Global Perspectives: Paper 0457/11 Written Examination

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
0457 Global Perspectives June 2021

Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
Paper 0457/11
Written Examination
Key messages
The key messages from this series of examination papers are that candidates:
• demonstrate very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

• can argue effectively to justify a judgement or opinion;
• need to use key concepts in the evaluation of arguments;
• should use material from sources as evidence to justify their opinions.
General comments
The Written Paper consists of compulsory questions based on a range of sources. The sources present
global issues from different perspectives. This paper was based upon source material related to the topic of
Education for All. The specific issue explored was about the value of formal assessment and testing in
education.
Overall, the quality of work and levels of achievement were good. Many candidates are clearly developing a
good understanding of different perspectives on global issues and an ability to use reasoning and evidence
to support an opinion or claim. Candidates are also able to analyse evidence in a variety of different forms.
However, candidates should be encouraged to apply key concepts in critical thinking to the evaluation of
argument within sources.
Candidates engaged enthusiastically with the sources in the insert and showed real interest in the issue of
testing in education. Many candidates were able to consider arguments and counter arguments in a
balanced way. Candidates were able to explore different perspectives on the issues raised, particularly in
advising governments on ways to raise achievement in schools.
Examination technique was usually very good. The vast majority of candidates completed all of the questions
within the time allocated. There were very few rubric errors.
To improve performance further, candidates should be encouraged to:
• justify their opinions with reasons and evidence drawn from the sources, including through quotation
and direct reference or citation;
• evaluate sources and arguments using key concepts in critical thinking like expertise, knowledge claims,
opinion, prediction, bias, tone, and vested interest.
Comments on specific questions
Question 1
(a) Virtually all candidates correctly identified that $1.7 billion is spent by the United States government
on testing candidates, from Source 1, and therefore gained the maximum of one mark for this
question.
(b) Almost all candidates were able to identify two reasons for testing candidates from Source 2, and
therefore gained the maximum of two marks for this question. Most candidates identified raising the
achievement of candidates, measuring progress in learning, helping parents to choose schools,
and measuring the quality of teaching.
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(c) Most candidates responded very well to this question and identified a reason for testing candidates
that, in their opinion, was the most important. Most candidates chose to discuss measuring
progress in learning and helping parents to choose schools.
The most common justifications given by candidates related to issues of impact, including:
• the number of people or schools involved;

• the range of people e.g. different types of people or social groups;
• the degree of help given to parents and learners;
• the purpose of schools and education;
• the benefits to schools and other social groups, e.g. employers;
• impact on other aspects of society and social life generally;
• reflects public opinion.
The strongest answers provided clear explanation for the importance of testing and gave some
evidence to support their judgements. Weaker responses often simply stated the reason without
explanation and tended to rely upon assertion without evidence or careful reasoning. Some
candidates compared the significance of different reasons, but this was not necessary to gain full
marks.
(d) Many candidates responded very well to this question and could explain why testing in schools is
an important personal issue. The explanations mainly related to the value of testing in improving
learning for individuals and providing a basis for entry to higher education and employment. These
candidates demonstrated a clear understanding of the concept of ‘personal’.
Candidates achieving at higher levels provided a clearly reasoned, credible and structured
explanation. Weaker responses tended to provide some limited explanation or asserted opinion
about testing in general, without reference to the personal dimension of the question.
Question 2
(a) Most candidates were able to evaluate the argument in Source 3 and assess how well the author
supported the view that, ‘We should stop having tests in schools.’
The strengths of the argument most often identified were:
• uses a source as evidence – television;

