus
creating the flow of air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature

cycle - series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the
events after the last one has occurred

four-stroke - piston requires four movements to complete one cycle

NOTE: One movement of piston for each of the events such as intake, compression,
power and exhaust.

two-stroke cycle - piston requires two movements to complete one cycle. Note: one
downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and intake and one upward
movement of piston for the events compression and power

engine (heat engine) - mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by
combustion of fuel into mechanical energy

internal combustion engine - type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place
inside the cylinder

compression ignition engine - diesel engine engine in which combustion is achieved

by compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.
NOTE: As the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high temperature, atomized
fuel is injected in the combustion chamber, it ignites on contact with high temperature air
to generate power.
Spark ignition engine (gasoline engine) - engine in which combustion occurs through the
initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture. Note: fuel and air mixture is
first introduced inside the cylinder in gaseous condition. It is then compressed and ignited
resulting to the generation of power

overhead valve (ohv) (i-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves wherein the intake
and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head

side valves (SV) (L-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves wherein the intake and
exhaust valves are located on one side of the cylinder block

water-cooled (liquid-cooled, indirect cooling system) - system in which water/liquid-

coolant serves as the cooling medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the
heat of the engine

PAES 120: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Specification

concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil

disc spacing - transverse distance between two adjacent disc edge. note: this can be
obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of spool.

disc harrow - implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilt for the seed
germination and growth. Note: it consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.

single-action disc harrow - consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an

angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions

tandem disc harrow - consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows
behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs
throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the
soil in the opposite direction

offset disc harrow - consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other
at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor
centreline

frame - structure on which the gangs are fitted

gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a
spool

gang angle - angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction
of motion

gang angling mechanism - mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted
gang axle - shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted

ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest edge of the disc
when the trailed harrow is supported on transport wheels

hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source
included angle angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs

scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc

side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line,
which is perpendicular to the direction of travel

spool - flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the
lateral movement of the discs on the shaft

width of cut - transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end
discs

PAES 123: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Seeder and Planter – Methods of Test

fuel consumption - volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis

wheel slip of seeder or planter – wheels slip is determined by the following formula:
𝑁1 − 𝑁𝑜
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥 100
𝑁𝑜
Where:
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given distance with slip,
rpm
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same distance without
slip, rpm

PAES 121: 2001

Agricultural Machinery
Disc Plow – Specifications

concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil

concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc
when its concave side is placed on a flat surface

disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially
or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil. NOTE:
Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the
direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.

frame - structure on which the standards are fitted

hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source

scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc

side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line,
which is perpendicular to the direction of travel

standard beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

tilt angle - angle in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool
axis and the soil surface

width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the
end discs. NOTE:For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25.
For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20

PAES 118: 2001

Agricultural Machinery
Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

drawbar - bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched

drawbar power - power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
20 meters

four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry,
pull or propel agricultural implements and machines

four-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels
two-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels
with small front wheels being pushed along

linchpin - retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs

lower hitch point tire clearance – clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from
the lower hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement in raised
position and all side sway removed from the links

lower hitch point tractor clearance - horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost
parts of the tractor in the area between the two lower links and the horizontal line through
the two lower hitch points throughout the range of vertical movement of the hitch points.
NOTE: The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary to meet this
dimension.

hitch point - articulated connection between a link and the implement. NOTE: For
geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the implement.

leveling adjustment - adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be
moved vertically with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the
implement

link point - articulated connection between a link and the tractor

NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the
articulated connection between a link and the tractor.

Upper hitch pin - pin that connects the upper link to the implement

upper link pin - pin that connects the upper link to the tractor

wheel tread - center to center distance between two front or rear wheels

PAES 119: 2001

Agricultural Machinery
Four-Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test

ballast - any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability

engine power - power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft

ground clearance - distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the
tractor
maximum drawbar pull - mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar
over a given distance, the pull being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane
containing the longitudinal axis of the tractor

tractor weight - total weight of the tractor excluding tools with the fuel tank filled to 80
percent capacity and with normal amounts of cooling water and lubricating oil when the
tractor is at work

overall height - distance between the supporting surface and the horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the tractor

overall length - distance between the two vertical planes at right angles to the median
plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities
overall width - distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
tractor, each plane touching the outermost point of the tractor on its respective side. Note:
all parts of the tractor, in particular all fixed components projecting laterally (i.e. Wheel
hubs), are contained between these two planes.

radius of turning area (radius of clearance circle) - radius of the smallest circle
described by the outermost point of the tractor

radius of turning circle - radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the
median plane of the outermost wheel of the tractor

rated engine speed - speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer

wheel slip – wheels slip is determined by the following formula:

𝑁1 − 𝑁𝑜
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥 100
𝑁𝑜

where:
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given distance with slip,
rpm
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same distance without
slip, rpm

specific fuel consumption - quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per
horsepower hour

PAES 122: 2001

Agricultural Machinery
Seeder and Planter – Specifications

Grain seeder - seeder planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop
production. Note it can be a manually-operated, animal-drawn or tractor power-driven
seeder.

Field efficiency - ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
Note: the field efficiency is determined by the following formula:
𝐸𝑓𝑐
𝐸𝑓 = 𝑥100
𝑇𝑓𝑐
Where:
Ef = the field efficiency, %
Efc = the effective field capacity, m2 /h
Tfc = the theoretical field capacity, m2 /h
effective field capacity - actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of
time 3.5 seed delivery rate amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area
VOLUME 2
Section B
 PAES 307: 2001
Engineering Materials
Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

helical gear - cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational
motion and power between two parallel axes.

gear tooth- each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by contact
with the teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the other.

module - quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the
quotient of the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

normal module - quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the
number π, where the normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the
cosine of the helix angle.

pitch circle - line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the gear.

addendum - radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle.

addendum circle - circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.

dedendum - radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle.

dedendum circle - line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular

to the axis of the gear.

clearance - amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of
its meshing gear.

pitch diameter - diameter of the pitch circle.

addendum diameter - diameter of the addendum circle.

dedendum diameter - diameter of the of the dedendum circle.

tooth depth - radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.

circular pitch - length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive
corresponding points of adjacent teeth.
normal circular pitch - length of the arc, living between the tooth traces of two
consecutive corresponding flanks of a cylindrical normal helix.

tooth thickness - width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.
tooth space - space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.

backlash - difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness

face width - width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line
generator of the reference cylinder

tooth flank - portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root
surface.

pressure angle - pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle.

normal pressure angle - pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace.

helix - curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder.

normal helix - in a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular

to that helix.

helix angle - acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary
cylinder or cone coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration.

base circle - of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the
tooth profiles

tooth profile - the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the
reference surface.

tooth trace - the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface.

involute cylindrical gear - a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc
of an involute to a circle.

involute to a circle - a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating
line"), which rolls out without slip on the base circle

PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials
Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

bevel gears - gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having
intersecting axes.
straight bevel gears - bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so
that they would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended
inward.

miter gears - bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and
operate at axes with right angles.

module - the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the
quotient of the reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

circular pitch - the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive
corresponding profiles which is measured at the large end of the tooth.

pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth.

addendum angle - the angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch cone.

dedendum angle - the angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch cone

facewidth - the length of teeth along the cone distance.

cone distance - the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex.

pitch angle - the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear
axis, it is the half angle of the pitch cone.

back angle - the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation.

back cone - the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a
trace of the pitch circle.

back cone distance - the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to
the pitch circle.
mounting distance - for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of
the axes to the registering surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be
identical to the apex to back.

mounting surface - the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in
locating the gear in the application assembly

crown - the sharp corner forming the outside diameter

crown-to-back - the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear

pitch apex to back - the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating
registering surface on back
root angle - the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear

shaft angle - the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch
angles
Note for the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.

face angle - The between an element of the face cone and its axis

front angle - The angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation.

heel - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end

toe - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end

PAES 309:2001
Engineering Materials
Anti-friction Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

radial load - Load or force passing through the axis of rotation.

rated life - L10, The number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90
percent of an apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the
first evidence of fatigue develops.

basic dynamic load rating – C, The radial load that a ball bearing can withstand for one
million revolutions of the inner ring.

equivalent dynamic load – P, constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a

bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that
which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation.

basic static load rating – CO, the maximum radial load, which corresponds to a
calculated contact stress at the center of the most heavily, loaded rolling element/raceway
contact of:
 4,600 mpa for self-aligning ball; bearings;
 4,200 mpa for all other ball bearings
 4,000 mpa for all roller bearings

equivalent static load – PO, static radial load, if applied, which produces a maximum
contact stress equal in magnitude to the maximum contact stress in the actual condition
of loading.
 PAES 310: 2001
Engineering Materials
Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

journal bearing - sleeve bearing, a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with
some form of fluid lubricant

journal - the part of the rotating shaft, axle, roll or spindle that turns in a bearing

lubricant - a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal contact.

PAES 311: 2001

Engineering Materials
Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

fastener - a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium

of single or multiple components

bolt - an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled
parts, and normally tightened or released by torquing a nut

nut - a block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external
thread on a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part

nominal size - the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external
and internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the
thread; for unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter.

length of fastener - the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection
of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the
fastener, measured parallel to the axis of the fastener

right-hand thread - a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end

left-hand thread - a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction

from the starting end, when viewed from that end

proof load - the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication
of permanent deformation after the load is released

pitch - the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side
of the axis
major diameter - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread

minor diameter - for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread

pitch diameter - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose
surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread
ridge and the thread groove equal

PAES 312: 2001

Engineering Materials
Rivets for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

rivet - a headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank
through a hole in each piece and then by beating or pressing down the plain end so as to
make a second head

nominal diameter - the diameter of the shank nominal length (rivets other than
countersunk or raised countersunk rivets) the length from the underside of the head to
the end of the shank.

nominal length (countersunk and raised countersunk head) - the distance from the
periphery of the head to the end of the rivet measured parallel to the axis of the rivet.
lap-joint - a type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other and are held
together by one or more rows of rivets.

butt-joint - a type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in the same plane
and are joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap which is riveted to both plates by
one or more rows of rivets.

pitch - spacing between rivet centers.

margin - the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest row of
rivets

clinch allowance - allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or flatten the
protruding end.

PAES 313: 2001

Engineering Materials
Screws for Agricultural Machines - Specifications and Applications

fastener - a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium

of single or multiple components
screw - an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled
parts, of mating with preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being
tightened or released by torquing the head

nominal size - the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external
and internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the
thread; for unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter

length of fastener - the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection
of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the
fastener, measured parallel to the axis of the fastener; the length of a headless fastener
is the distance from one extreme end to the other in a line parallel to the axis.

right-hand thread - a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end

left-hand thread - a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction

from the starting end, when viewed from that end

pitch - the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side
of the axis
proof load - the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication
of permanent deformation after the load is released

major diameter - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread

minor diameter - for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread

pitch diameter - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose
surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread
ridge and the thread groove equal
VOLUME 2
Section C
 PAES 401:2001
Agricultural Structures
Housing for Swine Production

boar - refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old.

creep area - place for piglets inside the farrowing pen

culling rate - rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd.

dry sows - unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows.

farrowing - act of giving birth in swine.

farrowing pen - area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods,
but in which the sow can turn around.

farrowing stall - farrowing crate device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and
lactation periods, and which prevents sow from turning around

fattener - swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg.

finisher - swine which are 66 kg and up 3.10 gilt female swine that has not farrowed.

grower - swine from 40 to 65 kg.

litter - piglets born in one farrowing.

litter index - farrowing index average number of farrowing of one sow per year

occupancy - number of days an animal stays in a pen

sow - any breeding female pig that has farrowed.

weaner - weanling piglet that has been recently separated from its mother.

PAES 402:2001
Agricultural Structures
Housing for Broiler Production

brooder guard - materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the
chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat
brooding - process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their
natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional
litter - material used as bedding for animals

open-sided housing - long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the
front and the back of the house are open

enclosed housing - house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible
to the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial
lighting

PAES 403:2001
Agricultural Structures
Housing for Layer Production

litter - material used as bedding for animals

litter type - type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice
hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor

slotted type - type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings

slot-litter type - combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of
the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.

community nest - large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers

PAES 404:2001
Agricultural Structures
Housing for Goat and Sheep

buck - mature male goat

doe - mature female goat that has kidded

dry doe - doe without milk

kid - young goat under six months old of either sex

ewe - mature female sheep that has already lambed

lamb - sheep under six months of age

ram - mature male sheep

 PAES 405:2001
Agricultural Structures
Cattle Feedlot

feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening

bull - breeding male of any age

calf - young male or female under one year of age

cow - mature female that has already calved

heifer - female between two to three years of age which has not given birth

PAES 406:2001
Agricultural Structures
Cattle Ranch

corral - enclosure for confining and handling livestock

holding pen - pen for confining animals from the pasture

crowding pen - pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute

working chute - chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding
chute/squeeze

holding chute - squeeze use to restrain animals

loading chute - chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle

PAES 407:2001
Agricultural Structures
Housing for Dairy Cattle

loose housing - animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas

calf - young male or female under one year of age

cow - mature female that has already calved

yearling - one to two year old cattle of either sex

heifer - female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
parturition - act of giving birth

PAES 408:2001
Agricultural Structures
Carabao Feedlot

feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening

carabao - Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo

PAES 413:2001
Agricultural Structures
Biogas Plant

biogas plant - plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and
sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank

integrated plant - biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit

split-type plant - digester and gas chamber form separate units

multi-digester plant - plant with series of digesters

floating type - plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either
float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket

fixed type - closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement
pit

balloon type - plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining
digester and gasholder

collecting tank - holding tank chamber where manure and water are collected, stored
and separated from heavy and nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the
digester

inlet pipe - serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing
tank to the digester

digester (biodigester, bio-reactor, anaerobic reactor) - any water and air tight
container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic
matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization
baffle board - division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the
sludge/outlet tank

stirrer (mixer, agitator) - mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry

gas chamber - space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of
biogas

gasholder retainer - cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position
at the desired biogas pressure

outlet pipe - serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out

backfill - layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall

loading rate - amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day

substrate - organic material used to produce biogas

seeding - adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester

slurry - mixture of manure and water

freeboard - difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line

filling line - level of slurry when the digesters is at full load

retention time - average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester
for digestion

toxic materials - materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester
such as mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents

methanization (digestion) - various processes that take place among the methanogens,
non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as inputs

methanogens - anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process,
produce biogas
mesophilic temperature rage - temperature range of 20 o c – 40 o c where mesophilic
bacteria operates

gas production rate - amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry

biogas - mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent

carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria
scum - layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry

sludge - settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass

effluent - residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed
inside the digester

PAES 415:2001
Agricultural Structures
Greenhouses

greenhouse - structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment

favorable to plant growth can be attained

ridge and furrow greenhouse - gutter connected method of greenhouse construction

where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter

cooling - removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse

heating - addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source
including the sun

shading - prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse

Ventilation - process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control
temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

mechanical ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse using fans

natural ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings

due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse.
VOLUME 3
Section A
 PAES 124: 2002
Agricultural Machinery
Walking-type Agricultural Tractor
Part 3: Special Type (Float-Assist Tiller)

float-assist tiller - a special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted

tilling wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields

flotation structure – float, hull, component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy
for the tiller

tilling wheel - consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades
attached to a common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission

walking-type agricultural tractor - hand tractor, pedestrian tractor, self-propelled

machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery

PAES 125: 2002

Agricultural Machinery
Sprinkler Head
part 1: rotating impact-driven type

nozzle - aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is discharged
NOTE: A sprinkler head may contain one or several cylindrical nozzles or nozzle of other
shapes and sizes.

radius of throw - farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point
at which liquid is deposited

rotating sprinkler head - rotating sprinkler, device which by its rotating motion around
its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area

impact-driven sprinkler head - type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using
weighted or spring-loaded arm which is propelled by the liquid stream and hits the
sprinkler body

sprinkler head - hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid

through a nozzle

trajectory angle - angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from
the sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure
part-circle sprinkler - rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area,
either with or without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area
range of effective pressure - pressure range between the minimum effective pressure,
pmin, and the maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the
pressure range in which the sprinklers operate effectively.
NOTE: the pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point situated about
0.20 m below the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with the pressure gauge situated in the
same plane as the main nozzle.

