ED2
ED2
ED2
Development
1. Freud Freud's initial proposition was that the Freud's theory suggests that human
root causes of dysfunctional behavior is influenced by unconscious
psychological symptoms (neuroses) memories, thoughts, and urges. This
that interfered with normal human theory also proposes that the psyche
functioning were the continuing comprises three aspects: the id, ego,
harmful effects of traumatic and superego. The id is entirely
experiences that had been repressed unconscious, while the ego operates
from conscious awareness but in the conscious mind.
continued to control an individual's
conduct, feelings
2. Ericson By creating connections that make adhere to instructional materials
the unimaginable possible, we are matching individuals' developmental
helping to shape an exciting and stages. It should be expected that
positive future. A world where learners progress in their educational
limitless connectivity improves lives, needs in a certain approximate
redefines business and pioneers a structure, but with variations.
sustainable future.”
3. Piaget Piaget called this proposition Piaget's research has generated many
constructivism – individuals construct suggested implications for teaching,
their knowledge of the world based five issues have been selected for
on their experience. Learning requires discussion. These are stage-based
the resolution of conflicts between teaching, uniqueness of individual
dialectically opposed modes of learning, concep- tual development
adaptation to the world. Conflict, prior to language, experience in-
differences, and disagreement are volving action, and necessity of social
what drive the learning process. interaction.
4. Kohlberg Kohlberg’s theory suggests that moral By following Kohlberg's theory of
development occurs in a series of six moral development stages, teachers
stages and that moral logic is can understand their students best. As
primarily focused on seeking and the theory has contributed to every
maintaining justice. Here we discuss stage of growth of a child, teachers
how Kohlberg developed his theory can analyse their students' behaviour.
of moral development and the six It will help them change their
teaching methodology with the
stages he identified as part of this
children's growing age.
process
5. Vygotsky Vygotsky recognized the significant Human action is situated in
role of play in a child’s development, sociocultural, historical settings, and
particularly in the development of is mediated by tools and signs. All
self-regulation skills. Play allows human actions, including thinking,
children to engage in activities within are mediated by material and
their Zone of Proximal Development, symbolic objects (tools and signs) that
where they can practice and advance are culturally constructed and socially
used.
their self-regulatory abilities.
Additionally, through social
interactions during play, children
learn to manage their behavior,
emotions, and thoughts, enhancing
their overall self-regulation.
Therefore, play serves as a valuable
tool for children to develop essential
skills and abilities necessary for their
cognitive, social, and emotional
growth.
6. Brofenbrener Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems Educational Implications of the
theory focuses on the quality and Ecological Systems TheoryThe
context of the child’s environment. school environment that occupies the
He states that as a child develops, the first layer of Bronfenbrenner model
interaction within these (microsystem) should work such,
environments becomes more that the key objective should be to
complex. This complexity can arise as make sure that a child's primary
relationships, which is the immediate
the child’s physical and cognitive
and larger famly, must last a lifetime.
structures grow and mature.