• uses expert source from reputable organisation;
• reports positively about school without tests;
• uses first-hand, personal experience;
• recent – up to date.
The weaknesses of the argument most often identified were:
• some assertion;
• some appeal to emotion;
• little factual/statistical evidence;
• does not acknowledges counter arguments;
• small sample/case study – may not be representative of others.
The strongest responses provided clearly reasoned, credible and structured explanation of their
evaluative points, usually discussing four or more distinct aspects of the source. Weaker responses
often simply stated or asserted an opinion.
Some weaker responses analysed and described the reasons and evidence within the source but
did not evaluate or explain why the identified reason or type of evidence was a strength or
weakness. For example, ‘A weakness is that the source was taken from a diary.’ This statement
does not explain why diary sources may not be strong evidence. A better response would be, ‘‘A
weakness is that the source was taken from a diary because diaries are usually written from the
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point of view of one person. This type of evidence is not strong because it is likely to be biased and
selective. It is also a small sample that may not be representative of other people.’
Candidates should be encouraged to justify their opinion using the material in the source as
evidence. This means being willing to quote from or summarise elements of the source.
(b) Candidates who performed well in this question described several methods, sources of information,
and types of evidence that could be used to test the claim that, ‘Too much testing makes children
unhappy at school.’ The methods of testing the claim were carefully explained and clearly related to
the claim.
Candidates tended to describe interviews, surveys, and questionnaires with children and teachers
about the issue, often with different age groups in different places and cultures. Other methods
included consultation with experts, social services, and government officials.
Nearly all candidates suggested secondary research using sources from the internet. Many
described the type of source that was likely to be reliable and free from bias or vested interest, for
example from governments, NGOs, and United Nations organisations.
The strongest responses provided clearly reasoned, credible, and structured explanation for their
suggestions clearly and explicitly related to the claim being tested. Weaker responses often simply
stated a method or source of evidence but did not explain it fully or make the link to the claim being
tested. Some candidates listed a range of methods and sources but did not relate them to the
claim; these responses only reached the lower levels of response.
A few candidates responded to the question by describing their opinion on the issue rather than
describing how it could be researched. These responses gained very few, if any, marks.
Candidates should be given regular opportunity to design research strategies to test claims as a
regular part of their courses.
Question 3
(a) Most candidates correctly identified a value judgement from Olav’s statement and explained that a
value judgement is a view or decision about what is right, wrong, or important, based on a
particular set of standards, principles, or values.
Most candidates were able to justify and explain their selection convincingly.
(b) (i) Most candidates correctly identified an opinion from the source.
Opinions are statements which are subjective points of view or beliefs which cannot be verified and
are not necessarily shared by others.
(ii) Most candidates were able to relate the identified opinion to Helen’s argument, however, this
question was challenging for some candidates who did not evaluate the opinion as reasoning or
evidence within the argument.
The most effective responses explained how the opinion related to the argument and explained a
strength and/or a weakness of the opinion within this argument. For example, a strong response
was, ’the opinion provides good support as this opinion is based on evidence from personal
experience and other people that gives confidence to the reader about the claim.’ Another good
response was, ‘This opinion gives limited support because it is asserted without evidence and is
based on local experience which may not be the same as other places or schools due to cultural
differences.’
Centres are encouraged to teach candidates about opinions and their use in arguments as
evidence, and provide experience of using the term in the analysis and evaluation of sources,
alongside other critical thinking concepts like value judgement, bias, fact, vested interest, and
prediction.
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(c) Most candidates compared both statements explicitly, Helen’s and Olav’s, and discussed issues
relating to evidence, language, knowledge claims, and expertise. Some candidates also addressed
the reasons and values within each statement.
Responses at the highest levels contained well supported, clearly explained judgements about the
arguments with a clear assessment of each statement; this included coherent, structured
evaluation of how well the argument worked with a range of evaluative points. These responses
were usually balanced with a clear conclusion. The statements were also quoted explicitly and
material from the statements was used directly in the response as evidence to support the
candidate’s opinion.
At the lower levels of response, the discussion was unlikely to be supported and tended to be
mainly asserted with little clarity of argument. These answers tended to focus on issues rather than
reasons, language, knowledge claims, and evidence. There was little or no overt evaluation at the
lowest levels of response.
Centres are encouraged to give candidates frequent opportunity to evaluate sources during their
courses. This should involve a consideration of the reasons and evidence used to support the
argument or perspective in the source.
Question 4
In this question, candidates were asked to recommend an action to improve the achievement of candidates
in a school. They were expected to justify their views using material drawn from the sources, as well as their
own experience and evidence. Most candidates recommended reducing the number of tests to give more
time for learning, highlighting a good understanding of the link between cause and consequence.
There were many thoughtful discussions of the three options. Most candidates chose one action and
explained why this was selected. Some candidates chose to compare two or three actions, which was a
more challenging, but at times effective, way to structure the argument. Responses at the highest levels
tended to have well supported, logical reasoning and make credible judgements. A clear, balanced
assessment or conclusion was also reached. These responses linked the argument back to the issue of
raising achievement.
Responses at the lower level tended to be generalised, lack relevance to the issue, and simply describe their
own opinion in general. Arguments tended to be unsupported and asserted. These responses often simply
listed ways to raise achievement.
In preparation for this type of question, centres are encouraged to give candidates regular opportunity to
write extended essays in which they contrast and compare different perspectives or potential actions in
response to an issue. In doing so, candidates need to analyse and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses
of the reasons and evidence for the perspective or action.
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GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
Paper 0457/12
Written Examination
Key messages
• demonstrated very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

General comments
Poverty and Inequality. The specific issue explored was poverty, economic inequality, and sustainable
development.
Overall, the quality of work and levels of achievement were very good. Many candidates are clearly
developing a good understanding of different perspectives on global issues and an ability to use reasoning
and evidence to support an opinion or claim. Candidates are also able to analyse evidence in a variety of
different forms. However, candidates should be encouraged to apply key concepts in critical thinking to the
evaluation of argument within sources.
poverty and income inequality. Many candidates were able to consider arguments and counter arguments in
a balanced way. Candidates were able to explore different perspectives on the issues raised, particularly in
advising governments on ways to reduce income inequality.
• justify their opinions with reasons and evidence drawn from the sources, including through quotation
and direct reference or citation;
Question 1
(a) Virtually all candidates correctly identified that 82% of the world’s wealth is owned by the richest
one percent of the population, from Source 1, and therefore gained the maximum of one mark for
this question.
(b) Almost all candidates were able to identify two causes of income inequality from Source 2, and
therefore gained the maximum of two marks for this question. Most candidates identified reduced
levels of welfare, technological change, and unequal access to education.
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(c) Most candidates responded well to this question and identified a cause of income inequality that, in
their opinion, was the most significant. Most candidates chose to discuss technological change and
unequal access to education.
The most common justifications given by candidates related to issues of impact, including:
• the number of people involved;

• the range of people e.g. different types of people or social groups;
• the effects of a ‘vicious circle’ and ‘knock-on’ effects;
• consequences of unemployment and reduced access to the labour market;
• the impact on employment opportunities;
• the impact on other aspects of society and social life generally.
The strongest answers provided clear explanation for the cause of income inequality selected and
gave some evidence to support their judgements. Weaker responses often simply stated the cause
without explanation and tended to rely upon assertion without evidence or careful reasoning. Some
candidates compared the significance of different causes, but this was not necessary to gain full
marks.
(d) Many candidates responded very well to this question and could explain why economic inequality is
an important national issue. The explanations mainly related to the impact of poverty and inequality
on individuals and groups, the potential for social unrest, and economic difficulties for the country.
Government responsibility for responding to these consequences was often highlighted. These
candidates demonstrated a clear understanding of the concept of ‘national’.
about economic inequality in general, without reference to the national dimension of the question.
Question 2
supported the view that, ‘the best way to reduce economic inequality is to increase employment.’
• uses a source as evidence – OECD;

