Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Impact of Adding Sodium Chloride to Change of Turbidity and Iron

Concentration on Treatment Waste Water Using Electrocoagulation
Process
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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

Impact of Adding Sodium Chloride to Change of Turbidity and

Iron Concentration on Treatment Waste Water Using
Electrocoagulation Process

Sutanto1, Nanang Rohadi2, Hidjan3

1, 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Depok Jakarta
3 Department of Civil Engineering, State Polytechnic of Jakarta, Depok,Jakarta

*stanto09@gmail.com

Abstract. The treatment waste water of electrical industry was investigated through
electrocoagulation process.The study was conducted by flowing of 4,5 liters of waste water
into the three cells of electrocoagulation process tank. Each cell is filled 1.5 liters of waste
water without adding of sodium chloride (NaCl). The electrocoagulation process is carried out
at a voltage of 12 V and interval time for observation of electric current, turbidity and iron
cocentration in the water is done every 10 minutes. Subsequently, the same procedure was
performed and added the sodium chloride with variation of weight of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gram. To
determine change value of electrical current, turbidity, metals pollutant was done using
Ampere meter, turbidity meter and AAS respectively. The best conditions are recommended
for use 0.5 gram of sodium chloride and 110 minutes for processing time. Under these
conditions the voltage of 12 V and the current is 1.13 A. In this condition the turbidity can be
removal from 44.10 to 2.35 NTU or 94.33 % and iron concentration from 1.21 to 0.29 mg/L
or equal to 76.03 %. In conclusion adding of sodium chloride in simultaneous process of
electrocoagulation and strerilization can cause increase of the electric current and accelerate
the removal of pollutants in the wastewater

1. Introduction
Industrial wastewater generally contains organic pollutants and heavy metals and has the potential to
be reused into clean or drinking water. Wastewater that will be reused as drinking water must be
treated so that the water parameters are in accordance with the regulation of Indonesian Ministry of
Health No. 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010. The water parameters in drinking water based on the
Minister of Health regulation No. 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 are 0,3 mg/L for iron (Fe), 0,01
mg/L for for arsenic (As), 2 mg/L for copper (Cu), 0,05 mg/L for chromium (Cr), 0,003 mg/L for
cadmium (Cd), 0,01 mg/L for lead (Pb), 0,07 mg/L for nickel (Ni),0,02 mg/L for aluminum (Al), 0,4
mg/L for manganese (Mn),3,0 mg/L for zinc (Zn), 0,001 mg/L for mercury (Hg), 0,7 mg/L for
barium (Ba), 200 mg/L for sodium (Na), 5 NTU for turbidity, 10 mg/L for organic compounds , 5
mg/L untuk chlorine (Cl2), 0 per 100 mL for Coliform bacteria and 0 per 100 mL for Escherichia Coli
(E Coli) bacteria and pH 6.5 - 8.5.
Many methods can be used to treat wastewater into drinking water. One of it is electrocoagulation
process. In order to carry out of electrocoagulation process is required an anode which can produce a
coagulant compound. In generally the anode made from aluminum or iron. Coagulant compounds are
useful for adsorbing organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater [1]-[15]. Pollutants in wastewater
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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

usually consist of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that can form weak electrolyte
solutions. In generally the weak electrolytes are very difficult to conduct electricity. Because the resistance of
solution is very high, so that the electrical conductivity becomes very low [1],[3]-[8],[10]. Thus the
process of formation of coagulant compounds in wastewater becomes very slow. Because the process
of formation of coagulant compounds depends on the changes of electrical conductivity in wastewater.
If the electrical conductivity in the wastewater is higher, then the electric current also increase, so the
process of forming coagulant compounds becomes faster. To increase the electrical conductivity in
wastewater can be added sodium chloride (NaCl) or Na 2SO4[1],[3],[8],[10] into wastewater, so there is
an increase conductivity of electrolyte in wastewater [1],[3].
The equation of the reaction occurring in the electrocoagulation process using anode of aluminum
material can be expressed as follows [1]-[19]:
reaction at the anode (oxidation):
2Al → 2Al+3+ 6 e- (1)
reaction at the cathode (reduction):
6H2O+6e- → 6OH-+3H2 (2)
Overall reaction: 2 Al+ 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (3)

At equation (3) it shown that Al(OH)3 is formed which acts as coagulation agent, thereby facilitating
pollutants in trapped water and forming floc that easily deposited clumps[2]-[19]. The working
principle of electrocoagulation process shown in Figure 1[2],[3],[5], [6]-[8].

