GRADE 10

UNIT 1
ORGANIZATION OF FILES
File management
File management refers to the process of organizing and storing information in an easily
retrievable manner. It involves creating an organized structure for file storage and using
computer storage devices, such as drives, to hold information.
The purpose of file management is to organize, store, and access electronic files
efficiently and effectively. Good file management practices enable users to easily locate
and retrieve the desired files, certify data security, and optimize the use of storage
space.
There are many file management system that are available, but they all have the same
basic functions:
 Organizing – putting files into folders
 Storing – keeping your files saved on your computer
 Naming – giving your files an appropriate name for easy identification
 Deleting – deleting old or unnecessary files to free up space on your hard drive
What are Storage Devices?
Definition: Storage devices are also known as the “Storage Medium, Storage Media or
Digital Storage“. Storage device is a computer hardware component that helps to store,
porting or retrieving data files and objects. Storage devices are capable to store
information in both natures like as temporarily and permanently. These devices may be
used for internal or external to a computer, server or computing device.
All data are stored in computer storage device in the digital form such as binary
form like as 0 and 1. Users can retrieves of saved instruction or information anytime
when they are needed.
I. Primary storage
Primary storage is known as “Main Storage“, “Main Memory” or “Internal Memory”
as well as they play major role for storing data and applications as a temporarily basis
while the computer is running mode, because these storage devices are capable to access
all data directly from CPU with the help of various data buses. These devices have
limited capacity for data storage compare to secondary storage devices.

Primary storage devices are available in two variance such as volatile and non volatile.
Volatile storage is called temporary storage because in which all data are deleted when
power gets turn off mode but its access time and response time much fine to secondary
storage devices. Non volatile storage is permanent storage in which nothing data erase
when system gets turn off.

Examples of Primary Storage Device with their Functions and Uses

 There are four examples of primary storage devices; below explain each one –
 Register Memory  ROM
 RAM  Cache Memory
Register Memory: Computer is enabled with various “Bits”, and these bits are known as
the “Register Memory“. The register memory is very smallest unit of the primary
storage devices. It is able to store 32 to 64 Bits that is enough for performing their
regular tasks on the computer system. These are much fastest storage device to other
storage mediums.
RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM stands for “Random Access Memory“, and it is
capable to access any data randomly any time as well as from any location to computer.
This is volatile storage device means to temporary memory in nature, because entire
data goes delete while computer get turn off mode. RAM regains all data from CPU in
run-time and sends to control unit, and it is a fastest memory to hard disk.
RAM has two variants; like as –

Static RAM: Static RAM works in computer as a form of Cache Memory, but it
consumes more power as well as more costly to DRAM. Static RAM uses six transistors,
and each transistor uses to one bit.

Dynamic RAM: DRAM uses the capacitors for storing data in few milliseconds while
system’s power gets turn on. Dynamic RAM’s speed is slow as well as consuming low
power. It is capable to store more data compare to SRAM. DRAM is cost effective as
well.

ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM stands for “Read Only Memory”, and it is non-volatile
memory in nature, that means it is able to store data in permanently while getting to
turn off power. ROM is programmable chip because in which stored all instructions that
are most required when to start computer. This computer starting process is known as
“Bootstrap”.
Secondary Storage Device
Secondary storage devices are also known as “Auxiliary Memory“, or “External
Memory“. Secondary storage devices are volatile in nature; it means that data does not
discard while getting to turn-off power, in which all data store for long time. Secondary
storage devices has the speed of access of data is very slow compare to primary storage
devices, and they are cheaper as well. Without primary storage devices, these secondary
storage devices are useless because secondary storage devices must be needed the
primary memory for processing data. First of all, entire data is transferred into primary
memory then data is getting to make for executable.
Examples of Secondary Storage Devices with their Functions and Uses
Secondary storage devices are used in computer either internally or externally.
Secondary Storage devices have four examples; below explain each one.
 Magnetic Storage Devices
 Optical Storage Devices
 Flash Memory Devices
 Online Cloud System
1. Magnetic Storage Devices: In the Magnetic storage devices, all data are
stored with using magnetized medium, and these types of data saved in that
medium in the binary form like as 0 and 1. This magnetic storage has also
non-volatile storage nature.
Today’s, mostly people are preferred to magnetic medium because on the magnetic
storage devices can be performed read/write activities very easily. Magnetic storage
devices have huge capacities for storing data that it’s more attractive point. These
storage devices are not more costly but their data accessing power is slow, but this
magnetic mechanism also to be used in the RAM that have good data accessing power
to other.
There are different types of devices, which are used as Magnetic Storage; like as –
 Floppy diskette  Super Disk
 Hard drive  Tape cassette
 Magnetic strip  Zip diskette
2. Optical Storage Devices: In the optical storage devices, all read and write
activities are performed by light. All recording information stores at an optical
disk. As per the opinions of data scientist that compact space is most useful for
huge data storage. Their big advantages are not more costly, light weight, and
easy to transport because it is removable device unlike hard drive.
There are different types of devices, which are used as optical storage; like as –
 Blu-ray disc
 CD-ROM disc
 CD-R and CD-RW disc.
 DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc.
3. Flash Memory Devices: Flash Memory . Flash memory is known as electronically
erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), because in which piece
of code like as programming can be write and erased by electrically.
Flash memory also uses for the storing data to computers as well as electronic devices
such as USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state drives. Flash
memory is non volatile in nature because all data are persisted in the memory when
power is turn-off.
There are different types of devices, which are used as flash memory; like as –
 USB flash drive, CF  NVMe  SD card
(CompactFlash)  SDHC Card  SSD
 Memory card  SmartMedia Card  xD-Picture Card
 MMC  Sony Memory Stick
4. Online Cloud System: Clouding is systematically model for storing data in
computer, and in which entire data are stored in logically nature. Those
 clouding system are managed by other hosting companies. With the help of
online clouding, all data can be access by couples of users anytime and
anywhere. Big advantages are not place limitation as well as no need carry
any storage device.
Here, two examples are –
 Cloud Storage
 Network media
What Types Of Extensions Are There?
File extensions are used by an operating system to identify what applications are
associated with a particular file type. In other words, a file extension specifies an
application that opens the file when you double-click on it. For example, a file named
“awesome_picture.jpg” has the “jpg” file extension.
 File conversion

File conversion is changing a file into another type. For example, taking a file used in
Microsoft Word (.docx) and converting it to the Corel WordPerfect (.wdp) file format.
What is a File IMPORT ?
File import is the process of moving files or data used in one program to another. Each
line of the file is a record of data.
What is a File Export?
A file export is a process of moving information from a program into a file.

Backup and recovery

 Backup and recovery is the process of creating and storing copies of data that can be
used to protect organizations against data loss. Recovery from a backup involves
restoring the data to the original location or alternate location where it can be used in
place of the lost or damaged data.

What is file compression?

File compression is used to reduce the file size of one or more files. When a file or a
group of files is compressed, the resulting "archive" often takes up 50% to 90% less disk
space than the original file (s). Common types of file compression include Zip, Gzip,
RAR, StuffIt, and 7z compression.

FILE RESTORE
Is it possible to recover deleted files?
 Yes, it is possible to recover deleted files. Try Recycle Bin first, but if it is not there, a
free file recovery program can recover deleted files, too

@DAWIT SHAWUL