• uses expert source from reputable organisation;
• logical argument linking education to employment and inequality;
• uses first-hand, personal experience – lived in poverty as a child;
• recent – up to date;
• strong tone and use of language.
• some assertion;
• does not acknowledge counter arguments;
• press release – may be biased.
weakness. For example, ‘A weakness is that the source was taken from a newspaper.’ This
statement does not explain why newspaper sources may not be strong evidence. A better
response would be, ‘‘A weakness is that the source was taken from a newspaper because press
releases are usually written from the point of view of the organisation. This type of evidence is not
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strong because it is likely to be biased and selective. It probably ignores counter arguments and
may not be balanced’
Candidates should be encouraged to justify their opinion using the material in the source as
evidence. This means being willing to quote from or summarise elements of the source.
and types of evidence that could be used to test the claim that, ‘People who work are less likely to
be in poverty.’ The methods of testing the claim were carefully explained and clearly related to the
claim.
Candidates tended to describe interviews, surveys, and questionnaires with people in poverty,
unemployed people, workers, and employers about the issue, often with different social groups in
different places and cultures. Other methods included consultation with experts, social services,
and government officials.
The strongest responses provided clearly reasoned, credible and structured explanation for their
suggestions, clearly and explicitly related to the claim being tested. Weaker responses often simply
stated a method or source of evidence but did not explain it fully or make the link to the claim being
Question 3
(a) Most candidates correctly identified a vested interest from Source 4 and explained that a vested
interest is a special concern about something due to personal gain or advantage, which could be
economic, social, political, or other.
(b) (i) Most candidates correctly identified a prediction from the source.
A prediction is a statement or claim about the future.
(ii) Most candidates were able to relate the identified prediction to Ivan’s argument, however, this
question was challenging for some candidates who did not evaluate the prediction as reasoning or
evidence within the argument.
The most effective responses explained how the prediction related to the argument and explained
a strength and/or a weakness of the prediction within this argument. For example, a good response
was, ’strong support as this prediction is based on evidence from statistical trends and research
that gives confidence to the reader about the claim.’ Another good response was, ‘This prediction
gives limited support because it is based on a trend that may change and is based on just one
person’s view which may not be the same as other people.’
Centres are encouraged to teach candidates about predictions and their use in arguments as
evidence and provide experience of using the term in the analysis and evaluation of sources,
alongside other critical thinking concepts like value judgement, bias, fact, vested interest, and
opinion.
(c) Most candidates compared both statements explicitly, Ivan’s or Nadia’s, and discussed issues
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Question 4
In this question, candidates were asked to recommend an action to a government to reduce income
inequality. They were expected to justify their views using material drawn from the sources, as well as their
own experience and evidence. Most candidates recommended spending more money on training and job
creation, highlighting a good understanding of the link between cause and consequence.
tended to have well supported, logical reasoning and make clear judgements. A clear, balanced assessment
or conclusion was also reached. These responses linked the argument back to the issue of raising
achievement.
Responses at the lower level tended to be generalised, lack relevance to the issue, and simply describe their
own opinion in general. Arguments tended to be unsupported and asserted. These responses often simply
listed ways to raise achievement.
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GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
Paper 0457/13
Written Examination
Key messages
• demonstrated very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

General comments
Migration. The specific issue explored was about the human rights of refugees.
Overall, the quality of work and levels of achievement were very good. Many candidates are clearly
developing a good understanding of different perspectives on global issues and an ability to use reasoning
and evidence to support an opinion or claim. Candidates are also able to analyse evidence in a variety of
different forms. However, candidates should be encouraged to apply key concepts in critical thinking to the
evaluation of argument within sources.
human rights and refugees. Many candidates were able to consider arguments and counter arguments in a
balanced way. Candidates were able to explore different perspectives on the issues raised, particularly in
advising governments on ways to improve the lives of refugees.
• justify their opinions with reasons and evidence drawn from the sources including through quotation and
direct reference or citation;
Question 1
(a) Virtually all candidates correctly identified that about 3% of the world’s population are migrants,
from Source 1, and therefore gained the maximum of one mark for this question.
(b) Almost all candidates were able to identify two human rights issues affecting refugees from Source
2, and therefore gained the maximum of two marks for this question. Most candidates identified
being victims of disease and injury, inadequate food and nutrition, having poor working conditions,
and no access to legal advice.
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(c) Most candidates responded well to this question and identified a human rights issue that, in their
opinion, was the most significant for refugees. Most candidates chose to discuss disease and
injury, lack of clean water and inadequate food and nutrition.
The most common justifications given by candidates related to aspects of impact, including:
• the number of refugees involved;

• the effects of a ‘vicious circle’ and ‘knock-on’ effects;
• consequences of disease, nutrition, and lack of clean water on health and life chances;
• the impact on employment opportunities and being part of society;
• impact on other aspects of society and social life generally.
The strongest answers provided clear explanation for the significance of the human rights issue for
refugees selected and gave some evidence to support their judgements. Weaker responses often
simply stated the cause without explanation and tended to rely upon assertion without evidence or
careful reasoning. Some candidates compared the significance of different human rights issues,
but this was not necessary to gain full marks.
(d) Many candidates responded well to this question and could explain why refugees are an important
issue for governments. The explanations mainly related to the impact of being a refugee on
individuals and groups, for society, and the potential for social unrest and economic difficulties for
the country. Government responsibility for responding to these consequences was often
highlighted. These candidates demonstrated a clear understanding of the concept of ‘national’ and
‘government’.
about refugees in general, without reference to the national or governmental dimension of the
question.
Question 2
supported the view that, ‘refugees are treated badly’.
• uses expert source from reputable organisation – UN worker;

• logical argument linking being a refugee to access to education, employment, and inequality
• uses first-hand, personal experience;
• recent – up to date;
• strong tone and powerful, emotive use of language;
• interview gives credibility/authenticity as primary evidence.
• some assertion;
• does not acknowledge counter arguments;
• interview – may be biased or influenced by the researcher.
weakness. For example, ‘A weakness is that the source was taken from an interview.’ This
statement does not explain why interviews may not be strong evidence. A better response would
be, ‘A weakness is that the source was taken from an interview because interviews are usually
recorded by an interviewer who might influence what a person says and cause inaccurate results.
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This type of evidence is not strong because it is likely to be biased and from just a few people that
may not be typical.’
Candidates should be encouraged to justify their evaluative points using the material in the source
as evidence. This means being willing to quote from or summarise elements of the source.
and types of evidence that could be used to test the claim that, ‘People think refugees are a
problem.’ The methods of testing the claim were carefully explained and clearly related to the
claim.
Candidates tended to describe interviews, surveys, and questionnaires with people living near to
refugees or refugee camps, or refugees themselves, often with different social groups in different
places and cultures. Other methods included consultation with experts, refugee agencies, and
government officials.
The strongest responses provided clearly reasoned, credible and structured explanation for their
suggestions, clearly and explicitly related to the claim being tested. Weaker responses often stated
a method or source of evidence but did not explain it fully or make the link to the claim being
Question 3
(a) Most candidates correctly identified a fact from Source 4 and explained that a fact is something
which can be verified or proven and is true or accurate.
(b) Most candidates were able to identify aspects of bias in Paola’s statement. These candidates
showed understanding of bias as a tendency or prejudice for or against something, or an
unbalanced approach to an issue, and being not prepared to consider counter arguments or other
points of view.
Most candidates explained that Paola’s experience of being a refugee may have influenced her
viewpoint and biased her arguments towards supporting refugees and not considering other
perspectives.
Candidates also raised other issues with the Paola’s statement that might be evidence of bias,
including:
• unbalanced argument – very little consideration of other perspectives or counterarguments;