DC source

chatode
anode

Figure 1. The working principle of electrocoagulation process

The equation for the mass of metal ions Al+3 produced in the electrocoagulation continuous
process can be expressed as follows :
m = (S)(A)(ar)(I)/[(Q)(96.500)(n) (4)

where S is height of vessel (cm), A is cross sectional area of the vessel (cm2), ar is (relative atomic
mass, I is electric current (ampere), Q is flow of wastewater ( cm3/sec), and n ( change of oxide
number of A1) in this case n = 3 dan ar = 27. Based on equation (4) can be explained, if the electric
current is increased, so that the coagulant compound of Al (OH)3 which is formed is also increase. Coagulant
compounds of Al (OH)3 are useful as pollutant absorbent compounds to form floc which is easily
deposited on the bottom of the process tank [6]-[15].
The study of electrocoagulation processes with aluminum as electrodes was carried out in the
wastewater that containing lead pollutants (Pb) 100 ppm and total suspended solid (TSS) of 200 ppm .
In this process there is a sludge containing Pb together with A1(OH)3 and discharged through the
bottom of the process vessel, while clear water is removed through the top of the process vessel [11].
Another experiment was carried out in a continuous flow with a discharge of 1.5 l / min, electric
currents vary from 1 to 5 ampere and variation of operating time from 60 to 120 minute. The Pb
analysis in the final filtrate is measured by using an AAS device (Atomic Absorption
Spectrophometer), and TTS analysis using gravimeter method. From the experiment obtained the

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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

electrocoagulation efficiency value of contaminant Pb equal to 99,16% and TSS equal to 80,24% on
the current of 5 ampere and operating time of 120 minute [11]-[15].
In the effluent treatment of animal slaughterhouse by electrocoagulation process has been done in
batch by placing wastewater in the electrolysis cell. The process is run at certain time and low
cocentration of total suspended solid (TTS), total disolved solid (TDS), pH and turbidity. From the
research results obtained that TSS and TDS were reduced from wastewater. This indicates that water
after processing has an improved of quality [4]-[6], [13]-[19].
In the study of electroagulation process using four aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes, the
process required shorter operation time to achieve maximum TTS and TDS removal efficiency than
using only two electrodes. The use of four electrodes requires a 70 minute operation time with TSS
and TDS removal capability of 99%, while on the use of two electrodes it takes 90 minutes operation
time with maximum TSS and TDS removal capability of only 98% [3]-[6].
While the study conducted on the electrocoagulation process with the addition of sodium chloride
(NaCl) of 740 mg/L can reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) to 98% and total suspended solid
(TSS) to 93 %. During the electrocoagulation process will form a byproduct of hypochlorite
compound that is oxidizing and able to oxidize organic pollutants and kill bacteria in water. The
mechanism of formation of hypochlorite compounds can be explained by the following reaction
equation [8], [17]-[19]:

NaCl → Na+ + Cl- (5)

2Cl- → Cl2+2e (6)
Cl2+H2O→HOCl+Cl-+H+ (7)
HOCl→OCl + H+ (8)

2. Methodology
2. 1. Materials
The materials are needed ie: aluminum 1100 as electrode, sodium chlorida and wastewater. The
composition of aluminum is shown in Table 1 and visual shape of geometries shown in Figure 2. The
size of electrode (anode and cathode) is 19 cm long and 19 cm wide . Sodium chlorida was baught
from market in Depok, Est Java. The composition of sodium chlorida shown in Table 2 and sample
shown in Figure 3.

Table 1. The composition of aluminum 1100 Table 2. The composition of sodium chlorida
Element content Composition (%) Compound content Composition (%)
Cu (Copper) 0.05 - 0.20 NaCl 94.7
Al(Aluminium) 99 - 99.95 H2O 7.0
Si (Silicon) 0.95 another compound 0.1609
Fe ( Iron) 0.95
Zn (Zinc) 0.1
another elements 0.15

Figure 2. Aluminum electrode Figure 3. Sample sodium chloride

Wastewater was taken from sewerage channels in area industry electric, East Jakarta. The composition
of wastewater shown in Table 3 and sample shown in Figure 4. Measuring of metals content in the

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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

water using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) - Shimadzu AA-6300 and measuring of
turbidity using turbidity meter.