PAES 126: 2002

Agricultural Machinery
Rotating Sprinkler Head

base pressure - pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five
times the nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or
change in pipe cross sectional area

nozzle - aperture of the sprinkler through which the liquid is discharged

radius of throw - farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point
at which liquid is deposited

rotating sprinkler head - rotating sprinkler, device which by its rotating motion around
its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area

PAES 127:2002
Agricultural Machinery
Drilling Rig

drilling rig - structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well
construction

drilling pipe - serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel

drill bit - bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil
formation and serves as cutting device during drilling operation

main rig assembly - structure which supports the entire drilling system

surging stem - jetting stem light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting)
operation
 PAES 129: 2002
Agricultural Machinery
Electric Motor

ampacity - current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the
conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating

disconnecting means – switch, device, or group of devices, or other means by which

the electric motor can be disconnected from the power supply

duty rating - time rating, refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will
run each time it is started

electric motor - machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

enclosure - case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with
energized parts and protect the motor from physical damage

frame designation - standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established

by national electric manufacturers association (nema) or international electrotechnical
commission (iec)

locked-rotor current - maximum current required to start the motor

phase - number of individual voltages applied to the motor

three-phase - has three individual voltages applied to the motor

note the three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other so that peaks of
voltage occur at even time intervals to balance the power received and delivered by the
motor throughout its 360 degrees of rotation.

single-phase - has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave

roto- armature winding, rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a
laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires

service factor - indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor
if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range

stator - field poles, stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which
is placed in a laminated iron core

temperature rise - temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is

above ambient temperature
thermal protector - device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload
or failure to start

torque - twisting or turning force produced by the motor

breakdown torque - pull out torque, maximum torque a motor can develop during
overload without stalling

starting torque - locked rotor torque, motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque
required to start the load.
VOLUME 3
Section B
 PAES 316: 2002
Engineering Materials
Metal Bars, Pipes, and Tubes – Specifications

bar - long evenly shaped piece of solid metal

deformed bar - steel bar with lugs or protrusions called deformations

nominal diameter of deformed bar - diameter equivalent to the diameter or of a plain

round bar having the same mass per meter

pipe - long hollow cylinder of specified thickness whose nominal size is approximated by
the inside diameter

tube - long hollow product of round or any other cross-section whose size is specified by
the outside dimensions

PAES 317:2002
Engineering Materials
Metal sheets and plates – Specifications

aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet - rolled rectangular section of thickness over
0.15 mm up to 6.0 mm, with sheared, slit or sawn edges

galvanized steel sheet - galvanized flat or corrugated metal product cut to the standard
or specified length and has a nominal base metal thickness ranging from 0.20 mm to 1.6
mm and a flat width of 760 mm to 1,220 mm note sheets are available as coiled, with slit
edges; or flat (flattened or leveled), with sheared, silt or sawn edges.

hot-rolled steel sheet - hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting
from a coil rolled on a continuous mill. it has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal
thickness of less than 3 mm. the edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed

continuous hot-dip aluminium/zinc-coated steel - sheet product obtained by hot-dip

coating steel sheet coils on a continuous aluminium/zinc coating line to produce either
coated coils or cut lengths 4.5 aluminium and aluminium alloy plate rolled rectangular
section of thickness greater than 6.0 mm with either sheared or sawn edges

hot-rolled steel plate - hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting
from a coil rolled on a continuous mill. it has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal
thickness of 3 mm minimum. the edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed
galvanized commercial quality - flat sheet which is intended for general fabricating
purposes where it is used as such or for bending or moderate forming
galvanized lock-forming quality - sheet or coil which is intended for lock-seaming and
other similar applications and have better formability than commercial quality

galvanized drawing quality - sheet or coil which is intended for drawing or severe
forming but excluding deep drawing

proof stress - quotient of the load (when the specified permanent elongation occurs in a
tensile test) divided by the original cross-sectional area

ageing - term applied to changes in physical and mechanical properties of low carbon
steel that occur with the passage of time and adversely affect formability

deoxidation - removal of oxygen which causes oxidation of steel

PAES 318:2002
Engineering Materials
Clutches, Couplings, and Splines for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

friction clutches - designed to reduce coupling shack by slipping during the engagement
period. they also serve as safety devices by slipping when the torque exceeds their
maximum rating.

centrifugal clutch - produces its torque by virtue of the centrifugal force of weights
pressing against the driving or frictionally driven member

cone clutch - the conical friction clutch consists of a frustum of a cone, so fitted to a shaft
by means of a feather key that it can be pushed into an opposite engaging surface rigidly
attached to the other shaft.

positive clutches - designed to transmit torque without slip, jaw clutches are the most
common. These are made with square jaws for driving in either directions, or spiral jaws
for unidirectional drive. These are used for slow-moving shafts, where sudden starting
action is not objectionable and where the inertia of the moving parts is relatively small.

clamp shaft - coupling is essentially a split and bolted sleeve coupling, proportioned to
clamp firmly on the shafts

rigid couplings - used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when they remain in a
fixed angular relation with respect to each other (except for angular deflection)

flange couplings - commonly used in permanent installations for heavy loads and large
sizes and particularly for vertical drives, as agitators
flexible couplings - designed to connect shafts which are misaligned either laterally or
angularly. a secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to fluctuations in shaft
torque or angular speed.

gear-type coupling - the hubs have integral external gear teeth, perhaps crowned, that
mesh with internal teeth in the casing through 360° as in a splined connection. flexibility
is obtained by play between the teeth

oldham (double slider) coupling - eliminates the need for large clearances and the
resultant noisy backlash by providing a double-tongued central slider fitting between two
flanges slotted at right angles to each other

rubber-bushed coupling - cushions by means of steel pins bolted alternately to one

flange and sliding in self-lubricated bronze bushings, rubber-cushioned in the opposite
flange

roller chain flexible coupling - the two opposing hubs are made with integral sprockets
over which a double roller chain is fitted rubber-flexible coupling, the torque is transmitted
through a comparatively soft rubber in compression. it is recommended where quietness
is desired

universal joints - are used to connect shafts with much larger values of misalignment
than can be tolerated by the other types of flexible couplings

PAES 319:2002
Engineering Materials
Engineering Plastics – Specifications and Applications

plastic - synthetic organic material, including cellulose derivatives, with or without the
incorporation of fillers, binders, pigments, dyes, which is capable of being shaped more
or less permanently by casting or molding under increased temperatures and pressures

monomer - simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound

polymer - chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting of a number of

structural units linked together by covalent bonds

copolymer - polymers consisting of more than one monomer

covalent - non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons

thermoplastic - substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a
variety of extrusion and molding process

thermosets - substances that cannot be melted and remelted

service temperature - temperature at which the plastic can withstand without incurring
a change in its physical properties

acetals - is a by-product of a two-step reaction between an alcohol and an

aldehyde. Provides high strength and stiffness while offering enhanced dimensional
stability and ease of machining. Good wear properties-especially in wet environments.
Excellent stability for close-tolerance machined parts since it absorbs little moisture
example: gears, bushings, and plumbing

acrylic - made from virgin acrylic monomer and offers superior optical clarity and light
transmission. Resists aging; and it remains stable across a wide range of temperature,
moisture, and exposure conditions. Weighs half as much as comparable glass and yet
has good shatter resistance and durability.
Example: cast sheets, rods -signs, decorative and functional automotive parts, protective
goggle lenses, control knobs, pump parts, sprinkler heads, tool handles, packaging,
lenses, containers, shields

polyamide (nylon) - one of the most versatile and widely used thermoplastic
materials. can replace steel, brass, bronze, aluminum, wood, and rubber, while reducing
noise, using less lubrication, and increasing gear life

polycarbonate - amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and good

strength and stiffness over a wide range of service temperatures. suits a wide variety of
electrical applications as well, because of its low moisture absorption, good insulation and
excellent flammability rating.
example: electrical parts, portable tool housings, glazing sheet, impellers, body armor

polyethylene (ultra high molecular weight) - is a subset of the thermoplastic

polyethylene. It has longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer
backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. Odourless, tasteless, and
nontoxic. It is highly resistant to corrosive chemicals except oxidizing acids
example: packaging, structural housing panels, pipes, wire and cable insulation

polypropylene - noted for its light weight, being less dense than water. It is a polymer of
propylene. Resists moisture, oils, and solvents. Used in the manufacture of objects that
are sterilized in the course of their use polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) more popularly
known as tefloo have good dynamic mechanical properties and sufficient flexibility
Used in: chemical pipes, valves and liners, gaskets, packings, pump bearings and
impellers, electrical equipment, anti-adhesive coatings

polyvinyl chloride - a polymer of vinyl chloride. This plastic has found extensive use as
an electrical insulator for wires and cables used in: sheets and shapes for decorative
panels, storage tanks, pipes, valve seats
 PAES 320:2002
Engineering Materials
Wood-based panels – Specifications

exterior plywood - type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as
type I

face - surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that of the back side
note: the terms face and back do not apply when the same grade or veneer is used on
both sides of the plywood.

face-plywood - plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic

fiberboard - panel made of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers with the primary bond
derived from their inherent adhesive properties and/or the addition of resin or other
materials

fiber-cement flat sheets - consist essentially of an inorganic hydraulic binder or a

calcium silicate binder formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a
calcareous material reinforced by organic fibers and/or inorganic synthetic fibers

interior plywood - type of plywood intended for inside use, having limited moisture
resistance

lumber core - side board made up of well machined lumber strips properly dried and
glued together

lumber core plywood - ply board plywood made up of face/back veneer, crossboard
core veneer and well composed kiln dried lumber core

panel - sheet of plywood

particle board - board principally made from wood chips and formed by hot press process
with adhesive

ply - stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of veneer in a panel

plywood - assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lumber core held
together by an adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers,
distributing the longitudinal wood strength
VOLUME 3
Section C
 PAES 409:2002
Agricultural Structures
Milking Parlor

milking parlor - building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no
animals are housed

holding area - area provided to accommodate animals before milking

back-out stall - type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall

walk-through - type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after
milking is completed

PAES 412:2002
Agricultural Structures
Poultry Dressing Plant

carcass - body of dressed birds

dressing - process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which

the head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed

offal - by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic
cavities

shackling - process of restraining birds prior to slitting

trench drain - trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a
drain opening

PAES 414-1:2002
Agricultural Structures
Waste Management Structures
Part 1: Agricultural Liquid Waste

aerobic - requires free oxygen

agricultural liquid waste - consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production
of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry

anaerobic - presence of free oxygen is not required

clean runoff - runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed
areas, drives and other areas which are not animal alleys

disinfection - process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms

dissolved solids - part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure

effluent - liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or
wastewater treatment plant

facultative lagoons - lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on

the environment

fixed solids - part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oc

grit - non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or

other heavy solid materials

holding pond - storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal

influent - liquid that flows into a containing space

lagoon - pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent

liners - system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate
and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater

lot runoff - rainfall containing animal manure

manure - accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or
drying; it include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed
or soil

pathogenic microorganism - microorganism capable of causing diseases

primary treatment - treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or
float

secondary treatment - treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into

a form more readily separated from the liquid waste being treated

sludge - precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste

slurry - watery mixture of insoluble solid

suspended solids - solids removed by filtration

total solids - residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by
evaporation

volatile solids - part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oc
5-day bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) - quantity of oxygen needed to satisfy
biochemical oxidation of organic matter in waste sample in 5 days at 20oc

PAES 414-2:2002
Agricultural Structures
Waste Management Structures
Part 2: Agricultural solid waste – Composting

agricultural solid waste - wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops
and animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning
and crop residues wherever produced

bulking agent - any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity
to allow internal air movement

C:N ratio - Weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen

compost mix - mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the
proper proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve
optimum temperatures

composting - controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly

bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product

composting amendment - any item added to the compost mixture that alters the
moisture content, c:n ratio, or ph

curing - process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and
further stabilize the nutrients

disposal site - site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited

hazardous waste - solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its
quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: cause, or
significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or
incapacitating reversible, illness
leachate - shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and
when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid
that contains dissolved and suspended materials

storage - interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection
for ultimate recovery or disposal

windrow composting - involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles
or windrows that are periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions

PAES 416:2002
Agricultural Structures
Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory

tissue culture - growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos,
flowers and meristems in a laboratory medium

culture medium - any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant
tissue

sterilization - process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism

asepsis - condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium,
confines of the culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms

incubation - subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue

laminar flow - flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle

PAES 417:2002
Agricultural Structures
Fruit and Vegetable Storage

controlled atmosphere storage - storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the

proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled

bulk storage - produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be
resisted by the building walls

pallet bin storage - produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in
storage room
pallet - low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to
facilitate handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift

drip cooler - storage structure with continuously wetted walls

burlap - coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp

air cooled - storage provided with good ventilation

vapor barrier - materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area

cell pack - individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to
contain one fruit

telescopic cartons - cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the
bottom part

PAES 418:2002
Agricultural Structures
Primary Processing Plant for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable

primary processing - product handling which include steps to make a harvested

commodity more suitable for manufacturers or consumers
grading - process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of
quality and size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping

sizing - process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be
recognized or accepted by the industry

sorting - process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the
produce either according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set

air change ratio - ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the
empty room

inspection - process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted
or enforced properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount
large enough to give an indication of the correctness of the grading procedure

packaging - process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from
the producer to the ultimate consumer

PAES 420:2002
Agricultural Structures
Farm workshop and Machinery Shed

workshop - building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements,

equipment’s and parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare
parts are stored
machinery shed - area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow
easy maintenance and adjustment of machines

hazardous material - substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous

VOLUME 4
Section A
 PAES 131: 2004
Agricultural Machinery
Moldboard Plow – Specifications

colter - flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the
soil vertically

frame - structure to which the standards are fitted

frog - central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached

hitch - part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source

landside - part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing
lateral stability during operation

landside heel - part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of
the plow bottom to the furrow bottom

moldboard - part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side

general-purpose moldboard - plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and
can be used easily for stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover land

slatted moldboard - plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not
scour on solid moldboard

sod moldboard - plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a
gradual twist that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage

stubble moldboard - plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly
along the top edge and is suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to
year

moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a
layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials
NOTE: Main component consists of share, moldboard and landside.

left-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction

right-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction

two-way plow - reversible plow throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the
plow’s direction
NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one type being used at
a time.
plow bottom - plow body working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard,
and landside, all attached to the frog

share - part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
NOTE: It may be single integral piece or may consist of replaceable components

shin - leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside

standard/beam/leg - upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement
frame

suction, horizontal/horizontal clearance - distance by which the point of the share is bent
out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width
suction, vertical/vertical clearance - distance by which the point of the share is bent
downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth

tailpiece - optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion
of the furrow slice

trash board - optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper
edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom

PAES 132: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test

disc plow - rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil
(furrow slice) to bury surface materials

four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry,
pull or propel agricultural implements and machines

headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for
turning the draft animal/tractor and implement

moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer
of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials

side angle - disc angle horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel

tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line
walking-type agricultural tractor/two-wheel tractor/hand tractor/pedestrian tractor
- self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed
or mounted agricultural implements and machinery

width of cut – disc plow - transverse distance between the cutting edges of the end
discs at their depth of cut
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For
nonadjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20°.

width of cut – moldboard plow - distance measured from the wing of share to the point
of share

PAES 133: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Disc Harrow – Methods of Test

disc harrow - implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for
additional pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and
firming the soil, closing of air pockets and eradication of weeds

gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a
spool

PAES 134: 2004

Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Specifications

furrower/lister/ridger/bedder - tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one

left wing and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for
irrigation and drainage purposes

furrower bottom - lister bottom working part of the furrower which includes the share and
moldboard

blackland bottom - bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better
scouring in sticky soils

general-purpose bottom - bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly
high speeds in most soil conditions
hard-ground bottom - bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use
in combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils

hitch - part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor

moldboard - part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil
(furrow slice) in opposite directions

row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower
for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing

share - part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally

standard - beam leg upright support which connects the furrower bottom to a toolbar

toolbar - structure to which the standards are mounted

PAES 135: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Furrower – Methods of Test

furrower (lister, ridger, bedder) - tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one
left wing and one right wing used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for
irrigation and drainage purposes

furrowing - listing ridging bedding tillage and land-forming operations using the furrower
which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions

furrow - trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow slices

row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower
for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing

PAES 136:2004
Agricultural Machinery
Agricultural Trailer – Specifications

agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power
of its own

balanced trailer - agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles
with four or more wheels when detached from the towing tractor

semi-trailer - agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of
its load is transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle

axle load - total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle
gross load/gross weight - sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in
metric tons
ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the
trailer
note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires
shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.

over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer
and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer

parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or
parked position

payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported
by the trailer expressed in tons

service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer

tow eye - hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor

unladen mass/are weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load

wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels
measured at the center of the ground contact

wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle
measured at the center of ground contact

PAES 137: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Agricultural Trailer – Methods of Test

agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power
of its own.
gross load - sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons.

ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the
trailer.
note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires
shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.

over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer
and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer.

parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or
parked position.
payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported
by the trailer expressed in tons.

service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer.

unladen mass/tare weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any
load.

wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels
measured at the center of the ground contact.

wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle
measured at the center of ground contact.

PAES 138: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Guidelines on After-Sales Service

after-sales services - consists of parts and services provided by the

manufacturers/distributors/dealers to the enduser to ensure continuous serviceability of
agricultural machinery

agricultural machinery - consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-

operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural
operations

dealer - authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade,

sell and service agricultural machinery to end-users.

distributor - trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers
to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers.
manufacturer - Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity
involved in the production and distribution of agricultural machinery.

warranty/guarantee - expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and

workmanship of the products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected
from a product under normal use

PAES 139: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Specifications

roll-over protective structure (ROPS) - cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to

protect or minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation.
seat index point (sip) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to ISO 5353.

PAES 140: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Methods of Test

crushing test - application of a vertical load through a beam placed laterally across the
uppermost members of the protective structure.

horizontal loading test - application of a horizontal load to the rear, front and side of the
protective structure.
NOTE: as loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause the direction of
loading to change. This is permissible.

impact test - application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting as a pendulum.

roll-over protective structure (ROPS) - cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors

to protect or minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during
operation.

seat index point (sip) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.

tractor mass - mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks and radiator full,
protective structure with cladding, and any track equipment or additional front-wheel drive
components required for normal use.
NOTE: the operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment, special
equipment and loads are not included.

