Mechanics of Materials - I

Semester 2

BSc Mechanical Engineering

UET Peshawar, Pakistan
 Lecture 1
25 February 2020
 Course Contents
• Mechanical properties of materials; tensile, compressive and shear stress
and strain
• Moment of inertia
• Hooke’s law and Stress-strain relationship, Elastic Constants, and their
Relationships
• Thermal stresses
• Pure Bending of Beams, Moment of Inertia
• Shear Stresses in Beams
• Shearing Force and Bending Moment
• Torsion of Circular Bars
• Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Problems
 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Discuss the Course Contents, Recommended Books, Marks Distribution,
CLOs, and CLOs Mapping with PLOs
• Discuss the Aim / Objective and Applications of the subject / Course
• Define Axial loading, Normal loading, and Shear loading
• Explain Normal Stress and Shear Stress
• Describe Examples of Shear Stress
• Explain Normal Strain and Shear Strain
• Define Poisson’s Ratio
 Course Books
Text Books
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr., John T. DeWolf, David F.
Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials, 7th edition, ISBN: 007339823,
McGraw-Hill, 2014.
2. Andrew Pytel, Ferdinand L. Singer, Strength of Materials, 4th edition,
ISBN: 0060453133, Harpercollins College Div, 1987.
3. R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 10th edition, ISBN: 0134319656,
Pearson, 2016.

Reference Books
1. P. P. Benham & R. J. Crawford, Mechanics of Engineering Materials,
ISBN: 0582251648 Pearson; 2nd edition, 1996.
2. Popov, Mechanics of Materials, 2nd edition, ISB: 0135713560, Prentice
Hall, 1976.
3. R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 10th edition, ISBN: 0134319656,
Pearson, 2016.
 Marks Distribution
Quizzes (No. 3): 12 %
Midterm Examination: 20 %
Final Examination: 60 %
Assignments (No. 3): 08%

Attendance Requirement
Attendance of 75% is mandatory to sit in the final examination.
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
 What is Mechanics?
• Mechanics is the branch of science which describes
and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of
bodies under the action of forces.

• Categories of Mechanics:
- Rigid bodies
- Statics
- Dynamics
- Deformable bodies
- Fluids

• Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences

and is an indispensable prerequisite to their study.

1-8
 What is Mechanics of Materials ?
• Mechanics of Materials is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the
internal effect (stress and strain) in a body subjected to an external force.
• Stress is associated with strength of the material of which the body is
made while strain is associated with the deformation produced in a body.
 Objective of Mechanics of Materials
• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member
forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
• Stress and strain are most important concepts for a comprehension of
the mechanics of solids. They permit the mechanical behavior of load-
carrying components to be described in terms fundamental to the
engineer.
• The main objective of the study of the Mechanics of Materials is to
provide the future Engineer with the means of analyzing and designing
various machines and load bearing structures.
 Objective of Mechanics of Materials
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the
determination of stresses and deformations.
• Therefore, it is necessary to study the subject of Mechanics of Materials
to learn the same.
Applications of Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials in Engineering Design
 Normal Forces
• Forces are vector quantities, thus having direction and magnitude.
They have special names (see Figure 1) depending upon their
relationship to a reference plane:
a) Compressive force is a normal force that acts normal to the plane
and directed toward the plane;
b) Tensile force is a normal force that acts normal to the plane and
directed away from the plan

Figure 1. Normal forces

 Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A
(a) (b) • Stress units: N/m2 or lbf /in2. 1 N/m2 is called
Pascal (Pa). KPa, MPa, and GPa are bigger units.

1- 15
 Shear Force
• Shear forces act parallel to the plane as shown in Figure 2.
• Pair of oppositely directed forces produce twisting effect called
moment.

Figure 2. Shear force

Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
1- 17
 Definition and Components of Stress
• Consider a body in equilibrium subject to a system of external forces,
as shown in Figure 3a.
• Under the action of these forces, internal forces are developed
within the body.
• To examine the latter at some interior point Q, we use an imaginary
plane to cut the body at a section a–a through Q, dividing the body
into two parts.
• As the forces acting on the entire body are in equilibrium, the forces
acting on one part alone must be in equilibrium.
• This requires the presence of forces on plane a–a.
• These internal forces, applied to both parts, are distributed
continuously over the cut surface.
• A free-body diagram is simply a sketch of a body with all the
appropriate forces, both known and unknown, acting on it.
 Definition and Components of Stress

FIGURE 3. Method of sections: (a) Sectioning of a loaded body; (b) free

body with external and internal forces; (c) enlarged area with
components of the force
 Definition and Components of Stress
Decomposing into components parallel to x, y, and z (Figure 3c), we
define the normal stress and the shearing stresses

(Normal stress along x-axis)

(Shear stress along xy-plane)

(Shear stress along xz-plane)

Note: Total three components of stress exist for section a-a: one normal stress
component and two shear stress components
 Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
1- 21
Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two-force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Either axial or transverse forces may

produce both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other than one
cut perpendicular to the member axis.

1- 22
 Displacement, deformation, and strain
 Displacement
• A vector that represents a movement of a point in a body (due to applied
loads) with respect to some reference system of axes
• It could be translation and/or rotation
• It does not change shape and size of the body
 Deformation
• A vector that represents a movement of a point in a body (due to applied
loads) relative to another body point
• The shape and size of the body change (being deformed)
• Volume may be unchanged (special cases)
 Strain
• It is the intensity of deformation
• Objects of the same materials but different sizes demonstrate different effects
when subjected to the same load

2 - 23
 Normal Strain: Axial Loading
• Normal strain is defined as the change in length
divided by the original length of the member.
• Normal strain measures the change in size
(elongation/contraction)
• It is represented by symbol Epsilon ( )
Here,
P is axial / normal external applied force
A is the original x-sectional area of the member
L is the original length of the member
is the change in length of the member
Mathematically,

  normal strain
L
Unit: strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is the ratio of two lengths.
But, it also common practice to state it as the ratio of two length units -
like m/m or in/in.
2 - 24
 Shear Strain
• Shear stresses acting on an element of material
(Figure a) are accompanied by shear strains.
• The shear stresses have no tendency to elongate
or shorten the element in the x, y, and z
directions.
• Instead, the shear stresses produce a change in
the shape of the element (Figure b).
• It is represented by symbol Gamma ( )
• The angle is a measure of the distortion, or
change in shape, of the element and is called the
shear strain.
Mathematically,

Unit: since shear strain is an angle, it is usually

measured in degrees or radians. 2 - 25
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
 x  0,  y   z  0

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y z
  
axial strain x x

metals:  ~ 0.33
ceramics:  ~ 0.25
polymers:  ~ 0.40 2 - 26
 THANKS
Questions (if any)