Table 3. Measurement result of parameters in wastewater

Parameter Quantity
Copper (Cu) 3.52 mg/L
Aluminum (Al) 0.68 mg/L
Sodium (Na) 16.34 mg/L
Iron (Fe) 1.21 mg/L
pH 7.64
Turbidity 44.10 NTU
Fat 27 mg/L

Figure 4. Sample wastewater

2.2. Research tool model

The models equipment using for research shown in Figure 5. The process tool model consists of a
DC source, a volt meter, a feeding vessel, an electrocoagulation process tank, a dirt settling vesel
and a clean water reservoir. DC source has a voltage capability between 0 to 30 volts and an
electric current between 0 to 10 amperes. The shape of process tank is square with composed in
three cells. Each cell have size 5 cm wide, 20 cm long and 25 cm high was equipped with anode
and cathode made from aluminum with each size is 19 cm wide and 19 cm long. Distance between
anode and cathode is 6.5 cm.

Figure 5. The equipment for research

2.3. Implementation of research

The research was conducted by flowing of 4,5 liters of wastewater into the three cells of
electrocoagulation process tank. Each cell is filled 1.5 liters of wastewater without adding of sodium
chloride (NaCl). The electrocoagulation process is carried out at a voltage of 12 V and interval time
for observation of electric current, turbidity and iron concentration in the water is done every 10
minutes. Subsequently, the same procedure was performed and added the sodium chloride with
variation of weight of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gram. To determine change value of turbidity was done using
turbidity meter and concentration of iron using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).

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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

3. Result and Discussion

Figure 6 is shown the wastewater after through processing by electrocoagulation. Based on Figure 6
can be seen that the pollutants in wastewater formed sludge and deposited on the bottom [1]-[19].
The water after filtered is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6. Sludge of pollutants Figure 7. Water after filtered

3.1. Impact adding sodium chloride on electric current

Impact adding sodium chloride in the electrocoagulation to change of electric current is shown on
Figure 8. The measurement results of average electric current without the addition of sodium chloride
is 0.23 ampere. From Figure 8 can be seen that the addition of a sodium chloride (NaCl) can increase
the electrical current. On the addition sodium chloride of 0.5 gram can be increased the average
electric current from 0.23 A to 1.13 A or 3.9 times greater than the initial value. While the addition of
1.0 gram of sodium chloride can be increased the average electric current from 0.23 A to 4.24 A or
17.4 times greater than the initial value and on the addition of 1.5 gram sodium chloride can be
increased the average electric current from 0.23 A to 9.34 A or 39.6 times greater than the initial
value. It can be explained that the addition of sodium chloride into the wastewater causes a decrease of
resistance in solution or there has been a change properties from weak to strong electrolyte that was
impact on decreasing the electrical resistance in the solution (R) [1],[3]-[5],[8]-[10].

Figure 8. The change of electric current

3.2. Impact of adding sodium chloride on turbidity

The result of the measurement of the impact of adding sodium chloride to the change of turbidity in
water is shown in Table 4. Based on Table 4, can be seen that electrocoagulation process was run
without adding sodium chloride until 140 minutes can reduce turbidity from 44.10 to 4.28 NTU or
90.29 %. Subsequently, at the same time for the addition of 0.5,1.0 and 1.5 gram sodium chloride each
able to decrease the turbidity from 44.10 to 0.95 NTU or 97.85 %, from 44.10 to 0.15 NTU or 99.66 %
and from 44.10 to 0.01 NTU or 99.98 % repectively.

Table 4. Measurement of turbidity (NTU)

Time , NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl,
minute 0.0 g 0.5 g 1.0 g 1.50 g
0 44.10 44.10 44.10 44.10
10 44.00 40.85 39.29 38.04
20 43.98 37.15 35.12 33.48

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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

Time , NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl,

minute 0.0 g 0.5 g 1.0 g 1.50 g
30 41.22 33.0 31.22 29.35
40 38.24 29.13 27.24 23.33
50 36.22 26.12 23.25 19.34
60 33.24 20.14 18.23 16.33
70 31.23 17.17 15.22 13.32
80 27.24 12.14 10.25 8.36
90 24.12 8.11 6.37 4.57
100 21.35 4.89 3.12 1.28
120 8.28 2.35 1.05 0.11
140 4.28 0.95 0.15 0.01

The addition of sodium chloride has caused a decrease turbidity in the water. It can be explained
that adding of sodium chloride in electrocoagulation process, the Al + 3 and OH- ions are more formed
which are compounds of Al (OH)3. In this case the compound Al (OH)3 is an easy coagulant material
to adsorb pollutants in the water to form a floc, so easily deposited on the bottom of process tank. The
best time for process with adding of sodium chloride 0.5 gram to achieve turbidity of 5 NTU or less
then it is 100 minute. In this condition the value of turbidity is reduced from 44.10 to 2.35 NTU or
94.33 %. The best time for process with adding of sodium chloride 1.0 gram to achieve turbidity of 5
NTU or less then it is 100 minute. In this condition the value of turbidity is reduced from 44.10 to 3.12
NTU or 47.57 %. The best time for process with adding of sodium chloride 1.5 gram to achieve
turbidity of 5 NTU or less then it is 90 minute. In this condition the value of turbidity is reduced from
44.10 to 4.57 NTU or 89.64 % [4]-[6].