PAES 141: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Weeder – Specifications

weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit

area.

weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.

weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients,
moisture and sunlight.
 PAES 142: 2004
Agricultural Machinery
Weeder – Methods of Test (Circulated)

damaged plants - plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant)
that may affect crop growth.

percent damaged plants - percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation.

weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit

area weeder implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.

weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients,
moisture and sunlight.
VOLUME 4
Section B
 PAES 212: 2004
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Reaper – Specifications

actual field capacity - actual rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.
NOTE the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

conveying loss - free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the
side of the reaper during operation.

field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed
in percent.

header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation.

reciprocating cutter knife - cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and
reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to
the gear box or belt drive.

rice reaper - machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop.

rotary knife - cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade
which rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame.

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per
unit of time.

PAES 213: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Rice Reaper – Methods of Test

cutting width - distance between two outermost divider tips

lodging angle - degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the
imaginary line where the stalk lodges.

potential yield - maximum yield per unit area

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the reaping unit note all parts of the reaping unit
projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the reaping unit and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of the
reaping unit, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained
between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be
set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
reaping unit, each plane touching the outermost point of the reaper on its respective side
note all parts of the reaping unit projecting laterally are contained between these two
planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.

PAES 214: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Specifications

metal drum core - cylinder where rubber is bonded

rubber roll - component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum core
use for hulling

rubber thickness - depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core

size - specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core diameter of the
rubber roll

width - longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter

PAES 215: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Methods of Test

broken brown rice - grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less
than eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

brown rice - dehulled paddy with bran layer still intact

cracked grain - grain which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

coefficient of hulling - measure the ability of the huller to remove the hulls

coefficient of wholeness - measure the ability of the huller to remove the hull without
breaking the grain
damaged grain - grain which is heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or
distinctively damaged by insects, water, fungi, and/or any means

foreign matter - all matters other than paddy such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones,
metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds

hull husk - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of
the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn

hulling capacity - quantity of paddy that the huller can dehulled per total hulling time,
expressed in kilogram per hour

hulling efficiency - product of the coefficient of hulling and coefficient of wholeness,

expressed in percentage

immature grain - paddy which are light green and chalky with soft texture

moisture content - Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
mass of the sample (wet basis)

Note:
paddy – palay, rough rice, unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is grain with hull enclosing
the grain 3.14 purity amount of rice grains free of foreign matter expressed as percentage
of the total weight of the sample

running-in period - pre-test operation of the rice huller to make various adjustments prior
to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

whole brown rice - grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than
eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

PAES 216: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Hammer Mill – Specifications

fineness modulus - classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the
resultant product; sum of the weight fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100

hammer mill - device use for grinding which is a result of the impact between the particles
and hammers, which are mounted on a shaft rotating along a horizontal axis
reduction ratio - ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product

PAES 217: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Hammer Mill – Methods of Test

fineness modulus - classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the
resultant product and is defined as the sum of the weight fractions retained above each
sieve divided by 100

foreign matter - impurity all matters other than input materials such as sand, gravel, dirt,
pebbles, stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and
other crop seeds

hammer mill - device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a heavy
perforated screen at the bottom

input capacity - weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour

laboratory sieve shaker - equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort size of
the milled materials using standard screen sieves

milling capacity - quantity of input materials that the hammer mill can process to produce
milled materials per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

output capacity - weight of the milled materials collected, expressed in kilogram per
hour

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the hammer mill note all parts of the hammer mill
projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the hammer mill and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of the
hammer mill, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained
between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be
set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
hammer mill, each plane touching the outermost point of the hammer mill on its respective
side note all parts of the hammer mill projecting laterally are contained between these two
planes.

prime-mover - electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the hammer mill
purity - amount of input materials free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the
total weight of the sample

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

PAES 218: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Forage Chopper – Specifications

blow-up type - type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up through
the blow-up pipe

cutterhead - cutting rotor devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with
reasonable consistency within a range of optional settings

cylinder cutterhead - knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the
knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation

feedroll - cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress
and advance the crop into the cutterhead

flywheel cutterhead - knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges
describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation

forage chopper - machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths

PAES 219:2004
Agricultural Machinery
Forage Chopper – Methods of Test

chopping efficiency - ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all
outlets, to the total fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed in percent

forage - any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with fermenting
agents.

feeding table - part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are loaded

output capacity - weight of processed material collected per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the forage chopper note all parts of the forage
chopper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the forage chopper and touching its front and rear extremities note all parts of
the forage chopper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is possible, it
shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the forage chopper on its respective
side note all parts of the forage chopper projecting upwards are contained between these
two planes.

prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the forage
chopper

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

PAES 220: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Peanut Sheller – Specifications

blower loss - ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the
total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
damaged kernel - wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel

kernel - edible part of peanut

main kernel outlet - outlet at which shelled kernel moves out of the machine

peanut sheller - machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the
pods

pod - unbroken shell with kernel inside

purity - amount of kernels free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of kernels that fell out from the machine during
shelling operation to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in
percent
separation loss - ratio of the weight of kernels that come out of the shelling chamber at
the shell outlet, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

shell - hull of the pod

shell outlet - outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with
blower(s)

shelled kernels - whole and damaged kernels freed from shell

shelling efficiency - ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at all outlets, to
the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

shelling recovery - ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at the main outlet,
to the total weight of the kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

unshelled loss - ratio of the weight of kernels that remained in the pods collected from
all outlets, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

whole kernel - unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel

PAES 221: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Peanut Sheller – Methods of Test

blower loss - ratio of the weight of kernel blown with the shell by the sheller fan to the
total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

cracked kernel - kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures

input capacity - weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour

kernel - edible part of peanut

kernel-pod ratio - ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as
percent

main kernel outlet - outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine
NOTE: in the case of the machine with no separating devise or in case of machine with
blowers, shelled and unshelled and partially-shelled pods also come out.

mechanically damaged kernels - broken kernels and/or scratched as a result of shelling

operation
net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and
after the shelling operation

output capacity - weight of the shelled kernel received at the main kernel outlet per unit
time, expressed in kilogram per hour

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the shelling unit
note: all parts of the shelling unit projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the shelling unit and touching its front and rear extremities
NOTE: all parts of the shelling unit, in particular, components projecting at the front and
at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components
is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
shelling unit, each plane touching the outermost point of the sheller on its respective side
note all parts of the shelling unit projecting laterally are contained between these two
planes.

partially-shelled pod - pod being left with kernels in it after shelling

pod - unbroken shell with kernel inside

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

separation loss - ratio of the weight of the kernel that comes out of the shelling cylinder
with the shell, to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

shell outlet - outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with
blower(s)

shelling efficiency - shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel
input expressed as percentage by weight

shelling recovery - ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to
the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

total kernel input - sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and
the clean kernel from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss and scattering loss

unshelled loss - ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after feeding
into the shelling cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
 PAES 222: 2005
Agricultural Machinery
Chipping Machine – Specifications

chip - thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm

chipping machine - chipper size reduction machine either power or manually operated
which is used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips

chipping capacity - amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h

cutterhead - cutting rotor devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable
consistency within a range of optional settings

discharge chute - opening through which chipped material is thrown out

flywheel type - type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting
edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation

guard - component intended to provide protection for the operator or bystander from
injury

drum type - knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are
essentially parallel to the axis of rotation

PAES 223: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Chipping Machine – Methods of Test

blade bevel angle - angle of the cutting edge of the blade

chip - thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm

chipping machine - chipper size reduction machine either power or manually operated
which is used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips

PAES 224: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Rice Combine – Specifications

blower - cleaning fan rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer
and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
concave - concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or
threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing
NOTE: in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in part,
it has the important secondary function of primary separation.

crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder

field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed
in percent

grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin

grain loss - loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to
the machine

grain pan - pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning
sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger

grain tank - bin tank used to hold the threshed grain

header - feed table portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering,
cutting, and picking the crop

header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation

impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds

reel - revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the
crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder
conveyor auger

rice combine - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking
up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and
depositing harvest residue onto the ground

shaker shoe - shoe oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which
may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension

straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates
the remaining grains from straw

stripper beater - rear beater element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above
to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the
deflection of straw on straw walker
threshing cylinder - threshing drum balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars,
beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in
conjunction with a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance
threshing, where the crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
elements for less than 360°

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per
unit of time.
VOLUME 5
Section A
 PAES 141: 2004
Agricultural Machinery
Weeder – Specifications

weeding efficiency - weeding index, percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit

area

weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients,
moisture and sunlight

PAES 142: 2004

Agricultural Machinery
Weeder – Methods Of Test

damaged plants - plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant)
that may affect crop growth

percent damaged plants - percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation

weeding efficiency- weeding index, percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit

area

weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients,
moisture and sunlight

PAES 143: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Rice Drum Seeder – Specifications

adjusting ring - metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate

drum hopper - part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered

drum seeder - planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields

ground wheel - part of the seeder which provides traction and activates rotation of the
hopper for seed discharge

seeding rate - amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area

skid - part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking
 PAES 144: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Methods of Test

effective field capacity - actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area.
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

damaged seed - seed distinctly injured during operation

field efficiency - ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

hopper capacity - maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to the hopper

percent damaged seeds - percentage of seeds injured during operation

seeding rate - amount of seeds planted per unit time or area

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or
area

PAES 145: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Specifications

application rate - amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area

delivery tube - part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field

furrow closer - device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow

furrow opener - device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer

granular fertilizer applicator - device for applying granular fertilizer

ground wheel - part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device

metering device - mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged

PAES 146: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Methods of Test

application rate - amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area

effective field capacity - actual area covered per unit time

NOTE: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at
headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.

field efficiency - ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

fuel consumption - volume of fuel consumed by the engine

theoretical field capacity - computed area covered per unit of time

VOLUME 5
Section B
 PAES 224: 2005
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Combine – Specifications

blower cleaning - fan rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer
and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains

concave concave - shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or

threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing

crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder

field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed
in percent

grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin

grain loss - classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the
machine

grain pan - for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s)
for conveying to grain auger

grain tank - bin tank used to hold the threshed grain header feed table portion of the
combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, cutting, and picking the crop

header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation

impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds

reel revolving - slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the
crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder
conveyor auger

rice combine - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking
up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and
depositing harvest residue onto the ground

shaker shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may
also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates
the remaining grains from straw

stripper beater - rear beater element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above
to rear ward of concave or concave grates extension or transition grate to assist the
deflection of straw on straw walker
threshing cylinder - threshing drum balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars,
beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in
conjunction with a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance
threshing, where the crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
elements for less than 360°

theoretical field - capacity computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per
unit of time

PAES 226: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Micromill – Specifications

bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the
endosperm of the rice grain

brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with
round perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
broken grains - grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than
eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain

head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

household model - type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to less than 100 kg/h

input capacity - weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper, kg/h

micromill - friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and whitening
operations and having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h

milled - rice grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran
milling capacity - quantity of palay that the micromill can process per total milling time,
kg/h

milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, percent

paddy – palay, rough rice, unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain

percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling
and with a size of eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled
rice, percent
rice hull - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of
the empty glumes, floral glumes and awn

village model - type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h

well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layers may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

PAES 227:2005
Agricultural Machinery
Micromill – Methods of Test

bran streaks - longitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves after milling

brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with
round perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter

head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed

output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, kg/h

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the micromill

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at right angles to the median plane
of the micromill and touching its front and rear extremities

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
micromill, each plane touching the outermost point of the micromill on its respective side

overmilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been
completely removed

regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and
the greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise
streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable
undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layer may still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains

well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layers may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

PAES 228:2005
Agricultural Machinery
Fiber Decorticator– Specifications

fiber - slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant

fiber decorticator - decorticator mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing,
beating and scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades
and breaker or scraper block

fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers
extracted

fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of stalks /
leaves, expressed in percent

input capacity - weight of the raw materials (fresh stalks / leaves) fed to the machine per
unit time, kg/h

scraper block - breaker block part of the decorticator where raw materials are beaten up
and crushed

PAES 229:2005
Agricultural Machinery
Fiber Decorticator – Methods of Test

cleaning - the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating) the fiber from
the leaves

color - principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber

cylinder length - distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

cylinder peripheral speed - equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at
normal operating speed

elongation - elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture

effective allowance - distance between the scraper block/breaker block and blades in
order to separate fiber elements from the non-fiber elements of the plant

effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the
cylinder decorticating elements

extraction efficiency - ratio of the amount between the total weight of the fiber extracted
to the total amount of fiber content on a dry basis

extraction loss - difference between the total amount of fiber content and amount of fiber
extracted on a dry

fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers
extracted

fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of
stalks/leaves, expressed in percent

grade indicator - of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber

labor requirement - number of persons needed in the operation of the fiber decorticator

morphological properties - properties of the fiber which deal with its anatomical
characteristics such as length, diameter, lumen and wall thickness

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the machine

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of machine and touching its front and rear extremities

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the machine on its respective side

physical properties - inherent strength and behavior of fibers under applied force which
determines the mechanical serviceability or usefulness in commerce such as tensile
strength, cleaning and color

primemover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the decorticating
machine

running -in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments
prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

total decorticating input - sum of the weights of collected decorticated fiber and all
losses
 PAES 230: 2005
Agricultural Machinery
Coconut Oil Expeller – Specifications

choke - permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to correct variations
in the raw material and to secure the lowest possible oil content of the copra meal residue

copra - dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted

copra meal - residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra

crude oil - freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber, resins, colors, etc. from
copra

expeller barrel - barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame into which flat steel
bars are set edgewise around the periphery, therefore parallel to the worm shaft
functioning as a screen

extraction chamber - part of the oil expeller where the extraction process occurs

input capacity - weight of input test material per unit loading time into the hopper/intake
pit, expressed in kilogram per hour

oil expeller - motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting crude oil from
copra for use in cooking, soapmaking, or as ingredient in other foods such as baked or
fried goods

primemover - electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the oil expeller

worm shaft - a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying the raw material
through the pressure chamber formed by the barrel, and at the same time of exerting a
pressure on it

PAES 231: 2005

Agricultural Machinery
Coconut Oil Expeller – Methods of Test

desiccators - container where oven-dried samples are cooled without affecting its
moisture content

crude oil production rate - quantity of crude oil that the expeller can extract per unit of
time, expressed in kilogram per hour

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the oil expeller
overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the oil expeller and touching its front and rear extremities

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
oil expeller, each plane touching the outermost point of the oil expeller on its respective
side

purity - amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of
the total weight of the sample

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

wet copra meal - copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel together with the
crude oil but is filtered by the perforated screen placed at the entrance of the crude oil
chute.
VOLUME 6
 PAES 421:2009
Farm to Market Roads (Earth, Gravel, Bituminous, Concrete)

aggregates - granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell,

crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials

backfill - the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during
construction

base course – the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil
aggregate that rests upon the subbase or if no subbase, upon the s rub-grade. treatment
may include application of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or
any approved method

borrow- the suitable material used for embankments

bridge- structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such

as water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other
moving loads; and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway between
faces of abutments, spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple
box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in diameter and that have a clear
distance between openings of not less than half of the smallest pipe diameter

clearing - removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the
ground surface

compaction - application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of

excessive voids. compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and
increases strength

course - structural component of specified thickness. it may consist of one layer or more

culvert - drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across
and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

crushed gravel - product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with
substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture

drainage - removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels
and other several structures

earthwork - operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil,
earth or rock

erosion control - protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent
excavation - act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
field density test - determination of the degree of compactness of the soil

fill - the embankment material placed above natural ground line

farm to market roads - access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural
production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market
by the farmers and fishermen

grade - slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

gradation - property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

gradient - rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in
percentage

grading - preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement
materials including base and surfacing materials

grubbing - removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the
ground surface

lane roadway - roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for
vehicular traffic

masonry - form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building
materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure

one - lane earth road - earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for
vehicular traffic

one - lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for
vehicular traffic

one - lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly
marked lane for vehicular traffic

one - lane concrete road - concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for
vehicular traffic

riprap - quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and
thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

road bed - graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a
foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder
roadway - space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of
agricultural products

road carriageway - travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the
movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders

road carriageway width - lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway

roadway embankment - raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock

road shoulder - part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that
provide lateral support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area
for vehicles

salvage materials - saving of different existing materials from the projects which are
removed and intended to be used in other construction

specifications - written technical description of materials, equipment, construction

systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the
requirements for acceptable completion of the work

structures - refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks,
transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may
be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

subbase course - refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated
thickness in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base
course

subgrade (earth road) - roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed

subgrade (gravel road) - upper portion of material which act as foundation subbase
course

subgrade (bituminous, concrete road) - top surface of the roadbed upon which the
pavement is placed

traffic - vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians,

vehicles, animals, etc.

two-lane earth road - earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular
traffic

two-lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for
vehicular traffic
two-lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are
marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two-lane concrete pavement road - concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are
marked for vehicular traffic

turn-out section - a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that
may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the
carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles.
VOLUME 7
Section B
 PAES 232:2008
Agricultural Machinery
Multicrop Washer-Peeler – Specifications

clean - practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or absence of caked dirt
on the rhizome or between segments of the rhizome and other crops.

multicrop washer-peeler - machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and removes
undesirable debris of ginger rhizomes, sweet potato, potato, arrow root, radish and carrot.

prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop
washer-peeler.

rhizome - horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots on the lower side
and shoots on the upper side of the nodes

effective capacity washing-peeling capacity - the amount of washed and peeled crops
per unit time during the actual washing-peeling operation time, expressed in kilogram per
hour

washing drum - assembly a cylinder encased in a water container and rotating in a

horizontal axis where crops are being loaded for the washing and peeling operation

water container - a cylindrical container that holds the water and washing drum assembly

PAES 233: 2008

Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Washer-Peeler–Methods of Test

freshly harvested - crop condition stored not more than 2 days after harvest

holding capacity - weight of input test material per batch, expressed in kilogram per
batch

labor requirement - number of persons needed to operate the multicrop washer-peeler

machine efficiency -quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning and peeling crops,
expressed in percent

mechanically damaged materials - materials that are damaged (i.e. bruises/scratched,

broken, sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and peeling operation, expressed in percent
operating time- length of time measured from the time the prime mover was started until
it was turned off

overall height -distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the multicrop washer-peeler
overall length- distance between the vertical planes at a right angles to the median plane
of the multicrop washer-peeler and touching its front and rear extremities.

overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
multicrop washerpeeler, each plane touching the outermost point of the

multicrop washer-peeler on its respective sides

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior
to the conduct of test

PAES 234: 2008

Agricultural Machinery
Multicrop Juice Extractor – Specifications

extracting chamber – part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice extraction take
place

extraction efficiency - ratio between the total moisture extracted by the machine to the
total initial moisture content of the crop

extracting recovery – total amount of extracted juice collective based on the extraction
losses, expressed in percentage

meal - residues of the test materials after juice extraction

moisture content- weight of water in a crop usually expressed in percentage by weight

on the wet basis.

juice- aqueous liquid expressed or extracted from crops cells or tissues

multicrop juice extractor – machine capable of extracting the juice of different crops.