• use of exaggerated language and phrases e.g. Would you try to rescue your children from
starvation?;
• use of rhetorical questions pressurises listeners;
• use of leading statements e.g. you will expect others to help if you are in trouble in the future;
• not much evidence;
• mainly opinion;
• use of value judgements e.g. It is only right that we help people at risk.
Centres are encouraged to teach candidates about bias in arguments and the presentation of
evidence and provide experience of using the term in the analysis and evaluation of sources,
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alongside other critical thinking concepts like value judgement, prediction, fact, vested interest, and
opinion.
(c) Most candidates compared both statements explicitly, Jose’s and Paola’s, and discussed issues
Question 4
In this question, candidates were asked to recommend an action to a government to improve the lives of
refugees. They were expected to justify their views using material drawn from the sources, as well as their
own experience and evidence. Most candidates recommended encouraging businesses to give jobs to
refugees, highlighting a good understanding of the link between cause and consequence.
tended to have well supported, logical reasoning and make credible judgements. A clear, balanced
assessment or conclusion was also reached. These responses linked the argument back to the issue of
raising achievement.
Responses at the lower level tended to be generalised, lack relevance to the issue and describe their own
opinion in general. Arguments tended to be unsupported and asserted. These responses often simply listed
ways to raise achievement.
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GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
Paper 0457/02
Individual Report
Key messages
• Candidates should formulate a question that focuses on one issue.

• The candidate’s response must focus on different perspectives on their chosen issue.
• Schools should take care to upload the correct candidate’s work to RM3.
General comments
The majority of candidates addressed a specific issue and fewer wrote descriptive essays about a general
topic.
More candidates included evaluation of sources than previous cohorts.
Some centres’ candidates are still structuring the Individual Report (IR) around the old specifications from the
pre-2018 syllabus.
Some schools mistakenly uploaded work for Component 03 Team Project instead of, or in addition to,
candidates’ IR. Some uploaded two copies of the bibliography instead of the essay. The
bibliography/reference list must be submitted as a separate document to the IR.
The strongest work was well-structured and logical, and explicitly presented several different well-supported
perspectives, including at least one global and one national perspective on the issue identified in their
question. This work gave a full explanation of the causes and consequences of the issue, explicitly
comparing the different causes and/or consequences. Any courses of action proposed included full details of
how they would be carried out, by whom and what their impact would be. The course of action proposed was
directly relevant to the issue, and/or the main cause or the worst consequence of the issue. The candidate
reflected on how their own perspective had been formed or changed by the findings of their research, by
other people’s perspectives, by different causes and consequences and the sources they had found to back
up the different perspectives. The candidate answered their own question and did not lose focus on the
central issue.
Comments on specific assessment criteria
Assessment Objective 1: Research, Analysis and Evaluation:
The strongest work responds to a clear question about a single global issue. This enables candidates to
present clear global perspectives, national perspectives, and their own perspective on this issue.
Direct, issue-based questions allow candidates to be clear about their topic and issue, to focus on that
throughout and to identify different views. Successful questions included:
• Should governments promote the use of electric cars?