3.3. Impact of adding sodium chloride on iron concentration

The result of the measurement of the impact of adding sodium chloride to change of iron concentration
in water is shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Measurement of iron concentration (mg/l)

Time, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl, NaCl,
minute 0.0 g 0.5 g 1.0 g 1.50 g
0 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21
10 1.20 1.19 1.10 0.98
20 1.17 1.10 0.90 0.88
30 1.12 0.93 0.81 0.72
40 1.00 0.89 0.68 0.60
50 0.97 0.83 0.58 0.51
60 0.93 0.74 0.50 0.40
70 0.90 0.65 0.44 0.31
80 0.87 0.54 0.32 0.25
90 0.85 0.52 0.27 0.12
100 0.81 0.45 0.15 0.08
120 0.78 0.29 0.11 0.01
140 0.71 0.11 0.03 nd
Note nd: not detected

Based on Table 5, shown that electrocoagulation process is run with longer time, the concentration
of iron (Fe) in water has a tendency to decrease. It can be explained at the longer time the
electrocoagulation process is run, the more Al+ 3 and OH- ions are formed which are compounds of Al
(OH)3. In this case the compound Al (OH)3 is an easy coagulant material to adsorb iron pollutants in
the water to form a floc, so easily deposited on the bottom of process tank. Therefore the
concentration of iron (Fe) in the water will decrease. Electrocoagulation process was run without

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2018 1st Workshop on Engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1364 (2019) 012062 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012062

adding sodium chloride for 80 minutes can reduce iron concentration (Fe) from 1.21 mg/L to 0,87
mg/L or 28,10 %. Subsequently, at the same time for the addition of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gram sodium
chloride each able to decrease the iron concentration from 1,21 mg/L to 0,54 mg/L or 55.37 %, from
1,21 mg/L to 0,32 mg/L or 73.55 % and from 1,21 mg/L to 0,25 mg/L or 79,34 % respectively. The
best time for process with adding of sodium chloride 0.5 gram to achieve iron concentration of 0.3
mg/L or less then it is 110 minute. In this condition the value of iron concentration is reduced from
1.21 to 0.29 mg/L (less then 0.3 mg/L) or 76.03%. The best time for process with adding of sodium
chloride 1.0 gram to achieve iron concentration of 0.3 mg/L or less then it is 90 minute. In this
condition the value of iron concentration is reduced from 1.21 to 0.27 mg/L (less then 0.3 mg/L) or
77.69%. The best time for process with adding of sodium chloride 1.5 gram to achieve iron
concentration of 0.3 mg/L or less then it is 80 minute. In this condition the value of iron concentration
is reduced from 1.21 to 0.25 mg/L (less then 0.3 mg/L) or 79.34 % [11]-[15].
In conclusion, based on Table 4 and 5 is chosen the best time of 110 minute with adding sodium
chloride of 0.5 gram in the simultaneous process of electrocoagulation and strerilization. In this
condition showed that value of turbidity is 2.35 NTU (les then 5 NTU) or eficiency is 94.33 % and
iron concentration is 0.29 mg/L or eficiency is 76.03 %. The best conditions is chosen with
consideration on the efficiency of time and the lowest operating costs.

4. Conclusion
Adding of sodium chloride in simultaneous process of electrocoagulation and strerilization can cause
increase of the electric current and accelerate the removal of pollutants in the wastewater.The best
time is 110 minute with adding sodium chloride of 0.5 gram. In this condition showed that value of
turbidity can reduced from 44.10 to 2.35 NTU or 94.33 % and iron concentration can reduced from
1.21 to 0.29 mg/L or 76.03 %.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Ministry of Research and Technology-Directorate General of Higher
Education of the Republic of Indonesia for the financial support awarded to carry out this research in
second year, also Afiliation-Laboratory FMIPA University of Indonesia UI those have helped a lot in
the data collection required.

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