PAES 235: 2008

Agricultural Machinery
Multicrop Juice Extractor–Methods of Test

extraction loss - difference between the total amount of potential juice content and total
amount of juice recovered

extraction rate - quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit of time, expressed
in kilogram per hour
juice quality - refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice extracted

juice recovery - ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the input crop,
expressed in percent

potential juice content - initial moisture content of the crop

morphological properties - properties of the test material which deal with its anatomical
characteristics such as length, width and thickness.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior
to the conduct of test

PAES 236:2008
Agricultural Machinery
Crystallizer – Specifications

burner - main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice

crystallizer - machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

cooking basin - part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being loaded for cooking
operation

cooking recovery - ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant
“salabat”) and the weight of sugar added to the input ginger juice

ginger tea (instant “salabat”) - crystallized form of ginger from its juice

holding capacity - weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram per batch

liquefied petroleum gas (lpg) - type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice

paddle - component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain the desired
consistency of the mixture to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

PAES 237: 2008

Agricultural Machinery
Crystallizer– Methods of Test

biomass fuel - type of fuel from living organisms such as plants, animals and their by-
products
cooking losses - total percent of ginger tea (instant “salabat”) loss based on the
recovered product

cooking rate - quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of time, expressed
in kilogram per hour

fineness modulus - principal factor which indicates the uniformity of ginger tea (instant
“salabat”)

operating time - length of time measured from the time the burner is turned on until it is
turned off

prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the crystallizer

PAES 238:2008
Agricultural Machinery
Multicrop Micromill –Specifications

collecting bin - part of the machine where the ground/milled products are being
discharged

cyclone - part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the small or powdered
solids are being separated and protected from the air

flour - finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy plant foods used
mainly in baking

food seasoning - an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to food primarily to
enhance its flavour.

input capacity - weight of material per unit loading time into the hopper, expressed in
kilogram per hour
milling chamber - part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding takes place

milling efficiency - ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and
the total milling recovery, expressed in percentage

multicrop micromill - machine that grinds dried product meal of various crops into finer
particles suitable for the purpose of food seasoning or as flour
prime mover electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop
micromill
\
 PAES 239: 2008
Agricultural Machinery
Multicrop Micromill – Methods of Test

fineness - indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product

input capacity - weight of input test material per unit time, expressed in kilogram per
hour

input time - time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial

labor requirement - number of man-day needed in the operation of the multicrop

micromill

milling capacity - total amount of materials milled over the total time the multicrop
micromill is in operation, expressed in kilogram per hour

milling recovery - ratio between the total amount of ground/milled product recovered
and the total input materials, expressed in percentage

operating time - actual milling operation of the machine

quality - refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior
to the conduct of test

sealed - free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture

VOLUME 7
Section E
 PAES 501: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Restrainer – Specifications

counterweight- piece of mass that has a weight almost equal to that the of the entrance
gate attached at one end of the cable that acts as operating lever of the vertical entrance
gate.

counterweight guide- keeps the counterweight in its line of motion

discharge wall- part of the restrainer which can be tilted on one side, known as dumping
side, to release hog after stunning

drop floor- flooring of the hog restrainer designed to suspend the hog during
disengagement

drop floor lever- lever used to reset drop floor

dump lever- opens the dumping side wall of the restrainer to release the hog from the
restrainer

entrance gate- opening that allows livestock access into the restrainer

false floor- solid floor at the bottom of the automatic restrainer for the animals to walk
down to the entrance ramp

floor lock- keeps the drop floor in its locked position

hydraulic cylinder- mechanical device used to give a linear force through a linear stroke
using the energy of the hydraulic fluid under pressure

pneumatic cylinder- mechanical device which produces force, often in combination with
movement, and are powered by compressed gas (typically air)

restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements
of the animal in upright position prior to stunning

stroke- length of displacement of the cylinder rod which is equivalent to the length of the
rod in the cylinder in its extended position less the length once retracted

stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

stunning- process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

manually operated- type of hog restrainer that has a dump lever.

semi-automatic- type of hog restrainer that uses compressed fluid to actuate
movements of the discharge wall by cylinder actuation

hydraulic type- makes use of pressurized hydraulic fluid such as oil or water as a source
of power to actuate movements

pneumatic- makes use of compressed gas such as air as source of power to actuate
movements

automatic- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining,
stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area

PAES 502: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Restrainer – Methods of Test

bore- diameter of the piston inside the cylinder

bruises- physical damages or wounds on the skin of the test hog caused by the
restraining equipment reed- species of hog used as test material

dumping angle- optimum angle that the discharge wall can tilt measured from its initial
position up to its dumping position

dumping position- position of the discharge wall that allows discharge of stunned hog
from the restrainer

dumping time- time it takes the semi-automatic restrainer to tilt the discharge wall

girth- measurement around the hog’s body just behind the forelegs that is used to
compute for the estimated weight of the hog in the absence of the scale

live weight- weight of hog prior to slaughter

overall height- measurement from the top of the walls of restraining equipment to
its base

overall length- measurement from the gate of the restrainer to the opposite end of the
equipment including all the protruding parts (e.g. dumping lever, etc.)

overall width- measurement between the side wall of the hog restraining equipment and
the discharge wall in its original position
 PAES 503: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Electric Stunner – Specifications

blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue

conveyor restrainer- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving,
restraining, stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area

hot wanding- charging of the electric prods prior to application of stunner

knurling- a series of small ridges or grooves on the surface or edge of the prods to
improve contact during application of the electric stunner

prod- tip of the electric stunner to which the revolving spur is attached

restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements
of the animal in upright position prior to stunning

revolving spurs- spiked wheel attached to the head-only type electric stunner used to
improve contact with the head of the animal to be stunned

stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

PAES 504: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Electric Stunner – Methods of Test

blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue

stunning effectivity- ratio of the total number of hogs stunned successfully to the total
number of hogs expressed in percent (%)

stunning performance- ratio of the total number of hogs that did not die immediately
after stunning to the total number of hogs stunned expressed in percent (%)

vocalization- animal sound such as squealing in pigs

 PAES 505: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Scalder – Specifications

boiler- a vessel to which water, fuel and air are supplied and in which steam is generated

dehairing machine dehairer- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible

paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding

release cradle- part of the scalder that is used to remove hogs from the scalder

scalder scalding tank- slaughterhouse equipment that can contain water which is
heated to loosen the animal’s hair from the follicles

scalding- process of subjecting an animal to heated water to loosen animal’s hair from
its follicles

schedule- refers to the standard wall thickness of the commercially available pipe which
is relative to the applied pressure and material strength

solenoid valve- an electromechanical valve used to automatically shut off or open steam
line in hog scalder

thermostat- device used to automatically control and to keep temperature within the
required settings

PAES 506: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Hog Scalder – Methods of Test

perforation interval - distance measured from the center of one pipe perforation to the
center of the adjacent perforation

rib interval- distance between the ribs of the release cradle

release angle- optimum angle that the release cradle can swing

PAES 507: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Dehairing Machine – Specifications

carcass - body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.

dehairing - removal of hair from the skin of an animal after scalding as part of the process
of preparing its meat for food.
dehairing capability - maximum weight of hog a machine is capable of dehairing per
loading, expressed in kilograms

dehairing efficiency - ratio of amount of hair removed and the total amount of hair,
expressed in percent

dehairing machine – dehairer, mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible

paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding

dehairing shaft - high-grade solid steel shaft where scraper paddles are rigidly fastened

dehairing wheel - star wheels, circular bar with radial arms where scraper paddles are
attached

gambrelling table - table used to receive and prepare dehaired carcass before
suspending

“j” - bar - ribbed mechanism that resembles a “j”- shaped structure that serves as support
of the carcass during dehairing and also used in unloading dehaired hog

scalding - subjecting animal into steam or hot water to prepare skin for dehairing

scraper blade - slightly bent steel material attach to the scraper paddle that is used to
directly remove the hair

scraper paddle - resilient flexible rectangular block-shaped rubber which serves as a

base material for the scraper blade

scraper paddle assembly - composed of three (3) or more paddles with blades
attached altogether

PAES 508: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Dehairing Machine – Methods of Test

dehairing rate - number of hogs dehaired per unit time, expressed in heads per hour

dehairing time - actual time of dehairing a single hog, expressed in seconds

discharge height - measurement of the highest position of the j-bar during loading from
the base of the machine

effective dehairing height - measurement of the bottom of the j-bar’s holding chamber
from the base of the dehairing machine
effective dehairing width - actual width of the dehairing mechanism measured from both
end sides of dehairing paddle parallel to the dehairing shaft

evisceration - removal of the internal organs or entrails of an animal

gambreling table - table used before suspending the carcass for particular operation

hair density - number of hair present per unit area, expressed in hair per square
centimeter

live weight - weight of the hog prior to slaughter

overall height - measurement from the topmost point to the base of the machine

overall length - measurement from both sides of the dehairing machine parallel to the
discharge side including the protruding parts such as the j-bar lever, motor, etc.

overall width - measurement of the receiving side of the j-bar to the discharge side in its
normal position

receiving height - measurement of the maximum height of the j-bar, in receiving position,
from the base of the machine

PAES 509: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Splitting Saw For Hog Carcass – Specifications

backbone - vertebral column of an animal

blade guard - safety cover for cutting mechanism

blade holders - holding mechanism for hand saw that tightens and keeps the blade in a
vertical position

blade teeth - small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw

cutting blade - blade of a saw with a small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge

drive shaft - mechanism that delivers rotating motion from the motor to the cutting blade

gripping handle - part of the machine that provides friction against the hand, reducing the
gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip

gullets - spaces between each segment of the blade to provide cooling and slurry
removal
hanger mounting bracket - part of the saw used for suspending the entire machine,
such that the hanger mounting bracket is located at the center of gravity of the machine

main frame - body of the splitting saw

percent splitting efficiency - percent of actual work used during splitting operation

rotary saw (circular saw) - machine with rotating circular blade used for cutting material

splitting rate - number of hog carcass split per hour, expressed in head/h

splitting saw - tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of hog carcass

tooth pitch - spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (tpi)

PAES 510: 2007

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Splitting Saw For Hog Carcass – Methods Of Test

blade speed - linear displacement of the blade’s teeth per unit time, expressed in
millimeter per second

bone dust - particles of bone accumulated during cutting

cutting depth - depth of cut by the splitting saw through the backbone, expressed in
millimeter

cutting speed - speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in seconds

dimension - the physical measurement of an object as described by its length, width,

height and thickness

overall length - measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from
both ends parallel to the blade and its handle

overall width - measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and
perpendicular to its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor
type

percent splitting efficiency - amount of energy delivered by the splitting saw relative to
the total energy input, expressed in percent

splitting rate - number of hogs split per unit time, expressed in heads per hour

splitting time - actual time of splitting a single hog, expressed in seconds

 PAES 511:2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System For Hogs – Specifications

carcass - body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing

corbel - horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that
gives support to the main rail frame

gambrel - horizontal supporting bar where carcass is attached through incision in the
hind feet

hog side - separate half of the split hog

hog trolley frame - yolk-like flat steel bar where trolley wheel is mounted

hoist - device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around
which rope or chain wraps

moving load capacity - maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance,
expressed in kg

overhead rail - suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses

overhead rail frame - solid horizontal metal beam where rail track is securely fastened

rail hanger/bracket - steel material that supports and holds the rail track suspended from
the overhead rail frame

rail height - height of rail measured from top of the rail to the floor

rail scale - electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system

rail spacing - center to center distance or spacing between railings measured

horizontally

rail switch - mechanical retracting rail that allows change in direction of trolley

rail track (rail) - conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll

retained rail - rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection

shackle chain (shackle) - solid metal chain used to tie or hold the hog through the feet
for lifting
suspected carcass - condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be
ascertained and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination

track size/diameter - specified dimensions of track rail, expressed in millimeters

trolley - suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook
used to carry or transport carcass

trolley pin - a shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame

trolley swivel - circular steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley that allows
rotation of the suspended hogs

trolley wheel - circular pulley-like steel material that rolls freely on the rail

PAES 512:2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System For Hogs – Methods Of Test

breed - species of hog used as test material

hanger/bracket spacing - horizontal distance between rail hangers

live weight - weight of hog prior to slaughter

moving load capacity - maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance,
expressed in kg

overall length - measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail

radius of curvature (radius) - distance of a circle or curve to its center

rail slope - measurement of upward or downward inclination of the rail track from a
reference horizontal plane

rail track spacing - center to center distance or spacing between railings measured
horizontally

PAES 513: 2008

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Stunning Box/ Knocking Pen – Specifications

chin lift - part of the head gate which positions the head of the animal to facilitate
stunning
discharge gate - part of the stunning box which opens to release the animal after
stunning

entrance gate - part of the stunning box where the animal enters

head gate - part of the stunning box which secures the head in restraining the animal

large ruminants - hoofed animals having rumen as part of their stomachs such as cattle,
carabao and buffalo

stunning - process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

stunning box (knocking pen) - slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal
to facilitate stunning

tail pusher - part of the stunning box which pushes the animal forward towards the head
gate

PAES 514:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Stunning Box/ Knocking Pen – Methods of Test

live weight - weight of animal prior to slaughter

overall height - measurement from the highest point of the stunning box to its base

overall length - measurement from the entrance gate of the stunning box to the opposite
end of the equipment including all the protruding parts (e.g. chin lift)

overall width - measurement between the outer side of the walls of the stunning box

rotating angle - angle measured from the restraint’s initial upright position to inverted
position

rotating time - total time spent to rotate the restraint from its upright position to inverted
position

vocalization - animal sound such as bellowing in cattle

 PAES 515:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Captive Bolt – Specifications

blank cartridge (powerload) - type of cartridge used in captive bolt that contains
gunpowder but without bullet

bolt - metal rod that extrudes from the captive bolt

bullet (round) - solid projectile made of metal (usually lead) propelled by a firearm or a
gun

captive bolt - stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the forehead of the
animal to render it unconscious.

cartridge - metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer

stunning - process of rendering an animal unconscious

stunning box (knocking pen) - slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal
to facilitate stunning

PAES 516: 2008

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Captive Bolt – Methods Of Test

caliber - measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the firearm

extraction length - total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the captive bolt
to the tip or head of the bolt

insensibility - state of an animal’s response specifically to pain

overall length - total length of the captive bolt measured from the bolt head or tip to the
opposite end of the equipment including all protruding parts

overall weight - total weight of the captive bolt assembly excluding the blank cartridge or
powerload and hose

stunning efficacy - ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single
application to the total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage

vocalization - animal sound such as bellowing in cattle

 PAES 517: 2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System for Large Ruminants – Specifications

bleeding - process of removing the blood from the animal before further handling.

carcass - body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.

carcass side - separate half of the split carcass.

corbel - horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives
the support to the main rail frame.

dehiding - process of removing the skin of the animal.