• Is social media making people lonelier?
• Should Artificial Intelligence replace judges?
• Does free trade help the world’s poorer nations?
• Can trophy hunting be justified?
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Information from different perspectives:
The strongest work shows a clear understanding of perspectives.
For IGCSE Global Perspectives, a perspective is always based on a view, opinion, or attitude: on what
people think or feel about the issue. Some weak responses produce general information, facts and figures
on a topic from different parts of the world. This work will not score highly.
For the IR a global perspective is a supported view about a global issue raised in the question. It should
be clear whose perspective this is – a quote from the relevant person or organisation should be attributed to
them, or the candidate should draw together supporting information and attitudes to tell us which group of
people have this perspective. In all cases, information should be presented to explain the perspective and
support it.
Some candidates successfully established the different perspectives in their introduction. This helped their
essay to flow and reminded them of the focus on perspectives:
‘Although globalisation has made trade more trouble-free, it has increased the disparity between the
developed and developing countries. Parents are also worried that their children have stopped following their
cultural norms and are influenced by western culture. Globalisation is highly supported in continents such as
Europe because it has become the most advanced continent. However, developing countries like Pakistan
are still feeling insecure about the process.’
Successful work also included direct quotes showing a clear perspective:
‘Trade policy can make an important contribution to ensuring an effective exit from the prevailing financial
crisis in the developing world. That’s why we should work together.’ (Fernandes et al, 2020)
Or a clash of perspectives:
‘On one hand, free trade is intended to eradicate unfair barriers to global commerce and raise the economy
of emerging economies like industrial states. However, free trade can also result in many negative effects, in
particular terrible working conditions, job loss, economic damage to some countries, and environmental
damage globally’ (Teeboom, 2019)
Similarly, a national perspective is a national viewpoint on the issue presented, or an opinion, or a feeling
about, or an attitude to the national situation. Again, it should be clear whose perspective is being presented,
either by paraphrasing or quoting the person or organisation with clear attribution. There should be evidence
of the perspective and supporting information to explain it.
‘One country that has reportedly taken into consideration the effect that AI will have on the economy and job
industry is Jamaica, whose government has been ‘looking to position Jamaica to take advantage of the
benefits of artificial intelligence in boosting economic growth and job creation’ (the Library of Congress,
2020). According to Andrew Wheatley, a Jamaican technology minister, even though AI may pose a threat to
call centre operations, it also does present opportunities in high skill areas such as programming and
development………
In Jamaica, as previously discussed, technology minister Andrew Wheatley believes that AI may pose a
threat to call centre operations. … Wheatley called for increasing the number of computer science graduates
from Jamaican educational institutions ‘so that Jamaica can take advantage of the clear opportunities’….
Therefore, despite recognising the risk…. the Jamaican government is choosing to continue AI development
instead of implementing stricter regulations.’
Some weaker work did not present different perspectives on the issue, but instead presented information
about different places, and/or unsupported viewpoints and opinions. In some cases, candidates started with
a general opinion that religion has beneficial impacts on the family, presented 1500 words of anecdote and
description, with no evidence of research of others’ perspectives.
In some weak work candidates simply presented a range of information from two or three countries and
labelled this as a Global Perspective.
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Some weak work presented a general topic with 2 or 3 sub-topics (often labelled Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3).
This work did not present perspectives explicitly and (because it was dealing with multiple topics) did not
deal with the required criteria in any depth or detail.
Analysis and comparison of causes and consequences:
Most candidates were able to detail and explain the consequences of their chosen issue. However, some
struggled to explain the causes of the issue. Where candidates had not identified a global issue, or where
they wrote descriptive essays, they found it difficult to identify or explain any causes or consequences.
Stronger responses were able to compare different causes of (or reasons for) their central issue. They
explained which were the more important, or main causes and/or they explained how and why there were
different causes in different countries or regions. They also compared the consequences (sometimes
labelled impacts or effects) explaining which consequences were the most serious, and/or why there were
different consequences for different groups of people, or different places or different situations.
Developed comparison of consequences is given below:
‘I believe the consequences of cybercrime are more serious than social media’s effects on people. This is
because cybercrime can have devastating global consequences. Cybercrime can cause global companies to
completely collapse if done on a large scale. It can cause devastating financial losses to people and with just
a few clicks, it can reduce them to poverty. If the data of people, farmed by cybercrimes, falls into the wrong
hands it can be a cause of concern for the victim’s safety. Although the mental effects of social media on
people can be problematic, they do not sum up to the amount of chaos and havoc cybercrimes can cause.’
Course(s) of Action:
The strongest work had one developed and focused course of action. The candidate explained the course
of action: its implementation (e.g. who would do it and details of how it would be done) and gave a clear
explanation of the likely impact of the course of action.
In some cases, candidates successfully outlined a course of action already in place in another part of the
world and suggested how it could be adapted to be carried out in their own country, again giving details of
who could do it and how it could be implemented and what the impact might be. A clear focus on a main
cause or worst consequence was also helpful:
‘Causes and consequences:
The major cause of increasing mental health issues due to colourism are the increasing advertisements
made by the skin whitening industry. These advertisements show that if an individual has a lighter skin tone,
only then they will be considered as beautiful or attractive. As a result, individuals with a darker skin tone
begin to use such products in order to fit into the community. These advertisements are extremely offensive
to individuals who have a dark complexion. While the most alarming part of this is that many knowledgeable
entrepreneurs also promote colourism and inequity which increases the number of victims and puts them at
greater risk…….
Possible solutions:
The best solution is to protest against companies that promote colourism. This is because the company will
suffer huge losses if its products are condemned globally, which will force companies not to sell skin
lightening products. These protests can be promoted through social media, NGSOs can also help organise
such protests and online petitions can be signed to ban skin lightening creams and bleaches. This has
proven to be effective because the ‘black lives matter’ protest has led to the renaming of Unilever’s
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beautifying range Fair and lovely . In addition, these protests will also help to create awareness about how
colourism affects mental health negatively. It will also encourage victims of colourism to speak up and people
demoralised by colourism will gain confidence and feel emotionally supported. Thus making the solution
even more effective.‘
Weaker work described solutions already in place but did not explain how these solutions might be applied
to their specific issue or in other countries. Some candidates either explained how the course of action might
be implemented or what its impact might be – but not both.
The weakest work provided a list of actions that might be taken, but with no further details.
© 2021
Some candidates did not identify an issue – they presented general information about a topic. Without a
problem, they could not suggest a course of action to address it.
Evaluation of sources:
The strongest work showed clear evaluation of sources used. Candidates evaluated the sources using
different criteria and with an explanation of the impact of the quality of sources on the candidate’s thinking, or
work.
1. Source Evaluation:
‘Furthermore, some sources may not be reliable due to their potential bias: one example of this is Eleni
Vasilaki (The Conversation), who works in fields closely related to AI development and is therefore likely to
be against restrictions being imposed upon it. While her expertise in AI does grant her some credibility as
she is more likely to know what she is talking about, Vasilaki receives funding from organisations such as
Google Deepmind and the Amazon Alexa Fund, her possible vested interest further damages her credibility.’
2. Evaluation of Sources:
‘I have referenced online newspapers, such as South China Morning Post that informs on the latest local
issues. These sources were fact-checked and were written by experienced, professional journalists. In this
case, one of my articles was written by Sarah Zheng, who has earned a degree in film and media studies,
showing her qualifications (for the topic of media). These articles provide a local perspective, and expanded
my understanding of the issue by highlighting the seriousness of the problem. By using a large range of
sources, I can ensure the information provided on each site matches with others assuring accuracy. Some
websites like Parenta.com could be less reliable since the author stayed unrecognised, but I checked with
information from other sources and these corroborated statements made in my research.’
Candidates need to provide at least three different points of evaluation on more than one source used in
order to fully achieve this criterion.
A common misconception about what is required in evaluation is to address it generally:
‘I used reliable sources although some were out of date.’ This example does not show that the candidate
understands the term ‘reliability’ and is not specific to one source. It does not explain why the date is of any
importance.
Some candidates did not attempt to evaluate any of their sources at all.
Assessment Objective 2: Reflection:
The strongest work had a clear section of reflection on the candidate’s own perspective, on their research
findings, and on the perspectives they had explored. The candidate clearly explained how their own
perspective had developed, been changed, or impacted by others’ perspectives and by the information they
had gained about the issue. It included a clear conclusion/answer to their question based on research
findings and other perspectives.
‘In regard to the core issue both sides present, I feel that the side that supports government surveillance falls
short because the issue of security and international terrorism is something that is blown out of proportion
and studies have shown that terrorism has reduced after 9/11. But even assuming this was the case, the
side supporting government surveillance fails to prove why other methods like strengthening the police force
and border patrols would not accomplish the same objective…
Moving to the credibility of sources, I feel as though the side against government surveillance wins this
comparison as well, because they have articles written by well-versed experts and reliable people like
Edward Snowden, while the side that supports government surveillance falls short, because it has an article
written who might be biased. The difference is marginal, and I feel this does not really impact the overall
decision.
Moving to the most important part talking about privacy versus security, I feel that privacy is more valuable
than security. This is because of two reasons: firstly, security is a double-edged sword with the government
being able to use it to tighten their control over the citizens of their nation…. I feel the removal of privacy is
© 2021
similar to the removal of autonomy where people will become scared to make their own decisions…. I
believe in cases where security is a massive risk, government surveillance is valid as in that case too many
lives are at stake for people to worry about privacy…. Even in first world countries, where the threat of
authoritarianism is less, even in that case, government surveillance is not worth it because security can be
granted without forsaking privacy.’
Assessment Objective 3: Communication:
Structure of the report:
Candidates are required to write their report in essay form. Their argument should be planned and logical
and follow a clear structure to answer their question. They should include all required criteria.
The strongest work was easy to follow and provided a clear structured argument with an introduction,
addressing all the required criteria and ending, with a reflective conclusion. It used the full available word
count. This work started with different perspectives on the issue and kept those focused throughout. The
candidate kept control of their argument and did not lose contact with their question, the central issue, or
their research findings.
Weaker work lacked focus. It tended to select several separate issues and present general information
about those, making it difficult to follow any central argument. It sometimes included information that was not
relevant to the question. It tended to move around from one topic to another instead of developing a central
argument.
The weakest work often provided a series of headings with some facts and figures on the topic area, with no
clear flow of any argument and sometimes with no reflection or conclusion.
Some work showed little evidence of any research; the candidate simply wrote a general philosophical
argument. This was particularly common in essays on Belief Systems and the Family, where candidates had
a point of view and wrote only about that.
Clarity of arguments, perspectives, and evidence:
The strongest work clearly identifies the required criteria and presents them in separate paragraphs, or by
using sub-headings. It is clear that the candidate understands what they are doing and presents the required
elements explicitly.
The weakest work shows little awareness of the requirements for this component: information is presented
in a generalised way. In this work they may simply discuss their question without presenting any
perspectives, causes and consequences. There may be no clear issue and so no course of action with no
reflection on their research findings or evaluation of sources.
Some candidates present information they have gained from primary and secondary research and do not
process or discuss it at all. This approach will not score highly.
Citation and referencing:
All candidates should understand the need for complete in-text attribution. They should be aware that if
they present material as their own when they have found it in other sources, this will be as plagiarism.
There is no one fixed method of citation or referencing for this component. Any clear and consistent
method is acceptable.
In-text attribution: Candidates may use bracketed citations, or numbering, or in-text referencing, to indicate
where they have used sources. They must include complete references somewhere in their work, either
footnotes, endnotes, or in-text references. (For ease of reading and control of word count, numbers or
brackets are more manageable).
References: References for books or magazines should include author, date, and title of publication.
References for online materials should include at least the full url (leading to the document, not just to a
website) and date of access.
© 2021
The full reference list/footnotes/endnotes should be clearly linked to the in-text attribution. Candidates should
use one clear, consistent, and logical method (one set of numbers, or alphabetical order). References should
be clearly organised and easy to find.
Some candidates carry out primary research, particularly to explore different perspectives. Where they do so,
they should mention this in text; so that it is clear where/how the information has been gained. They may
wish to put a note at the end of their reference list or in a footnote, to give details such as date of interview. If
candidates wish to include evidence of their primary research, such as statistics, they can append this to the
reference list, unless it is to be read and counted in the words allowed for the IR.
© 2021
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
Paper 0457/03
Team Project
Key messages
• Candidates should be steered clear of topics that are locally sensitive.

