Helical Spring Revised

Experiment Name: Test of Helical spring
Objective:
1.To find the rigidity modulus of the material.
2.To determine K spring constant.
3.To find the stiffness of spring.
4.To draw a curve by plotting load against deflection. iii. To determine different
properties of helical spring.
Introduction: Definition: A spring may be defined as an elastic member whose primary

function is to deflect or distort under the action of applied load; it recovers its original shape
when load is released. There are various types of springs such as
(i) Helical spring: They are made of wire coiled into a helical form; the load being applied along
the axis of the helix. In this type of springs, the major stresses are torsional shear stress due to
twisting. They are both used in tension and compression.
Figure:1 Helical spring
(ii) Spiral springs: They are made of flat strip of metal wound in the form of spiral and loaded
in torsion. In this the major stresses are tensile and compression due to bending.
(iii) Leaf springs: They are composed of flat bars of varying lengths clamped together so as to
obtain greater efficiency . Leaf springs may be fully elliptic, semi elliptic or cantilever types, in
these types of springs the major stresses which come into picture are tensile &compressive.
These types of springs are used in the automobile suspension system.
Uses of springs:
(a) To apply forces and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
(b) To measure forces as in spring balance.
(c) To store energy as in clock springs.
(d) To reduce the effect of shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
(e) To change the vibrating characteristics of a member as inflexible mounting of motors.
Theory: The spring constant of a spring is the change in force it experiences per unit change
in extension or compression. It is a constant that depends upon the length, radius of turns,
number of turns and material of spring. When force is applied spring is compressed or elongated
but the deformation comes due to the bending deformation of the spring wire. Hooke’s Law is
the law which gives the mathematical relationship between the applied force on the spring and
the elongation or compression in the spring’s length. It states that within the elastic limit of the
material the change produced in the length of the spring will be directly proportional to the
applied tensile or compressive force on the spring. Generally, the Hooke’s Law condition is
satisfied well for length changes which are small in comparison to the natural length of the
spring.
Mathematically,
F=−kx
Where,
F is applied force,
K is the spring constant,
x is the change in the length of the spring.
Angle of Helix (α)
It is the ratio of the pitch of the spring to the mean circumference of the helix and is given by the
relation,
tan α=L/2πRN
Where,
L= Length of the spring
R= Mean radius of the spring,
N=number of turns in the spring.
Helical Springs are very helpful for practical purposes due to their shock absorbing and load
bearing properties. There are two types of helical springs. when distinguished in terms of their
load bearing capacity, the Open Coiled and Closed Coiled Helical Springs.
A. Open coiled Helical spring
The open coiled helical springs are designed to resist compression and hence are also known as
compression springs. These are not wound tightly and thus have a higher pitch. For these springs,
the modulus of rigidity can be found by the equation below.
G=64kR3nsec α/d4(cos2α+sin2α1+µ)
Where,
G is Modulus of Rigidity,
K is Spring Constant,
n= N - 1 where N is the number of turns in the coil.
µ=Poisson’s Ratio
d=(OuterDiameter−Inner Diameter)/2
R=(outerDiameter+InnerDiameter)/4
APPARATUS:
• Slide calipers
• Measuring tape.
• Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the spring wire using a micrometer.
2. Measure the diameter of individual spring coils using a vernier caliper.
3. Count the total number of turns in the spring.
4. Insert the spring into a spring testing machine.
5. Apply a suitable weight to the spring to induce tension or compression.
6. Note the corresponding axial deflection as a result of the applied weight.
7. Gradually increase the applied load while recording axial deflection readings at each
increment.
8. Plot a curve using the load and deflection data collected.
9. Slowly decrease the load while observing how the spring returns to its original state.
10. Record deflection values during the unloading process.
11. Collect data on the spring's behavior during unloading.
Discussion:
The spring constant, free length, and deflection of a helical spring under compression were
determined. The spring constant is a measure of the spring's stiffness. The free length is the
length of the spring when it is not under load. The deflection is the amount by which the spring is
compressed when a load is applied.
The results of the experiment showed that the spring constant was within the acceptable range.
The free length and deflection were also within the acceptable range.
The sources of error that could have affected the results of the experiment were identified and
discussed. These include human error in measuring the force and deflection, and the fact that the
spring was not perfectly elastic.
Overall, the results of the experiment were satisfactory, and the sources of error were identified
and discussed.
Conclusion: Conducting the helical spring test using a Universal Testing Machine and a
slide caliper allows for accurate measurement and analysis of the spring's mechanical properties.
The obtained spring constant and elastic modulus contribute to designing and analyzing spring-
based systems.

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Experiment Name: Test of Helical spring

Introduction: Definition: A spring may be defined as an elastic member whose primary

Figure:1 Helical spring

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