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs from the carcass.

hoist - device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift–wheel.

large ruminants - whom animal having rumen as part of its stomach such as cattle,
carabao and buffalo.

lowerator - motorized or hydraulic device that allows gradual descent of carcass along
the rail.

moving load capacity - maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear
length.

overhead rail - suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses in
slaughtering operation.

overhead rail frame - solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely
fastened through the rail hanger.

rail hanger bracket - supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the overhead
rail frame

rail height - distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line.

rail spacing - center to center distance space between parallel rail tracks.

rail switch - switch mechanism that allows change in direction of trolley.

rail track rail - conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll.
retained carcass rail - rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further
inspection.

shackle chain shackle - solid metal chain used to hold and hoist the animal through the
hind leg.

splitting - cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.

spreader - horizontal supporting bar used for separating the hind legs of hung animal to
a distance suitable for evisceration and splitting processes.

stopper - auxiliary part of the overhead rail system used to halt the trolley to slide on the
rail tracks during operations.

suspected carcass - condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be
ascertained and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination.

track scale - electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system.

track size track diameter - specified dimensions of rail track, expressed in millimetres.

trolley - suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook
used to carry or transport carcass.

trolley frame - flat bar of non-corrosive materials that holds the trolley wheel, swivel and
hook together.

trolley hook - round stainless steel bar shaped into hook where the carcass is hung.

trolley pin - shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame.

trolley swivel - round stainless steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley
frame that allows rotation of the suspended carcass.

trolley wheel - steel pulley-like part of the trolley that rolls freely on the rail.

power source - movement of carcass on trolley along the rail shall depend on the power
drive.

manually operated - slight manually pushing/pulling animal/carcass on the trolley to

move on the overhead rail system.

semi-mechanized - mechanized operations are only applied on selected portion of the

slaughtering process (i.e. elevator and lowerator).
mechanized - fully-mechanized overhead railing system that operates continuously at a
constant speed of travel.

number of tracks - one or two tracks are present in the system.

monorail track - overhead railing that consists of one-rail track.

double-rail track - two-rail track (normally, i-beam) are provided for two wheel trolley.

rail shape - shapes of rail track shall be based on.

rectangular rail - a rail using rectangular bar for its track.

cylindrical rail - a rail using tubular or round bar material for its track

PAES 518:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System for Large Ruminants – Methods of Test

bending flexural stress - stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam
supporting the overhead rail system.

fracture - deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system.

hanger/bracket spacing - horizontal distance between rail hangers.

live weight - weight of animal prior to slaughtering.

moving load capacity - maximum load capacity of overhead rail system in one (1) meter
distance, expressed in kilogram.

overall length - distance of the entire track.

sagging - failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system.

speed reduction - ratio of the speed of conveyor without load to the speed of conveyor
with load, expressed in percent.

rail slope - ratio of the change in rail height to the change in horizontal distance,
expressed in percent.
rail spacing - center to center distance between parallel rail tracks.

tensile stress - average normal stress at any point on the cross sectional area of the
overhead rail system.

PAES 519:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehider – Specifications

air motor assembly - part of the handheld flayer that contains the air motor which
actuates the movement of the blades by allowing air flow supplied by an air compressor.

blade assembly - part of the handheld flayer that is composed mainly by two blades that
move in countermotion.

dehider - slaughterhouse equipment used to remove the skin from the body of the animal.

hide - skin separated from the animal’s body.

hide clamp - part of the roller drum in vertical puller to which the hide is hooked prior to
pulling.

roller drum - part of the vertical puller which rolls and pulls the hide to separate it from
the carcass.

PAES 520:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Dehider – Methods of Test

blade clearance - distance between two blades in the blade assembly.

dehiding time - average time consumed to totally dehide the animal.

live weight - weight of animal prior to slaughter.

overall height - measurement from highest point of the hide puller to its base.

overall length - between the longer side of the dehider including all protruding parts.

overall width - measurement between the shorter side of the dehider including all
protruding parts.

role of manufacturer/dealer - the manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of

the dehider and shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the official testing
agency.
role of the operator - an officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able
to demonstrate, operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the
equipment.

test site conditions - the dehider shall be tested as installed in the slaughterhouse. the
site should have ample provisions for material handling, temporary storage and
workspace conforming to paes 411.

test instruments - the suggested list of minimum test instruments needed to carry out
the dehider test is shown in annex

test material - test materials to be used shall have a live weight of not less than 500kg.
There shall be at least three (3) animals for the test trials.

termination of test for dehider - if during the test, the dehider encounters major
component breakdown or malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.
Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information - this inspection is carried
out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and accessories of the dehider in
comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical data and information.

performance test - this is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance and
safety features of the equipment.

measurement of initial data - initial data, such as weight of the test animal, shall be
obtained and recorded in annex c before the test operation.

PAES 521:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Splitting Saw For Large Ruminants – Specifications

backbone - refers to the vertebral column of an animal.

blade guard - safety cover for the blade of the splitting saw.

blade speed - linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter
per second.

blade teeth - small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw.

cutting blade - blade of saw with small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge.

gripping handle - part of the machine that provides friction against the hand.
hanger mounting bracket - part of the saw located at the center of gravity used for
suspending the entire machine.

linear speed - linear displacement of the rotating blade at a given time, expressed in
meter per second.

main frame - body of the splitting saw.

splitting - cutting or dividing the carcass into equal halves.

splitting saw - machine with a metal blade designed to divide carcasses

pitch - spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (tpi)

PAES 522:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Splitting Saw for Large Ruminants – Methods of Test

blade speed - linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter
per second.

bone dust - particles of bone accumulated during cutting.

cutting depth - depth of cut through the backbone, expressed in millimetre.

overall length - measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from
both ends parallel to the blade and its handle.

overall width - measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and
perpendicular to its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor
type.

splitting efficiency - ratio of actual work to the energy consumption, expressed in

percent.

splitting rate - linear speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in millimeters
per second.

splitting time - actual time of splitting a single carcass, expressed in seconds.

 PAES 523:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Platform – Specifications

dehiding - process of removing the skin of animal.

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic
cavities.

floor plate - part of the platform that serves as the flooring for the operator to stand on.

floor plate height - distance measured vertically from the floor plate to the finish floor
line.

guard rail - part of the platform designed to provide safety for the operator.

hand rail - part of the guard rail designed to be grasped by the operator when ascending,
descending or moving horizontally.
platform - equipment used by the operator to reach the required height to perform
slaughtering process

platform control switch - auxiliary part of the mechanical platform that regulates the
speed and controls the vertical – horizontal movement of the platform.

side travel - sideward or horizontal movement of the platform.

splitting - cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.

PAES 524:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Platform – Methods of Test

bearing stress - force per unit area in contact like compressive and tensile stress.

bending flexural stress - stress that is caused by the bending moment at a given point
in the beam supporting the platform.

compressive stress - force per unit area,that tends to compress or shorten the material.

dehiding time - time required to remove the skin of one (1) carcass, expressed in
seconds.

fracture - defect caused by the bending moment at a given point in the material under
stress.
leveling bubble - instrument used for checking whether a plane structure is flat and
horizontally levelled.

splitting time - time required to split one (1) carcass expressed in seconds.
P
tensile stress - force per unit area that tends to elongate or create tension on the material
submitted to it.
VOLUME 8
Section B
 PAES 240:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Fans And Blowers – Specifications

airfoil - shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen in cross
section.

camber - asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-section.

drag, D - force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object.

fan (blower) - device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller.

fan/blower guard - structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for
safety purpose.

angle of attack, α - angle measured between the air inlet and lower camber of the
fan/blower.

lift, l - sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction
of flow.

lift-drag ratio - ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during
operation.

leading edge, LE - side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at
entry.

trailing edge, TE - side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the
deflection of air occurs.

hub-tip ratio - ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter.

rotor - rotating device with blades projecting from a hub.

fan/blower wheel - any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air.

PAES 242:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Biomass Furnace – Specifications

biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips,
corncobs and rice hulls, etc.
biomass furnace - enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like
woodchips, corncobs and rice hulls as fuel.

hearth - fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass furnace.

workload - materials to be processed (i.e. dried, burned, melted, etc.) using biomass
furnace.

grate - framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in furnace for
more efficient combustion.

PAES 243: 2010

Agricultural Machinery
Biomass Furnace – Methods of Test

burning efficiency - ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel,
expressed in percent.

furnace efficiency - ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in biomass furnace,
expressed in percent.

latent heat of vaporization - heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling
point in order to convert the material into a gas without temperature change.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the biomass furnace.
note: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting upwards are contained between these
two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the biomass furnace and touching its front and rear extremities.
NOTE: All parts of the biomass furnace, in particular, components projecting at the front
and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of
components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the biomass furnace on its
respective side.
NOTE: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting side wards are contained between
these two planes.

sensible heat - heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature

that is not accompanied by a change of state.
heating system efficiency - ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to
the furnace, expressed in percent.

PAES 244:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Biomass Shredder – Specifications

biomass shredder - machine used to cut biomass materials into strips.

chipping section - part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or
small branches of trees into small and uniform sizes called chips.
NOTE: this is auxiliary component of some biomass shredder.

biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural
applications.

hopper - part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded.

prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass
shredder.

input capacity - weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram
per hour.

shredding efficiency - ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded
biomass materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder,
expressed in percent.

PAES 245:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Biomass Shredder – Methods of Test

biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural
applications.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the biomass shredder.
NOTE: all parts of the biomass shredder projecting upwards are contained between these
two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the biomass shredder and touching its front and rear extremities. NOTE: All parts
of the biomass shredder, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is
possible, its shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the biomass shredder on its
respective side.
NOTE: All parts of the biomass shredder projecting side wards are contained between
these two planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.

shredding efficiency - ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded
biomass materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder,
expressed in percent.

input capacity - weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram
per hour.

unshredded - biomass material that is not totally cut into strips.

PAES 246:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Dehusked Corn Dryer – Specifications

dehusked corn (ear corn, corn-on-cob) - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the
husk has been removed mechanically or manually.

husk - refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows on the
plant.

dehusked corn dryer - device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without
husk, generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat.

fan (blower) - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
materials to be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure.

moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content
randomly sampled after drying.

plenum - chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated
air through the material to be dried.
safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the
parts and components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the
operation of the dryer in case of malfunction.

PAES 247: 2010

Agricultural Machinery
Dehusked Corn Dryer – Methods of Test

airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn per
minute.

damaged kernels - corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted
or distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means.

drying air temperature - mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked
corn, measured at a number of points practicably as close to its entry to the drying bed.

drying capacity - maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the
desired moisture content.

fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time,
expressed in kg/h.

heating system efficiency - product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace

efficiency; the ratio of heat supplied to the dryer and the heat available from the fuel used,
expressed in percent.

holding capacity (load capacity) - weight of dehusked corn required to fill the dryer at
the input moisture content.

moisture reduction rate - ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from
the dehusked corn to drying time, expressed in percent per hour.

static pressure - pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform

dustribution of air flow through the dehusked corn mass, expressed in mmh 2o.

PAES 248:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Fruit Dryer – Specifications

fan (blower) - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
materials to be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure.
fruit - ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually sweet and
in fleshy form.

fruit dryer - device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced or
natural convection with or without addition of heat.

moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content
randomly sampled after drying.

plenum - chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated
air through the material to be dried.

safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the
parts and components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the
operation of the dryer in case of malfunction.

water activity- ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure
of pure water at the same temperature.
NOTE: measure of water available for the growth of microorganism.

PAES 249:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Fruit Dryer – Methods of Test

airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of fruits per minute.

drying air temperature - mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the fruit,
measured at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the drying bed.

drying capacity - maximum capacity that the fruit dryer can removed moisture content
per unit time.

drying efficiency (heat utilization efficiency) - ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize
moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air, expressed in
percent.

drying rate - amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

drying system efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available
in the fuel expressed in percent.

fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time.
heat utilization - total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
expressed in kj/kg of water.

holding capacity (load capacity) - weight of fruits required to fill the dryer at the initial
moisture content.

moisture reduction rate - ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from
the fruits, to drying time, expressed in percent per hour.

static pressure - pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform

dustribution of air flow through the sliced fruits, expressed in mmh2o.

PAES 250:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Coconut Coir Decorticator – Specifications

coconut husk - fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70%
parenchymatous cells.

coconut coir - slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk.

coconut peat - fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted
from the coconut husk.

coconut coir decorticator - machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or
beating action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk.

decorticating efficiency - ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the
decorticator, expressed in percent.

coir quality - refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity,
color, fiber length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.

input capacity - weight of coconut husk fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram
per hour.

PAES 251:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Coconut Coir Decorticator – Methods of Test

coconut husk - fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70%
parenchymatous cells.

coconut coir - slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk.
coconut peat - fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted
from the coconut husk.

coconut coir decorticator - machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or
beating action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk.

decorticating efficiency - ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the
decorticator, expressed in percent.

input capacity - weight of coconut husk fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram
per hour.

coir quality - refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity,
color, fiber length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the decorticator.
Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the decorticator and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the decorticator, in particular, components projecting at the front and at
the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components
is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the decorticator on its respective
side.
Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting sidewards are contained between these two
planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.

undecorticated - portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed.

PAES 252:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Coffee Pulper – Specifications

Coffee pulper - Machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without
making any damage to the parchment coffee.
Coffee cherry - Ripened fruits of coffee shrubs.

Flute - Thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber.

Flute inclination - Angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes.

Input capacity - Weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in
kilogram per hour.

Output capacity - Weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour.

Pulping - Process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry.

Mucilage - Slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment.

Parchment - Endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of the
cherry and coffee bean.

Parchment coffee - Final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping
process.

Main parchment coffee outlet - Part of machine where parchment coffee are collected.

Pulp outlet - Part of machine where pulps are collected.

Pulp - Red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry.

Pulping efficiency - Ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the
total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.

Pulping recovery - Ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the
main outlet to the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in
percentage.

Separation loss - Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the
pulp outlet to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.

Unpulped loss - Ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight
of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.

Scattering loss - Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base
of coffee pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.
Mechanically damaged parchment coffee - Ratio of the total weight of damaged
parchment coffee to the total weight of sample, expressed in percentage.

PAES 253:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Coffee Pulper – Methods of Test

mechanically damaged parchment coffee - ratio of the total weight of damaged

parchment coffee to the total weight of sample, expressed in percentage.

input capacity - weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in
kilogram per hour.

output capacity - weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time,
expressed in
kilogram per hour.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the pulper machine.
NOTE: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the pulper and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the coffee pulper, in particular, components projecting at the front and
at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components
is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the pulper on its respective side.
NOTE: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting sidewards are contained between these
two planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.

separation loss - ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the
pulp discharge to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in
percentage.

pulping efficiency - ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the
total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.
pulping recovery - ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the
main outlet to the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in
percentage.

unpulped loss - ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight
of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.

scattering loss - ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base
of coffee pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage
by weight.

purity - ratio of the total weight of parchment coffee free of foreign matters to the total
weight of sample expressed in percentage.

PAES 254:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Abaca Stripper – Specifications

abaca fiber - long and slender natural filament of abaca plant.

abaca stalk - part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath.

abaca stripper - mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action
from blade and stripping block.

bacnis method - method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to
2 mm thick uncut) crosswise the middle of the inner portion of the leaf sheath to be able
to extract the tuxies.

fiber quality - refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and
texture (fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.

locnit method - method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and
make a cut between the upper and the inner portions of the material to be able to extract
the tuxies.

output capacity - weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit
time, kg/h.

parenchymatous material - soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber.

potential fiber content - summation of the dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of
extracted fiber using manual or mechanical abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually
obtained.
potential fiber recovery - ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight
of input abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent.

stripping - extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper.

stripping block - part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials
are being locked in position during fiber extraction.

stripping efficiency - ratio of the total dry (moisture content of 14%) weight of the fiber
extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent.

stripping knife- metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action.

tuxy - the outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber.

tuxying - separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most 1.8
mm of abaca leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method
(using bolo).

PAES 255:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Abaca Stripper – Methods of Test

stripping efficiency - ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber
extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent.

extraction loss - difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry
weight (moisture content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca stripper,
expressed in percent.

fiber quality - refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and
texture (fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.

grade - indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber.

output capacity - fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per
unit time, kg/h.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the stripping machine.
note: all parts of the abaca stripper projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the abaca stripper and touching its front and rear extremities.
note: all parts of the stripper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the stripper on its respective side.
note: all parts of the stripper projecting sidewards are contained between these two
planes.

potential fiber content - summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or
mechanical abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.

potential fiber recovery - ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight
of input abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent.

PAES 256:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Corn Picker – Specifications

corn (zea mays) - cereal grass belonging to the poaceae family.

corn ear - fruit of the corn plant with husk.

single-row side-mounted corn picker- machine attached to the side of tractor designed
for picking corn.

snapping rolls - part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby,
stripping the corn ear during operation.

stalk guide rod - direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls.

stripper plate - part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and
separate the corn ear from the stalk.

PAES 257:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Corn Picker – Methods of Test

actual field capacity - actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit
of time.
NOTE: total operating time which includes the time spent for turning at the headland,
adjustment, repair and troubleshooting of the machine.

corn (zea mays) - cereal grass belonging to the poaceae family.

corn ear - fruit of the corn plant with husk.

single-row side-mounted corn picker- machine attached to the side of tractor designed
for picking corn.

conveyance efficiency - measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested
corn ear to the collecting bin.

field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed
in percent.

picking efficiency - measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from
the corn stalk through snapping and stripping action.

potential yield - maximum yield per unit area.

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the corn picker.
Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the corn picker and touching its front and rear extremities.
note: all parts of the corn picker, in particular, components projecting at the front and at
the rear are contained between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the corn picker on its respective
side.
Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.
 PAES 258:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Feed Mixer – Specifications

feeds - meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various raw
materials and additive.

feed mixer - machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients.

coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed

ingredients.

mixing rate- weight of the feed ingredients fed to the machine per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour.

PAES 259:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Feed Mixer – Methods of Test

mixing rate - weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time, expressed
in kilogram per hour.
Note: applicable for feed mixer with continuous input of feed ingredients to the hopper.

coefficient of variation of salt content - statistical representation of the precision of

distribution of feed ingredients.

mean - mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed.