• Learners should be involved in choosing their topic.
• Candidates should research cultural perspectives on an issue, then decide on a method of
communicating it (an Outcome) to raise awareness. This is helped by learners choosing an aim for
their Team of: raising awareness of perspectives on their issue.
• Candidates should keep a log of their ways of working and of their work with the Team.
• Candidates are each expected to research an aspect of the work, citing their sources and reporting
their findings in the Reflective Paper.
• All members of a Team should be awarded the same marks for the team elements (Collaboration,
Explanation and Outcome).
General comments
Team Projects
The most successful projects involved raising awareness, or changing the behaviours, of others about an
issue of local importance or an issue inspired by personal passion. Issues such as water conservation,
engagement with the Human Rights agenda, maintaining physical or mental health for specific age groups
during the pandemic all saw work that stood out. The writing of a nursery rhyme to explain the demands on
little children during the pandemic is worthy of special note.
Inevitably the pandemic influenced what a lot of candidates chose to research, some even focusing on
cultural perspectives on vaccinations. It was clear that for so many candidates the pandemic has had such a
big impact on their lives. Many candidates in their reflection discussed being provided the option of
exempting this component but choosing to still do it because they wanted to complete what they had started.
Many learners reflected on their changing work patterns and team working processes to balance their
reflections.
The most successful Outcomes were leaflets, short videos, and pamphlets. Websites were popular, but they
proved difficult as learners were unable to gather any feedback which they could use to support evaluations.
There is a widely held misconception about the relationship between interviews and Outcomes. Making a
video of interviews as an Outcome will be recognised as research but not as an explanation of perspectives.
This is because learners have not made use of it as part of an explanation. Parts of videos of interviews are
helpful in explaining perspectives within the Outcome.
Reflection on the different elements of the project should see balanced strengths/benefits and
weaknesses/limitations. In general, learners find balanced reflection more straightforward when thinking
about their Outcome or teamwork, but they struggle to reflect in a balanced way on their own work processes
or their role in the team. It may be helpful for teachers to link evaluation of their learners’ work processes with
the research process, and to link their role in the team to how the team supported their work and how they
supported the work of the team.
Few candidates considered the impact of the different elements of their work on the aims of the team or the
completion of the Outcome. For example, how did the relative effectiveness of their research support the
development of the Outcome? This is the in-depth or insightful reflection indicated in the mark scheme.
© 2021
Comments on specific elements
Team elements: Explanation, Outcome and Collaboration
AO3 Communication: Explanation and Outcome
The Explanation establishes the aim of the team and may give a reason for the selection of the topic. It
states what research into perspectives will be undertaken and how this will be carried out. The form of the
Outcome is explained and the process by which awareness will be raised by using it. There is a discussion of
how data will be gathered on which the relative success of the Outcome can be based.
One team wrote the following, which was very clear:
As the severe COVID-19 situation continues over a year, more people are refusing to wear masks for the
reasons of cultural customs, unbreathable, and misunderstandings. Therefore, even though it is well known,
our aim was to raise awareness of the importance of wearing masks. We were particularly concerned with
those irresponsible teenagers hanging out without masks. We also wanted to state the fact that masks are
the key necessity to be prevented from the virus. Our outcome was a blog website where we could put
detailed information, images, and gifs in visually attractive ways. We achieved this by using (wix.com: blog
creating website). We completed an eleven-minute presentation. During the presentation, in order to make
the presentation clearer and more assured, we tried to memorize the script. When we were practicing, we
also recorded our presentation. Watching a recorded video provided us instant insight into where we may
struggle with ideas or transitions, and how well we hold our narrative thread from start to close. Then, we
created a digital survey to receive feedback on how we could better meet our aim. We made the survey
anonymous to be assessed honestly.
Our research was obtained by researching the UK, Korean, and Chinese government websites to get the
COVID-19 current statistics and their proposed countermeasures. Moreover, our cultural perspectives were
obtained by questionnaires. We made six questions to see how people think of wearing masks. Totally, 15
teenagers had participated. We collected the data of the people from Canada, China, South Korea, Brazil,
and the USA. Through the questionnaires, we found out that people are fully aware of the seriousness of the
COVID-19, however, they do not always wear masks. Some had conflicting results, which define
perspectives do differ by the environment. We found out that most people do not trust masks 100 per cent.
AO3: Collaboration
Teachers should award a mark for how well the team has worked together to complete the project.
Judgements should be based on how well team members have communicated with each other, solved
problems, resolved conflict, and shared work appropriately between them. All members of the team must be
given the same mark. We do not need explanations for marks awarded.
Individual element: The Reflective Paper
AO1: Research, Analysis and Evaluation
Evaluating the Outcome
Evaluations of the Outcome should consider ways in which it contributed to meeting the aim and ways that it
did not.
One Team wrote:
I think our outcome almost achieved the project aim; it included all the researches needed to educate others
about the LGBT community, especially as I did extra research for us to find the most appropriate courses of
actions. Our outcome looked at the laws and efforts made by the officials regarding LGBT rights in different
nations and the popularization of LGBT to the citizens to measure the level of concern the government had
upon the issue. We then analyzed other factors leading to discrimination such as family pressures, old-
fashioned belies and the education system (Human Rights Watch, 2020). We interviewed supporters,
opponents and members of the community in Hanoi to record personal perspectives and experiences.
Finally, using all the available resources, we purposed resolutions. Funding LGBT-friendly places,
participating in Pride Fest parade, educating others, being a straight-ally and standing up against
discrimination are all efficient actions that we as candidates can take to show our support and raise
© 2021
awareness about LGBT. We shared our presentation with our class virtually. Some asked why we had
included arguments people had made against increasing awareness and support. We had not thought to not
include any findings-perhaps we should have. Others asked how they could contribute to a charity-we had
not made that clear. Nonetheless, I suppose our team could have taken a further step to fully achieve our
aim. We could have held an LGBT lesson/workshop or helped others to donate to a Queer Zone in Hanoi for
our influences to be more wide-spread and not just limited inside the classroom.
There is strength in having data to reflect upon when evaluating the Outcome. This evaluation said ‘Some’
had criticised the presentation. It would have been a stronger evaluation if numbers or percentages of those
who disagreed with the presentation and those who wanted to know more had been offered and analysed.
Suggestions for improvement should come from the weaknesses that have been identified. This is true in the
evaluation above and flows easily from the evaluation.