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the feed mixer.
NOTE: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the feed mixer and touching its front and rear extremities.
note: all parts of the feed mixer, in particular, components projecting at the front and at
the rear are contained between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the feed mixer on its respective
side.
NOTE: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained between these two
planes.
standard deviation - statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of
feed ingredients.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of the test.
VOLUME 8
Section A
 PAES 147:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Field Cultivator – Specifications

field cultivator - implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow

cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks.

gauge wheel - auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform
depth of cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch
every time you set a cultivator down.

ground clearance - minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially
obstructing machine element.

main frame - part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge
wheels together.

primary tillage - tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally
designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

secondary tillage - any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage,
which are designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted.

shank - structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.

shovel - spade-shaped, v-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers.

spike - type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration.

sweep - type of shovel which is wing-shaped.

transverse tool bar - part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.

PAES 148:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Field Cultivator – Methods Of Test

draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.

effective field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency
expressed in hectares per hour.
field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity.

implement - any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.

implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the
outermost edges of the implement.

nose angle - angle formed by the edges of the sweep.

operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of
the field cultivator.

stem angle - angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to
its base, respectively.

theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares
per hour.

transport height - overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its
lowest point.

transport length - overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point.

wheel slip - reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached
implement.

PAES 149:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Subsoiler– Specifications

gauge wheel - auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating
depth and for adjusting depth of cut.

main frame - part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together.

primary tillage - tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally
designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

ripper point - tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil.

shank - structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam.
soil abrasion - scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil.

subsoiler - implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted

subsurface layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a
v-shaped frame.

subsoiling - deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening soil for
root growth and/or water movement.

transverse tool bar - part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.

wear shin - metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability
of the shank.

PAES 150:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Subsoiler – Methods Of Test

draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed.

effective field capacity - function of field speed, working width and field efficiency
expressed in hectares per hour.

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

implement - any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.

implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between

the outermost edges of the implement.

operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of
the subsoiler.

sweep angle - angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the
direction of travel.
theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares
per hour.

tip angle - angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point.
transport height - overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to
its lowest point.

transport length - overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
the implement to the mounting point.

wing lift - length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle.

wing lift angle - angle measured between the two sides of the wing.

wing width - distance between the tip of each wing.

PAES 151:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

grasping fork - part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings.

mechanical rice transplanter - machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a
puddled and leveled field.

paddle wheel - modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field.

root-washed seedlings - rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the
roots are washed thoroughly to remove the soil.

soil-bearing seedlings - rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the
soil is retained with the roots for transplanting.

transplanting - method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a
nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after
seeding.

transplanting arm - part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and
transplanting seedlings into a puddled field.

PAES 152:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods Of Test

effective field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency
expressed in hectares per hour.
effective working width - total width per row of transplanting arm.

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

hills - points in the field where a seedling is transplanted.

overall length - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter

along its longer side including all protruding parts.

overall width - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter

along its shorter side including all protruding parts.

percent damaged hill - ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by
cutting, bending or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills expressed in
percentage.

percent missing hill - ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total
number of hills expressed in percentage.

planting efficiency - ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hill
expressed in percentage.

rows - series of hills in a field.

theoretical field capacity - function of speed of transplanter and the width of operation
expressed in hectares per hour.

tray angle - angle between the bottom of the seedling tray and the horizontal.

PAES 153:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Hand Pump – Specifications

check valve - valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe
while the plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke.
discharge valve - valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the
body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only.

hand pump - water pump powered by the movement of human arms.

handle - lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some
mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the
draw pipe.
outlet - spout assembly of pump where water comes out.

plunger (piston) - part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces
water up the draw pipe.

pump head - pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet
assembly.

pump rod (plunger rod) - steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger
assembly within the cylinder.

pump stand (pedestal) - base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects
to the draw pipe.

stroke - maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved.

suction inlet - inlet to which the suction pipe is connected.

suction pipe - pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves
up and out to the pump spout during pumping.

PAES 154:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Hand Pump – Methods Of Test

base plane - center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its highest
position.

discharge rate - volume of water pumped per unit time.

friction head - equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow
through the pipe and pipe fittings.

full stroke - operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its lowest
position.
head - quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of
the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum.

overall height - measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or
pedestal.

overall length - measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer
side including all protruding parts.
overall width - measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter
side including all protruding parts.

static suction head (h1) - vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level
of water source.

static discharge head (h2) - vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the
discharge water level.

total static head (hg) - vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level,
the sum of the static suction and discharge heads.

volumetric efficiency - ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston
or plunger displacement in one stroke.

water power - theoretical power required for pumping.

PAES 155:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Mist Blower – Specifications

cut-off valve - valve used to stop the flow of fluid.

mist - fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air.

mist blower - equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist.

wand - part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower.

PAES 156:2010
Agricultural Machinery
Mist Blower – Methods of Test

blower range - distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.
number median diameter - diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample
droplets into two equal halves.

volume median diameter - diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample
droplets into two equal halves.

PAES 157:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO – SPECIFICATIONS
cut-off valve - valve used to stop the flow of fluid.

lance - metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer.

power sprayer for mango - equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine

used to spray fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height.

nozzle - tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out.

pressure relief valve - component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure.

runoff - overflow of water from the nozzle.

PAES 158:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods Of Test

mean diameter - average diameter of droplets.

number median diameter - diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal
halves.

sprayer range - distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out.

volume median diameter - diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves.

PAES 159:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Sugarcane Planter – Specifications

drawbar - bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached

feeder - person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow

feeding shank - component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and
drops it into the furrow.

gauge wheel - auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform
depth of furrows.

main frame - part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge
wheels together.
shank - structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a
standard.

sugarcane billet - sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material.

sugarcane planter - agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets.

PAES 160:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test

draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

drawbar power - power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
20 meters.

effective field capacity - actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time.

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

implement - any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.

implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between

the outermost edges of the implement.

operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function.

percent cutting - ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the
reservoir expressed in percentage.

percent damaged stalk eyes - ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to
the total number of billets dropped expressed in percentage.

plant distance - distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row.
transport height - overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its
lowest point.

transport length - overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
the implement to the mounting point.

wheel slip - reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached
implement.
 PAES 161:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Soil Auger – Specifications

auger head (drill bit)- boring part of the soil auger.

extension rod - accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool.

soil auger - tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis
or for digging post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting.

PAES 162:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Soil Auger – Methods of Test

boring depth -maximum depth that the soil auger can reach.

boring efficiency - ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time
expressed in percent.

minor diameter, d -for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread.

overall length -measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its
opposite end along its longitudinal side.

overall width - measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger along
its lateral side.

pitch, P -distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side
of the axis.

pitch diameter, D -for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
whose surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the
thread ridge and the thread groove equal.

sampling efficiency -ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and
the theoretical volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed in percent.
 PAES 163:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Spring-Tooth Harrow – Specifications

field efficiency -ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

harrowing - operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for
planting.

lever assembly -mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition.

main frame -part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and lever
assembly together.

runner -auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to
facilitate easy turning.

secondary tillage implement -implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth
than primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds.

spring-tooth harrow -secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth
made of spring steel which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end
pointed to give good soil penetration.

tooth, tine -part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation.

transverse tool bar -part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached.

PAES 164:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Spring-Tooth Harrow – Methods of Test

draft -total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

drawbar power -power requirement of an implement being towed.

effective field capacity -actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time.

field efficiency -ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

implement -any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.

implement width -horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the
outermost edges of the implement.

operating width -horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost teeth of the
spring-tooth harrow.

transport height -overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its
lowest point.

transport length -overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
the implement to the mounting point.

wheel slip -reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement
attached.

PAES 165:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Granule Applicator– Specifications

agitator-part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous
stirring or rotation.

granule -generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm.

granule applicator -agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the
field.

hopper -part of granule applicator where granules are loaded.

orifice -opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through.

power take-off shaft -external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power
to implements.

spinner plate - part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules.
 PAES 166:2011
Agricultural Machinery
Granule Applicator – Methods of Test

draft -total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

drawbar power -power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least
20 meters.

effective field capacity -actual area covered per unit time.

field efficiency -ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity.

fuel consumption -volume of fuel consumed by the engine.

transport height -overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its
lowest point.

transport length -overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of
the implement to the mounting point.

wheel slip -reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached
implement.

width of application -farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel.

 VOLUME 9
Slaughterhouse Equipment
 PAES 525: 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System for Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant – Specifications

bleeding - process of removing the blood from the poultry animal after stunning.

carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration,

and removal of head and feet.

warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal.

chain - series of two or more connected metal links wherein the trolley is attached to
facilitate its movement in the rail

chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcasses within 4 °c to 0 °c

to reduce microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life

corbel - horizontal protruding rectangular block from the columns of the building that gives
support to the main frame

defeathering (plucking) - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry
animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic
cavities

load capacity - maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear length

overhead rail system - system that consists of main frame, rail hangers, rails, trolleys,
and shackles which is used to transfer poultry animals or carcasses from one processing
stage to another during dressing/slaughtering

overhead rail track - welded and suspended rectangular bars or tubular/round bars that
serves as guide for trolley wheels during operation of overhead rail system

overhead rail frame - solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely
fastened through the rail hanger

overhead rail hanger - supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the

overhead rail frame (overhead shackle) - solid metal used to hold and hoist the poultry
animals and carcasses through the legs or head

overhead trolley - suspended metal assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels used to
carry or transport the shackled poultry animals or carcasses
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g.
chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

rail height - distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line

rail spacing - center to center distance between parallel rail tracks

scalding - process of subjecting poultry animals into steam or hot water to loosen
feathers from its skin prior to defeathering

sprocket-wheel - wheels with teeth, cogs or sprockets that mesh and engage a chain
with attached trolley passing over it

stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious

track diameter - specified dimensions of rail track (l x w if rectangular or diameter if

tubular), expressed in millimeters

monorail - overhead rail system that consists of a single rail track provided for one-wheel
trolley.

rectangular - a rail using rectangular bar for its track.

cylindrical - a rail using tubular or round bar material for its track.

double rail - overhead rail system that consists of two-rail track provided for two wheel
trolley.

single shackling point - type of shackle wherein the head of the poultry animal or
carcass can be attached to the shackling point.

two shackling points - type of shackle wherein two feet of the poultry animal or carcass
can be attached to the shackling point.

PAES 526 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Overhead Rail System for Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant –
Methods of Test

flexural stress - stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam
supporting the overhead rail system
fracture - deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system

live weight - weight of poultry animal prior to slaughter

load capacity - maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed
in kg per linear meter

overall length - measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail

radius - distance from the circumference of a circle to its center

sagging - failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system

shackle spacing - horizontal distance between two shackles

PAES 527 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Stunner– Specifications

ampere (A) - metric system unit for measuring electric current

blank cartridge - type of cartridge used in mechanical stunner that contains gunpowder
but without bullet

bolt - metal rod that extrudes from the cylindrical type of mechanical stunner during
stunning operation

cartridge - metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer on the pistol
type stunner

conducting shoe - part of the electrode assembly in automatic type stunner that is
adapted to make sliding contact with the electrode raid

current - flow of electric charge through a conductive medium

alternating current - movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction form of

current in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences

direct current - unidirectional flow of electric charge that are usually produced by sources
such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of
dynamo type

electric prods - tips of electrical stunner that can deliver an electric charge to the animal
electrodes - electrical conductors that are being used in electrical stunner to deliver
certain amount of current during stunning operation

frequency - frequency of the oscillations of alternating current in an electric power grid

transmitted from a power plant to the end-user
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g.
chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

powerload - measurement of the size and amount of powder in a blank cartridge,

expressed in grain

stunner - device/equipment used to render the poultry animal unconscious before

dress/slaughter

stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious before they are
dressed/slaughtered

voltage (v) - electromotive force required to move a small electric charge along a path

water vat - part of water-bath stunner where water as conductor of electricity is being
contained and where the poultry animals are being submerged during stunning operation

PAES 528 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Stunner– Methods of Test

caliber - measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the firearm in a pistol type
stunner

extraction length - total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the stunner to
the tip or head of the bolt

insensibility - state of an animal’s response specifically to pain

overall weight - total weight of the stunner assembly excluding the blank cartridge or
powerload and hose

stunning efficacy mechanical - ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with
single application to the total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage

electrical - ratio of the number of animal stunned successfully within 5 seconds to the
total number of animal stunned, expressed in percentage

stunner efficiency mechanical - measures the protrusion length consistency of the

stunner’s bolt with and without load

electrical - measures the consistency of the range of current delivered by the stunner
with and without load
 PAES 529 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Scalder – Specifications

boiler - closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated

plucker - defeathering machines mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with
attached rubberized spines that aids in removing the feathers from the poultry animal after
scalding

poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g.
Chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

scalder (scalding tank) - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific
temperature that is being used to loosen the poultry animal’s feathers from its skin, and
for sanitation purpose

scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to loosen feathers
from its skin prior to defeathering

thermostat - device used to automatically control and keep temperature within the
required settings

PAES 530 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Scalder – Methods of Test

coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of distribution of

temperature in the scalding tank

scalding capacity - total number of poultry animal that can be scalded per unit time,
expressed in poultry animal per hour

scalding efficacy, % - ratio of total number of sections defeathered properly to the total
number of sections randomly selected for defeathering

scalder efficiency,% - measures the ability of the scalder to maintain consistent and
equal temperature at any point in the scalding tank
 PAES 531 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Defeathering Machine – Specifications

carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration,

and removal of head and feet

warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal

defeathering (plucking) - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry
animal after scalding as part of preparing its meat for food

defeathering capacity - maximum weight of poultry animals the machine is capable of

defeathering per unit time, expressed in kilograms per hour

defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcass after defeathering,

expressed in percentage base in class

defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of
poultry feathers, expressed in percent

defeathering machine - mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with

attached rubberized fingers that removes the feathers from the poultry animal after
scalding

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic
cavities

feather - one of the light, flat growths forming the plumage of poultry animals, consisting
of numerous slender fibers, forming a vane on either side of partly hollow shaft

poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g.
chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

rubber fingers - defeathering mechanism made of rubber materials and are being used
to pluck feathers from the poultry animal’s skin during defeathering operation
scalder - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific temperature
that is being used to loosen and facilitate removal of poultry animal’s feathers from its
skin and for partial sanitation purposes

scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to loosen feathers
from its skin prior to defeathering
 PAES 532 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Defeathering Machine – Methods of Test

feather density - number of feathers at a given area, expressed in feathers per square
centimeter

defeathering rate - number of poultry animals defeathered at a given time, expressed in

poultry animals per hour

defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcasses after defeathering

defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of
poultry feathers, expressed in percent

PAES 533 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
Poultry Chilling Tank – Specifications

carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration,

and removal of head and feet

warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal

chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcass within 4 °C to 0 °C to

reduce microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life

chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and
make the temperature at any area in carcass equal

chilling tank - equipment used to lower the temperature of the carcass within 4 °C to 0
°C after dressing/slaughtering

chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent
and equal water temperature at any point before and during the chilling

poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g.
chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

pre-chilling - process of washing, cleaning, and initial lowering of carcass temperature

within 16 °C to 12 °C prior to chilling

PAES 534 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment
 Poultry Chilling Tank – Methods of Test

chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and
make the temperature at any area in carcasses equal

chilling tank capacity - total number of carcasses that can undergo chilling per unit time,
expressed in carcass per hour

chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent
and equal water temperature at any point before and during the chilling

coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of distribution of

temperature in the chilling tank and carcasses
 VOLUME 9
Slaughterhouse Structures
 PAES 422-1:2012
Agricultural Structures
Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 1 – Small Scale)

carcass - body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and

removal of head and feet

cove - concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall

defeathering (plucking) - process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry
animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food

dressing - slaughtering process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding,

defeathering - eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible
parts are removed

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic
cavities

giblet - edible offals

kill floor - slaughtering area

offal - by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry

poultry - group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat
and/or feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)

poultry dressing/slaughtering plant - any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and
products for human consumption

scalding - subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior
to defeathering

trench - drain trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening

vermin - animal species regarded as pests

 PAES 422-2:2012
Agricultural Structures
Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 2 – Large Scale)

carcass - body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and

removal of head and feet

cove - concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall

defeathering (plucking) - process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry
animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food

dressing - slaughtering process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding,

defeathering - eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible
parts are removed

evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic
cavities

giblet - edible offals

kill floor - slaughtering area

offal - by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry

poultry - group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat
and/or feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)

poultry dressing/slaughtering plant - any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and
products for human consumption

scalding - subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior
to defeathering

trench - drain trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening

vermin - animal species regarded as pests

VOLUME 10
 Pns/Paes 151:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications

grasping fork - part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings

mechanical rice transplanter - machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a
puddled and levelled field

paddle wheel - modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field

soil-bearing seedlings - rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the
soil is retained with the roots for transplanting

transplanting - method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a
nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and levelled fields

transplanting arm - part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and
transplanting seedlings into a puddled field

PNS/PAES 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test

actual field capacity - actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time
note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.

effective operating width - total width of the two outermost transplanting arms

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity

hills - points in the field where seedlings are transplanted

overall length - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter

along its longer side including all protruding parts

overall width - measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter

along its shorter side including all protruding parts
percent damaged hills - ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by
cutting, bending or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills; expressed in
percent (%)
percent missing hills - ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total
number of hills, expressed in percent (%)

planting efficiency - ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hills,
expressed in percent (%)

rows - series of hills in a field

theoretical field capacity - computed product of the effective operating width and speed
of operation of the mechanical rice transplanter

Pns/Paes 167:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Disc Plow For Walking Type Agricultural Tractor –Specifications

concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil

concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc
when its concave side is placed on a flat surface

disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially
or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
NOTE: blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to
the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.

frame - structure on which the standards are fitted

hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source

side angle / disc angle - horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel

standard / beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line

width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the
end discs
NOTE: for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25°. For non-
adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18° to 20°.
 PNS/PAES 168:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Disc Plow for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for
turning the tractor and implement

walking-type agricultural tractor (two-wheel tractor, hand tractor, pedestrian

tractor, power tiller) - self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to
pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery

PNS/PAES 169:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity

harrowing - operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for
planting

main frame - part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth

secondary tillage implement - implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth
than primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

spike tooth harrow (comb harrow, peg tooth harrow) - secondary tillage implement
consisting of long spikes that break the soil clods after plowing

tooth (tine) - part of the implement that engages with the soil during operation

PNS/PAES 170:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement

drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or pulled

actual field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency,
expressed in hectares per hour
field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and
the theoretical maximum productivity

implement - any agricultural tool hitched to the tractor

implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between

the outermost edges of the implement

operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function

theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width, expressed in hectares
per hour

overall height - height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point

overall length - length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point

wheel slip - reduction on the distance travelled by the tractor due to the attached
implement

PNS/PAES 171:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Precision Seeder – Specifications

grain seeder (seeder) - planting equipment used to mechanically drop seeds in the soil
for crop production

precision seeder (precision planter) - type of planting equipment that accurately drops
the seeds or group of seeds in equidistant spaces along a furrow
seeding rate - amount of seedsthat can be planted per unit area, expressed in kg/ha

Pns/Paes 172:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Precision Seeder – Methods Of Test

actual field capacity - actual rate of planting for a given area per unit of time.
NOTE: the time includes the time spent for turning at headland, adjustment of machine
and machine downtime

damaged seed - seed distinctly damaged during operation

field efficiency - ratio of actual field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

hopper capacity - maximum allowable amount of seeds (kg) which can be loaded to the
hopper
NOTE: shall follow manufacturer’s recommendation

percent damaged seeds - percentage of seeds damaged during operation

theoretical field capacity - computed area planted per unit of time

Pns/Paes 201:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Specifications

batch type - mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed amount is held in the drying
chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content

flat bed type - batch type dryer wherein a fixed amount of grain is held stationary in a
horizontal grain holding bin

recirculating type - batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed amount of
grain during the drying operation

biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy including but not limited
to agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood
residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic
materials.

broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of
the whole kernel

continuous flow dryer - dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying
chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated
and where the drying and tempering processes are accomplished in another holding bin
or column
cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

dehusked corn (ear corn, corn on cob) - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where husk
has been removed

dryer, direct-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact
with the product being dried

dryer, indirect-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact
with the products being dried
drying efficiency (heat utilization efficiency) - ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize
moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in
percent

dust collection system - device used to accumulate dust ( i.e. consist of aspiration fan,
cyclone, etc.)

fan - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of grains at the
desired air flow rate and pressure

grain dryer - device for reducing excess moisture from the grain, with or without
introduction of heat

head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with the length equal to or greater than three-fourths
(3/4) of the average length of the whole kernel

heated-air mechanical grain dryer - device used to remove grain moisture by forcing
heated air through the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained

heating system efficiency - ratio of the amount of heat added in the air to the heat
available in the fuel

moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture
content randomly sampled after drying

plenum - chamber maintained under pressure for uniform distribution of the heated air
through the grain mass

safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident related to drying
operation and/or damage to the parts and components of the dryer during the operation
and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction

shelled corn (“maize” , corn grain) - corn kernels, mainly of either dent or flint varieties
of the plant zea mays

tempering bin - chamber wherein the grains are temporarily held after drying chamber
or to the storage bin

Pns/Paes 202:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer – Methods Of Test

airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second
burner efficiency - ratio of the heat supplied by the burner, to the heat released by the
fuel

combustion efficiency - ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat
available from the fuel

damaged grains - grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, ground damaged,
moldy, diseased, insect bored, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi
and/or any other means as seen by the naked eye

drying air temperature - average temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain,
measured at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain bed

drying rate - amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

drying system efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available
in the fuel expressed in percent

foreign matter - all matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds

fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
Grain holding capacity / load capacity
continuous flow dryer: weight of grain that could be contained in the dryer
batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture
content

heat utilization - total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
expressed in kj/kg of h2o
immature grains - kernels, whole or broken, which are light green and chalky with soft
texture

moisture reduction rate / drying rate - average percentage point moisture content
removed from the grain per drying time

non-renewable energy source - source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels

such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil

purity - percentage of grains free of foreign matter

renewable energy source - source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels
such as biomass and solar energy

scattered grains - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the
drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent
static pressure - pressure in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform distribution of air
flow through the grain mass, expressed in pascal

suction system - air movement through the drying chamber wherein air is moved through
the product at a pressure lower that the atmospheric condition, expressed in pascal

tempering - temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the
moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize

Pns/Paes 204:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications

axial flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a
helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material
axially between the feeding and discharge outlets

blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the
weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

broken grain - grains that were broken (partially or fully) as a result of threshing operation

chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber
compact thresher - small sized thresher

concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the
cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

cracked grains - grainswhich show signs of fissures, fractures or splinters

grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

hold-on thresher - type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the
threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the
threshing operation

mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the paddy from the
panicles
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.

moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain, expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample (dry basis). NOTE: it is calculated as:
Moisture content (mc), % d.b. =mo-m1m1× 100
Where:
 mo is the initial mass in grams of the test portion
m1 is the mass in grams of the dry test portion

palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the
hull/husk

peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on
the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements

purity - ratio of the weight of clean grains to the total weight of unclean grains sample,
expressed in percent

rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars
built into or attached to the concave grate

rated engine speed - engine speed, indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the
engine shaft, as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous
load

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during
threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent
separation loss - ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber
with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr

straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of
mature, immature, and damaged grains

threshing unit / threshing chamber - part of the thresher where the grains are detached
and separated from the panicles

threshing cylinder / threshing drum - part of the threshing unit that rotates about an
axis and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery

threshing efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets,
to the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg tooth, wire-loop
and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
threshing recovery - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain
outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the
rotating cylinder and stationary concave, and the threshed materials/straws are
discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants
into the machine

total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss
during threshing

unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants
fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed
in percent

wire-loop cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size
are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the
threshing concave
PNS/PAES 205:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Mechanical Rice Thresher – Methods of Test

actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet
per unit time

clean threshed grain - threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains
and other impurities

concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave
component

concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder
on which the threshing elements rub, shear and/or impact the cut plants

corrected capacity - the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content
(wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity

cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running
at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s

effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the
cylinder threshing elements
grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion
of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles

primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the
thresher

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test

threshing output - the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet

total grain input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing
losses
upper concave - semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder
with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw

PNS/PAES 206:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Mill – Specifications

bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the
endosperm of the rice grain

broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of
the unbroken kernels

brown rice / dehulled rice / cargo rice / dehusked rice - rice kernels from which only
the hull has been removed and with the bran layer still intact

coefficient of hulling - ratio of the dehulled grains to the total amount of grain input,
expressed in percent

coefficient of wholeness - ratio of the whole brown rice to the total amount of dehulled
grains, expressed in percent

head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with its length equal to or greater than three-fourths
(3/4) of the average length of the whole kernels

huller / husker / dehuller - component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and
lemma) from the grains
hulling efficiency - product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness
of grains, expressed in percent

input capacity - weight of paddy per unit loading time into the huller, expressed in metric
tons per hour

milled rice / white rice - grains obtained after the removal of hull, bran and germ

milling capacity - quantity of paddy that the rice mill can process to a specified quality
per total milling time,expressed in metric tons per hour

milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed
as a result of whitening

milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of paddy, expressed
in percent
milling recovery index - ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the
milling recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill

multi-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening/polishing
machines

paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with
the glumes enclosing the kernel

percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains with a size ofthree-fourths (3/4) or more
of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, expressed in percent

percent head rice index - ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the
percent head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill

polisher - device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining bran on the milled rice and
produces a glossy appearance

rice hull / rice husk - outer most rough covering of the paddy grain (palea and lemma)
consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn

rice mill - machine used to remove the hull and bran of the paddy to produce milled rice
and consists mainly of hulling and whitening assembly

cone “cono” type - type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical
cone whitener

rubber roll type - type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or
combination of other types of whitener
centrifugal type - type of a huller with rotating blades and utilizes pressure such as
coriolis’ force, frictional force from the blades, or impact force at collision with the blades
and the peripheral surface

single-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs only one whitening machine
well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layers may still be present on less than 20% of the sample grains

whitener - component of a rice mill that removes the bran in the brown rice

abrasive type - type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with
abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated
steel housing
friction type - type of whitening machine consisting of a ridged cylinder enclosed in a
perforated steel housing

PNS/PAES 207:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Mill – Methods Of Test

brewers rice / “binlid” / chips - small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a
sieve having round perforations of 1.4mm in diameter

destoner - auxiliary device used to separate stones from the paddy and/or brown rice

output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in metric tons
per hour

over milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been
completely removed (0%)

paddy grader - auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness

paddy separator - auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice

polisher / pearler - auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles
on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance

pre-cleaner - auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy
before milling

regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and
the greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise
streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 21% to 40% of the sample grains
undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layer may still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains

well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks
of the bran layer may still be present on 1% to 20% of the sample grains

PNS/PAES 212:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications

actual field capacity - actual rate of reaping the rice crop in a given area per unit of time
NOTE: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.

conveying loss - grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side
of the reaper during operation

field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed
in percent

header loss / shattering loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s
cutting operation

journal bearing - bearing that is used to reduce the friction in supported radial loads

reciprocating cutter knife - cutting mechanism consisting of fixed lower knife and
reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to
the gear box or belt drive

rice reaper - machine that cuts and lays stalks of rice crop uniformly on one side

rotary knife - cutting mechanism consisting of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade
which rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame

shear pin - pin designed to shear in case of mechanical overload during operation to
prevent damage to major parts

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of reaping paddy in a given area per unit of
time
 PNS/PAES 213:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Reaper – Methods of Test

cutting width - distance between two outermost divider tips

lodging angle - degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the
imaginary line where the stalk lodges

potential yield - maximum yield per unit area

pre-harvest loss - losses that occur prior to reaping due to maturity of paddy and natural
causes

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the reaper
note: all parts of the reaper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the reaper and touching its front and rear extremities
note: all parts of the reaper, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. when an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
reaper, each plane touching the outermost point of the reaper on its respective side
note: all parts of the reaper projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test

Pns/Paes 224:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester – Specifications

Actual field capacity - ratio of the area covered per unit of time
Blower / cleaning fan - rotary device which produces a flow of air across the chaffer and
cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
Concave - concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or
threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing
note: in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in
part, it has the important secondary function of primary separation.
Crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity,
expressed in percent (%)
Grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
Grain loss - loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to
the machine
Grain pan - pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning
sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger
Grain tank / bin - tank used to hold the threshed grain
header / feed table - portion of the rice combine harvester comprising the mechanism
for gathering, cutting, and picking the crop

header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation

impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds

oscillating screen - cleaning mechanism that oscillates at 300 to 400 times per minute
in a plane that is parallel to the screen

reel - revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the
crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder
conveyor auger

rice combine harvester - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping
or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain
hopper or bag and depositing harvest residue onto the ground

shaker shoe / shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which
may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension

straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and
separates the remaining grains from straw

stripper beater / rear beater - element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above
to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the
deflection of straw on straw walker

threshing cylinder / threshing drum - balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp

bars, beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop,
which, in conjunction with a stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance
threshing, where the crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
elements for less than 360°

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of harvesting in a given area per unit of time

PNS/PAES 225:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Combine Harvester – Methods Of Test
broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of
harvesting and threshing operation
cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running
at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s

grain quality - quality of threshed grain determined in terms of percent whole grain

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the rice combine harvester
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the rice combine harvester and touching its front and rear extremities
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester, in particular, components projecting at the
front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. when an adjustment of
components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
rice combine harvester; each plane touching the outermost point of the harvester on its
respective side
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting laterally are contained between
these two planes.

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

separation loss / blower loss - grains that come out of the threshing chamber or the
blower outlet with the straw which is also the outlet of the blower

throughput capacity - weight of the cleaned grain collected from the main grain
outlet per unit of time

uncut loss - grains from the panicles that were not cut or were missed by the harvesting
process

unthreshed loss - grains left in the panicles of the plant fed into the threshing chamber
 PNS/PAES 260:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Paddy Seed Cleaner– Specifications

aspirator - unit used to remove light foreign matter by drawing air through the seed mass
blower - device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller

clean seeds - good seeds and damaged seeds without foreign matter

cleaning loss - ratio of the sum of the weight of seeds blown and scattered, to the weight
of the total unclean seeds input in the cleaner, expressed in percent
cleaning recovery - ratio of the weight of the clean seeds collected at the output chute,
to the total weight of the seeds input in the cleaner multiplied by the initial purity,
expressed in percent

damaged seeds - seeds that are damaged by mechanical means, heat, water, and/or
insect

foreign matter - all matters other than paddy seeds such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw and other grains like weed seeds and other
crop seeds including unfilled grains

good seeds - clean seeds that are viable for germination

hopper - part of the cleaner where the seeds to be cleaned are loaded
input capacity - weight of seeds per unit loading time into the hopper, expressed in
kilograms per hour

moisture content - amount of water in the seeds, expressed as percentage

oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or
small particles

output chute - part of the cleaner where the clean seeds are collected

paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with
the glumes enclosing the kernel

paddy seed cleaner - machine that is used to remove foreign matter from the seed mass

winnower - machine that mechanically separates foreign matter through the use of a
blower

PNS/PAES 261:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Paddy Seed Cleaner – Methods Of Test
blower loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds blownand mixed with the impurities in the
fan outlet to the weight of seeds input, expressed in percent

feed rate - weight of unclean seeds fed into the cleaner per unit of time

paddy seeds output - sum of the weight of collected clean paddy seeds in the outlets

primemover - electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the paddy seed
cleaner

purity - ratio of the weight of clean seeds, to the total weight of unclean seed samples,
expressed in percent

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds that are displaced from the machine
during cleaning operation to the weight of seeds input, expressed in percent

PNS/PAES 262:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Multipurpose Thresher – Specifications

axial flow - throw-in type of thresher/sheller which allows the cut plants to move in a
helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material
axially between the feeding and discharge outlets

blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan or
weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent

broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of
threshing operation

chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber

closed-frame cylinder - type of shelling/threshing cylinder formed by a rolled metal

sheet/plate or formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous
cylinder
note: the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of a cylinder
or at the longitudinal bars.

compact thresher - small sized thresher

concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the
cylinder on which the threshing/shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants
or the corn ear
corn ear - pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with a leaf-like
protective covering known as husk

corn cob - part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached

corn husker-sheller - machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate
and clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation

corn sheller - machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the
cobs

cracked kernels / cracked grains - kernels or grains which show signs of fissures or
fractures or splinters

cylinder-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling

elements such as knife bar or pegtooth
note: the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.

disc-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
note: the disc rotates along horizontal axis.

ear corn / dehusked corn / corn-in-cob - unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the
husk has been removed mechanically or manually

efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains and shelled kernels collected at all
outlets, to the total grain input in the machine, expressed in percent

grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

hopper-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
by gravity

kernel - dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn

kernel-ear corn ratio - ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the
weight of the ear corn

mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the paddy from the
panicles

mechanically damaged kernels - kernels that were broken during the operation
moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain or in the kernel expressed as
percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis
multipurpose thresher - machine that could perform paddy threshing, corn husking and
corn shelling operations

net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and
after the shelling operation

open-frame cylinder - type of threshing/shelling cylinder where the shelling elements

are attached to the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically

palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the
hull/husk

peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on
the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements

purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels or clean grains/paddy, to the total weight
of unclean corn kernels or grains/paddy sample, expressed in percent

rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars
built into or attached to the concave grate

rated engine speed - engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the
engine shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous
load

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that fell out from the machine
during shelling/threshing operation to the weight of the total corn kernel or grains input of
the sheller/thresher, expressed in percent

shelling cylinder / threshing cylinder / shelling drum / threshing drum - part of the unit that
rotates about an axis and it is equipped with pegs on its periphery

shelling unit / threshing unit / shelling chamber / threshing chamber - part of the unit
where the kernels and grains are detached and separated from the corn cobs and
panicles

shelled kernels - whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling

separation loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that come out of the
shelling/threshing chamber with the cobs at the cob outlet or out of the threshing chamber
with the straw, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in
percent
sifter / cleaning mechanism component sifter - wire mesh or perforated metal sheet
that rotates or moves back-and-forth and allow smaller particles to fall through the
openings and larger particles to remain on top

standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.

straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

recovery - ratio of the weight of the shelled corn or grains collected from the main outlet,
to the total weight of the corn kernel or grains input in the machine, expressed in percent

table-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
with the application of external force

threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of
mature, immature, and damaged grains

threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg tooth, wire-loop
and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles

through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the
rotating cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are
discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants
into the machine

total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss
during threshing

unshelled kernels - kernels that remain in the cob after shelling

unshelled loss / unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels/grains that
remained in the cobs of the corn/panicles of the plants fed into the chamber, to the weight
of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

whole kernels - unbroken kernels after shelling

PNS/PAES 263:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Multipurpose Thresher – Methods Of Test
actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet
per unit time
clean threshed grain / clean shelled kernel - threshed grain or shelled kernel with 100%
purity exclusive of the empty grains and other impurities

concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing/shelling elements and

concave component

concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder
on which the threshing/shelling elements rub, shear and/or impact the cut plants

corrected capacity - the corrected capacity : at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis),
grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity for thresher and 20% grain moisture content
(wet basis) and 100% purity for sheller-husker

cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running
at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s

effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the
cylinder threshing/shelling elements

feed rate - weight of unshelled corn or unthreshed paddy fed into the thresher/sheller per
unit of time

foreign matters - all matters other than corn kernels or grains such as sand, gravel, dirt,
pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds

grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower
portion of the threshing/shelling chamber which causes the grains to separate from the
panicles or the kernels to separate from the cob

oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or
small particles

output capacity - weight of threshed/shelled kernel collected per unit of time

primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the
machine

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments

prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable
threshing/shelling output - the weight of the threshed grains or shelled kernels collected
at the main outlet

total losses - sum of blower, separation, unthreshed/unshelled and scattering losses,

expressed in percent by weight

total grain input / total kernel input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains
or shelled kernels and all threshing/shelling losses

upper concave - a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the

threshing/shelling cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the
straw

PNS/PAES 264:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Husk Fed Heating System – Specifications

ash - inorganic, non-combustible residue left after complete combustion of a material

ash arrester - component that reduces the fly-ash blown into the surroundings

ash discharging mechanism - component that removes the ash from the combustion
chamber

biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy including but not limited
to agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood
residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic
materials
blower - a power driven device used to supply appropriate volume of air to the chamber
for efficient combustion

chimney - a refractory or metallic stack for moving waste gases from the heating system
to the atmosphere

combustion chamber - compartment where the rice husk is being burned

direct-fired furnace - a type of furnace where the flue gas and other by-products of
combustion goes into the dryer

flue gas - waste gases that have passed through the chimney and heat recovery
equipment

grate - framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold rice husk in furnace for more
efficient combustion
hearth - fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the furnace

heat exchanger - device used to transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without
intermixing

indirect-fired furnace - a type of furnace that uses a heat exchanger to prevent flue gas
and other by products of combustion to enter the drying chamber with the drying air

rice husk / rice hull - outermost rough covering of the paddy grain (palea and lemma)
consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn

rice husk fed heating system - interconnected components for intense heating using
rice husk

workload - materials to be burned using rice husk fed furnace

PNS/PAES 265:2015
Agricultural Machinery
Rice Husk Fed Heating System – Methods Of Test

burning efficiency - ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel,
expressed in percent

furnace efficiency - ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in furnace, expressed
in percent

furnace heat capacity / actual heat supplied by the furnace - ratio of the product of
the change in enthalpy and air flow rate, to the specific volume of fresh air

heating system efficiency - ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to
the furnace, expressed in percent

latent heat of vaporization - heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling
point in order to convert the material into a gas without temperature change

overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the furnace.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the furnace and touching its front and rear extremities.
note: all parts of the furnace, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. where an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the furnace on its respective side.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting side wards are contained between these two
planes.

sensible heat - heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature

that is not accompanied by a change of state

PNS/PAES 419:2015
Agricultural Structures Warehouse For Bag Type Storage Of Grains

aeration - moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates between 0.05 – 2.28
cubic meter per minute per ton for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its
quality

bag type storage - storing of paddy, milled rice, corn, and other grains in bags usually
made of jute, polyethylene, and other packaging materials.

dunnage / pallet / “tarima” - wooden or plastic (food grade) frames used on concrete
floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor
fumigation - process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes

moisture content - amount of water in the grains, expressed as percentage

paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which means, grain with
the glumes enclosing the kernel

warehouse - building used for storing paddy, milled rice and other grains in bags
VOLUME 11
 PNS/BAFS/PAES 216:2017
General Irrigation Terminologies

access areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks,
playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park
landscapes

active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level
and normal water level

actual crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration equal to or smaller than

predicted crop evapotranspiration as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity,
field size or other causes

afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level
which result after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced

algal bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or

marine water

application efficiency - ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored
in the root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied

aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to
be economically developed for pumping artificially developed well

area - cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction
of flow

basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and
provides an undirected flow of water onto the field

basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a
gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil
or the excess is drained off

bearing capacity -maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the
soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil

border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where
the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth

border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation
stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip
channel bed slope - inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom
confined aquifer - groundwater that is confined by relatively impermeable layer

contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water

that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

conveyance efficiency - ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to
that released at the project’s headwork

conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and
percolation

critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no
other backwater forces are involved

crop coefficient - ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to its potential

evapotranspiration

crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop growing in

a large field (one or more ha) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and
fertilizer and achieving full production potential of that crop under the given growing
environment; includes water loss through transpiration by the vegetation, and vaporation
from the soil surface and wet leaves

cropping pattern - sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular
field or fields

crop water requirements - amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum
of evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses

dam - any barrier constructed to store water

dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

dead storage - volume below the intake structure; sediment volume based on 25 years
of accumulation in the reservoir

depth - depth of water in the channel cross-section

designed height - actual height of the embankment after settlemen

design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering
the extent of arable lands and the available water supply
distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural
irrigation systems
diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water
level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity

diversion water requirement - the total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake,
or reservoir, or removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop

drip irrigation - trickle irrigation involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-
20 liters/hour) from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of
the soil in which the roots grow is wetted

drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a
lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation

effective rainfall - amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the
crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and
interception

effective rooting depth - soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts
most of the water needed for evapotranspiration

effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

effluent - discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land,
or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic,
commercial and recreational facilities

effluent standard - any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or

concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters
of effluent which a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or
land

elevated flume - water conveying conduit or trough which is supported on abutments by

piers

emitter spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line

emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to disspate

pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that
does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure

energy grade line - specific energy line grade line of the water surface profile plus the
velocity head in open channels

equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small machinery

evapotranspiration - combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated
from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.

farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field

filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off
fine materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

finished height - height of the embankment to be attained during construction

farm water requirement - amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and
losses less the effective rainfall

freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent

overtopping by wave action or other causes

furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop

furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels
as it moves down the slope of the field

head ditch - supply ditchsmall channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing
water in surface irrigation

homogeneous embankment - dam composed of a single kind of embankment material

exclusive for slope protection

hydraulic depth - ratio of flow area to the wetted top width

hydraulic grade line - hydraulic gradient profile of the free water surface

hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity
strikes water of sufficient depth

hydraulic radius - cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter

hydrologic frequency analysis - estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of

a given event by determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic
data

inside slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment

invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit

inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under
pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways,
drainage channels and local depressions
irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of water

karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of

soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite
land preparation water requirement - amount of water required in lowland rice production
which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land
soaking

land soaking water requirement - amount of water required in lowland rice production
which is a function of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil

lateral spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals

leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of
salts or nutrients

lined channel - lined canal canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for
channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage

loading limit - allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater
generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
manufacturer’s coefficient of variation - measure of the variability of discharge of a
random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the
manufacturer and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined
through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200 0c

natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or
drainage way

normal depth - constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a
uniform flow condition

normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained
by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway
open channel flow - water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is
exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts,
and pipes under partially full flow conditions

optimal emitter spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter
estimated from field tests

outside slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment

pan coefficient - ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by
evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

pan evaporation - rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

percolation - vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil
structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and
concentration

permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions
through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient

pollutant - any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or
indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource
so as to affect or tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or
potentially hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable
odor, temperature change or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of
the water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality
standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction prescribed in
these guidelines

pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage
and percolation will be measures

potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to

availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land

reference crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration from a reference

surface which is a hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a
fixed surface resistance of 70 s/m and an albedo of 0.23

reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff

residual moisture content - moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water
delivery which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply
has been cut-offrestricted areas areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape,
highway medians and other similar areas
re-use - taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in
another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads

shallow tube well - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually
less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps
are set above the water level

seismicity – occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region

seepage - water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open
ditches, canals, natural channels, and waterway

seepage line - phreatic line

line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

setback distance - distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or
area of concern that is sensitive to contamination

side slope - ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall

slope of the energy grade line - slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head
in open channels

slope of the hydraulic grade line - slope of the free water surface

spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in
the active storage space of the reservoir

sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where
water is distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air
through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground

sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral

storage capacity – total capacity at normal water surface elevation

storage ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for
embankment construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of
reservoir

structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the
bedrock

surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels
(furrows) or strips of land (borders)

top width - width of the channel cross-section at the free surface

unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone
of saturation

uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that at 10% passing
uniform flow - occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and
average velocity through a reach of channel
unimodal rainfall pattern - rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200
mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm-
200mm/month and total annual rainfall above 1500 mm.

unlined channels - unlined canal

canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to
form the embankment

upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

waste - any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and
household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

wastewater - waste in liquid state containing pollutants

water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and
outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation

watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

water right - privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

well log - record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness,
degree ofconsolidation and other aquifer physical characteristics

well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by
high mountain barriers

wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating
at a given pressure and no wind

wetted perimeter - portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing
water

wetted widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at
their optimal spacing along a single lateral line

zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones
of more pervious materials
 PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017
Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements

actual crop evapotranspiration (Eta) - ratio of evapotranspiration equal or similar than

predicted ETcrop as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other
causes

application efficiency(Ea) - ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and
stored in the root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied

conveyance efficiency (Ec) - ratio between water received at the inlet for the block of
fields to that released at the project's headwork

crop coefficient (KC) - ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to it's potential
evapotranspiration

crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration of a desease-free crop growing in

a large field ( one or more ha ) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water
and fertilizer and achieving full production potential of that crop under given growing
environment; include water loss through transpiration by the vegetation l, and vaporation
from the soil surface and wet leaves

cropping pattern - sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular
field, or fields

crop water requirement (CWR) - amount of water used in producing crops which is the
sum of evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses

diversion water requirement (DWR) - the total quantity of water diverted from a stream,
lake, or reservoir, or removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop

effective rainfall (ER) - amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by
the crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface
runoff and interception

effective rooting depth - soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts
most of the water needed for evapotranspiration

evapotranspiration - combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated

from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.

farm water requirement (FWR) - amount of water to replenish the crop water
requirement and losses less the effective rainfall
hydrologic frequency analysis - of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given
event by determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data

land preparation water requirement (LPWR) - amount of water required in lowland rice
production which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation
and land soaking

land soaking water requirement (LSR) - amount of water required in lowland rice
production which is a function of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the
soil

pan coefficient - ratio between reference evapotranspiration ( ETo ) and water losses by
evaporation from an open water surface of the pan

pan evaporation - rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

percolation - vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by the soil
structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and
concentration

reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) - rate of evapotranspiration from a reference

surface which is hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, fixed
surface resistance of 70s/m and an albedo of 0.23

residual moisture content - moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water
deliver which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply
ha been cut-off

seepage - water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as open
ditches, canals, natural channels, and waterway

PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017
Open Channels Design of Main Canals, Laterals And Farm Ditches

area – cross sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction
of flow.

channel bed slope – inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom.

depth – depth of water in the channel cross section.

energy grade line – specific energy line, grade line of the water surface profile plus the
velocity head in open channels.
freeboard – vertical distance from the top of the channel to the water surface at the
design condition.

hydraulic depth – ratio flow area to the wetted top width.

hydraulic grade line – hydraulic gradient profile of the water surface.

hydraulic radius – cross sectional area flow divided by the wetted perimeter.

lined channel – lined canal, canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for
channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage.

normal depth – constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a
uniform flow condition.

open channel flow – water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is
exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts,
and pipes under partially full flow conditions.

slope of the hydraulic grade line – slope of the free water surface.

slope of the energy grade line – slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head
in open channels.

side slope – ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall.

top width – width of the channel cross section at the free surface.

uniform flow – occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and
average velocity through a reach of channel.

unlined channels – unlined canal, canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil
excavated from the bed are used to form the embankment.

wetted perimeter – portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing
water.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 219:2017
Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels
Determination of Seepage and Percolation by Ponding Method

farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field

percolation - downward movement of water below ground surface

pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage
and percolation will be measured

seepage - lateral movement of water below ground surface

PNS/BAFS/PAES 220:2017
Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels
Determination of Conveyance Loss by Inflow-Outflow Method

conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and
percolation.

water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows,
such as evaporation, seepage and percolation.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017
Design of Canal Structures
Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and Elevated Flume

critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no
other backwater
forces areinvolved

drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a
lower level,duly dissipating the excess energy resulting fromthe drop in elevation

elevated flume -water conveying conduitor trough which is supported on a but ments
bypiers

equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small machinery

invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit

inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under
pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways,
drainage channels and local depressions

road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads

PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017
Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems
basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and
provides an undirected flow of water onto the field

basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a
gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch
border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where
the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth.

border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation
stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip.

furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to irrigate the crop

furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels
as it moves down the slope of the field

head ditch - supply ditch, small channel along one part of a field that is used for
distributing water in surface irrigation

surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels
(furrows) or strips of land (borders)

PNS/BAFS/PAES 223:2017
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System
Part A: Sprinkler Irrigation

average pressure - average sprinkler pressure of a lateral

design pressure - pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the
water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses and to provide
adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution

distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural

irrigation systems

irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of water

sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where
water is distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air
through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground

sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral
wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating
at agiven pressure and no wind

PNS/BAFS/PAES 224: 2017

Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System
Part B: Drip Irrigation

drip irrigation trickle irrigation - involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates
(2-20 l/h) from the emitters where water is applied close to plants so that only part of the
soil in which the roots grow is wetted

emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate

pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that
does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure

emitter spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line

lateral spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals

leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of
salts or nutrients

manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals

Manufacturer’s Coefficient of Variation Cv - measure of the variability of discharge of

a random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the
manufacturer and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined
through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200C

optimal emitter spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter
estimated from field tests

wetted widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at
their optimal spacing along a single lateral line

PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management
Small Water Impounding System

active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level
and normal water level

dam - any barrier constructed to store water

dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

dead storage - volume below the intake structure computed

filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off
fine materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

homogeneous embankment -
dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection

karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of

soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or
drainage way

normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained
by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway

reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff

seepage line - phreatic line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in
the active storage space of the reservoir

storage capacity - total capacity at normal water surface elevation

structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the
bedrock

upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

water right - privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by
high mountain barriers

zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones
of more pervious materials

PNS/BAFS/PAES 226:2017
 Rainwater and Runoff Management
Small Farm Reservoir

designed height - actual height of the embankment after settlement

finished height - height of the embankment to be attained during construction

freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent

overtopping by wave action or other causes
inside slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment

outside slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment

storage ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for
embankment construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of
reservoir

unimodal rainfall pattern - rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200
mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of
100mm200mm/month and total annual rainfall above 1500 mm.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 227:2017
Design of a Small Reservoir Irrigation System

bearing capacity - maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the
soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil

design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering
the extent of arable lands and the available water supply

permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions
through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient

potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to

availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land

seismicity - occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region

PNS/BAFS/PAES 228:2017
Design of a Rockfill Dam

piping - internal erosion induced by regressive erosion of particles from downstream and
along the upstream line towards an outside environment
rockfill dam - dam that relies on rock, either dumped in lifts or compacted in layers, as a
major structural element where an imprevious membrane is used as the water barrier and
can placed either within the embankment or on the upstream slope.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 229:2017
Design of a Diversion Dam

afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level
which result after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced

diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water
level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity.

hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity
strikes water of sufficient depth

PNS/BAFS/PAES 230:2017
Design of A Check Dam

check dam - small barrier built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers and
streams intended to convey runoff during peak flow and to slow and hold surface water
long enough for the water to deposit sediment is carrying; facilities irrigation by using the
upstream bay of the dam as pump sump.

gabion - stones wrapped in wire fence meshes for added stability and strength.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 231:2017
Groundwater Irrigation – Shallow Tubewell

aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to
be economically developed for pumping with a well

confined aquifer - aquifer where groundwater is confined or overlain by a relatively

impermeable layer

effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

pumping test - pumping of water from a fully developed well at a controlled rate and
observing, with respect to time, the drawdown in two or more observation wells, in order
to determine the aquifer hydrologic properties.
shallow tubewell - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually
less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface with the use
of suction lift pumps

unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone
of saturation

uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that at 10% passing

well log - a record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness,
lithology and other aquifer physical characteristics

PNS/BAFS/PAES 232:2017
Wastewater Re-use for Irrigation

access areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks,
playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park
landscapes

algal bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or

marine water

contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water

that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

effluent - discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land,
or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic,
commercial and recreational facilities

effluent standard - any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or

concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters
of effluent which a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or
land

loading limit - allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater
generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

pollutant - any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or
indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource
so as to affect or tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or
potentially hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change or
physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the water body or land, or is in
excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality standards specified in
contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction prescribed in these guidelines
restricted areas - areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians
and other similar areas

re-use - taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in
another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

setback distance - distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or
area of concern that is sensitive to contamination

waste - any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and
household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

wastewater - waste in liquid state containing pollutants