Evaluating work processes
Evaluations of work processes should consider ways in which the candidate was an effective
worker/researcher and ways in which the candidate was not effective, maybe with reasons.
One candidate wrote:
I believe that I pulled my weight by scouting for the interviewees and extracting and tabulating the data that
was provided. I was even approached by a number of volunteers to be a part of the interviewing process.
However, due to time constraints, they were unable to be a part of the project. Moreover, there were nights
where I consecutively stayed up until dawn broke so that we were able to get ahead of schedule with finding
information before the video-editing process had begun. Due to a number of the interviewees living in
regions with different time zones, it was required of me to be awake at odd hours. This was because it was
especially challenging for the other members of my group to stay awake, as they adhered to a conventional
sleeping schedule.
A second candidate wrote:
My strengths would be that I was organized and devoted to my work. I put my best foot forward, dedicating
time to strengthen our outcome achieving our aim. However, I would do more global research and include
more cultural perspectives rather than just a few. I would also create an effective timetable to improve my
time-management.
The first of these reports is positive, lacks balance, but has a wealth of examples. The second one is
balanced but lacks explanation of either the strengths or weaknesses of the candidate’s work processes.
Suggested improvements should come from the weakness, or one of the weaknesses explained in the
evaluation. We would need to see a comment about poor timekeeping to be able to recognise the need for
an effective timetable as a suggestion for improvement.
AO2: Reflection
Reflecting about working in a team:
This section asks about how effective the team was in working towards its aims. A balanced reflection is
expected, explaining in what ways teamworking was a strength and in what ways it was a limitation.
As a team we contributed fairly and equally, although sometimes we were in conflict, for example, on
whether to have physical or virtual meetings and on setting our timeframes. These has put me under
pressure as if I were doing an individual project I would have been the decision maker. However, the
outcome is definitely successful and rich because of my teammates. For example, without them I would not
have been able to go to littered areas to take photos; which would have affected the outcome negatively.
This is balanced but does not link the strengths or the weaknesses to the Outcome or team aims. This
means it can be awarded Level 3, but no higher.
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Reflecting on own role in the Team
This section asks about how well the individual supported the team effort and where there were failings, or
where support was needed.
Through my research, we finalized our two outcomes to deal with causes and consequences of air pollution.
Firstly, air filter, after my research, was viewed as the best method to cater the consequences. Secondly,
afforestation proved to be one of the most effective ways to eliminate causes of air pollution. We also
concluded that air pollution, while it is global predicament, is mostly prevalent in countries that have a low
socioeconomic status. Additionally, I researched that thermal-powered stations contribute to progressively
worse situations, however, realized that it would not be possible for us to counter those.
Throughout the project, I was indulged in video editing, manipulating and rearranging. Most thoughtful
process was to decide video layout. Initially, numerous versions were made to be selected by the group and I
was not strong in making them decide. While editing, time restriction was a major issue I faced. Our video
exceeded sixteen minutes which after several cutting and time lapsing was reduced to ten. Occasionally,
voiceovers did not match the screenplay so I had to rewrite, adjust and get them recorded again. Also, while
translating videos and adding subtitles, I ensured that meaning of the sentence remained unaffected so our
messages were clear. This was a time-consuming process and I had to spend nights to produce the final
version. I should have asked for help with this.
Most learners are very descriptive about their work for the team, as this is. However, within this description,
strengths of the role in the team can be seen and weaknesses also. As the section is considered with the
Outcome clearly evident, this is awarded Level 4.
Reflecting about learning:
Overall, candidates should reflect on what they have learned about teamworking, perspectives on their topic
and the topic.
One candidate wrote about skills learned:
I have to confess that it has also shone light on the fact that I am rather passive in discussions and lack the
ability to carry and lead conversations between group members. Although it will be a slow and arduous push,
I will strive to continue improving on these weaknesses of mine so that I will not be held back by my own
shortcomings later on, during the projects that I will face in the near future.
One candidate wrote about perspectives understood better:
From the data I analyzed I learnt that a lot of people may not necessarily be mentally stable even if they look
totally fine on the outside, I learnt that many have been in a mental health dilemma in the past two weeks
alone, whether it be feeling sad and depressed, to overly angry, this made me realize that we all have to put
others emotions into consideration before making a comment that might hurt someone.
One candidate commented on learning about the topic:
Composing this project has made me change my mind. Before starting our research I did not know how
some countries are still so behind in terms of development. I did not have any idea of the unjust laws women
are submitted to. Also I did not know how rape statistics were so high, this really shocked me. But what most
impacted me was the shadow pandemic. Domestic violence during the covid-19 outbreak increased making
women consider home to not be a safe place. This I totally did not know about. My perspective on how
women is treated in some countries totally changed. Now I have realized that gender equality is increasingly
evident. Although inequality has decreased every time due to protests, but above all due to education that is
the reason why our main objective was aimed to educate.
© 2021
AO3: Communication
The separate aspect of the work that contributes to this mark is the reporting of individual findings from the
personal research that each learner is expected to carry out into an aspect of the topic. It is expected that
findings are summarised and that evidence is cited.
The countries we wrote about overcame littering by having recycling bins everywhere and charging fines for
littering. Germany charges up to 250€ for littering (Zen, 2019). I discovered Austria’s non-profit
recycling/waste management organisation; The ARA System provides consumers with recycling bins and
has a pick-up service available to 1.6 million households that collects these bins (Jtdadmin). I saw the
ugliness of marine litter in the Nile River while filming our primary research. I learned how it pollutes water
and kills fish while doing secondary research and about how Germany deals with that issue with its fishing
for litter scheme where fishermen fish for litter (Al-Masry Al-Youm, 2016) (litterbins.co.uk, 2017). I learned
that although Egypt does not apply laws against littering, we have recycling and cleanup campaigns like Go
Clean, a recycling organization and a campaign called ‘Red Sea Islands Free from Plastics’ promoting
tourism by cleaning beaches from litter (Gamil, 2018).
Supported by a reference list, this was awarded Level 4.
Learners are asked to explain their evaluations/reflections using examples to set them in context. The
degree to which explanations are developed in this way contributes to the AO3 mark. Another factor is the
organisation of their Reflective Paper. It is expected that the sections should be clearly seen or signposted
for the reader. It was balance that was the limiting factor in some marks and lack of individual research
findings.
© 2021

Global Perspectives: Paper 0457/11 Written Examination

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Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

0457 Global Perspectives June 2021

• demonstrate very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

To improve performance further, candidates should be encouraged to:

Comments on specific questions

• the number of people or schools involved;

The strengths of the argument most often identified were:

• uses a source as evidence – television;

The weaknesses of the argument most often identified were:

• demonstrated very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

To improve performance further, candidates should be encouraged to:

Comments on specific questions

• the number of people involved;

The strengths of the argument most often identified were:

• uses a source as evidence – OECD;

The weaknesses of the argument most often identified were:

A prediction is a statement or claim about the future.

• demonstrated very good skills of interpretation and analysis;

To improve performance further, candidates should be encouraged to:

Comments on specific questions

• the number of refugees involved;

The strengths of the argument most often identified were:

• uses expert source from reputable organisation – UN worker;

The weaknesses of the argument most often identified were:

• unbalanced argument – very little consideration of other perspectives or counterarguments;

• Candidates should formulate a question that focuses on one issue.

More candidates included evaluation of sources than previous cohorts.

Comments on specific assessment criteria

Assessment Objective 1: Research, Analysis and Evaluation:

• Should governments promote the use of electric cars?

Information from different perspectives:

The strongest work shows a clear understanding of perspectives.

Successful work also included direct quotes showing a clear perspective:

Analysis and comparison of causes and consequences:

Developed comparison of consequences is given below:

‘Causes and consequences:

A common misconception about what is required in evaluation is to address it generally:

Assessment Objective 2: Reflection:

Assessment Objective 3: Communication:

Structure of the report:

Clarity of arguments, perspectives, and evidence:

Citation and referencing:

• Candidates should be steered clear of topics that are locally sensitive.

Comments on specific elements

Team elements: Explanation, Outcome and Collaboration

AO3 Communication: Explanation and Outcome

One team wrote the following, which was very clear:

Individual element: The Reflective Paper

AO1: Research, Analysis and Evaluation

Evaluating the Outcome

One Team wrote:

Evaluating work processes

One candidate wrote:

A second candidate wrote:

Reflecting about working in a team:

One candidate wrote:

Reflecting on own role in the Team

One candidate wrote: