Chapter Three - Sources of Water
Chapter Three - Sources of Water
Chapter Three - Sources of Water
Engineering
(WSEE 3111)
Bezu.A(MSc) 2023E./2024
CHAPTER THREE
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Rain water…
• Advantages of rainwater collection:
– Quality of RW is high
– Independent
– Local materials can be used for collection
– No energy costs
– Easy to maintain
– Time saving and convenient
• Disadvantages
– High initial cost (i.e. for a family)
– Quantity of water is dependent on the roof area and rainy
seasons
– Flat taste
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River one eg. of surface source water
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Well one eg. Ground surface water source
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Both Surface and Ground water
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Factors Governing the Selection of
particular Sources of Water
• The Quantity of Available Water.
• The Quality of available water
• Distance of the source of supply
• General Topography of the intervening area
• Elevation of the source of supply
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2.1 Ground Water Hydraulics
Groundwater takes 0.62% of the total water in the
hydrosphere
0.31% of the total water in the hydrosphere has depth less
than 800m
sand, gravel, and sandstones good aquifers
Aquifer is a water-bearing formation that is saturated and
that transmits large quantities of water.
Clay’s ability to transmit water is very poor due to the very
small particle sizes (< 0.0004 mm).
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WATER WELL
an artificial hole or pit made in the ground for
the purpose of tapping water.
Wells are the most common means of accessing
groundwater.
Parts of a Well
Steel or plastic pipe installed to keep borehole
• Well casing wall from collapsing
ho
h
Cone of depression
In unconfined aquifers, water flows from all
directions toward the well during pumping.
The free water surface in the aquifer then takes the
shape of an inverted cone or curved funnel called
the cone of depression.
Well yield
Well yield is the rate of water withdrawal that a well
can supply over a long period of time.
• Unsteady-state flow:
– It occurs from the moment pumping starts until
steady-state condition is reached.
Thiem’s formula for Unconfined Aquifer
Cont…
From Darcy’s law
Cont…
Q k
h
2
2 h 1
2
r2
ln
r
1
Cont…
• If no observation wells are constructed all the
assumptions in Theim’s hold true, but the difference
between the limits of r1 and r2, in this case are rw and R
Q k
d 2
h 2
w
R
ln
rw
No observation well unconfined Aquifer
Thiem´s formula for confined well
aquifer
Cont….
Q 2k H
h2 h1
r2
ln
r
1
Q 2k H
s1 s2
r2
ln
r
1
Cont….
• If no observation wells are constructed all the
assumptions in Theim’s hold true, but the
difference between the limits of r1 and r2, in this
case are rw and R
2kH (D hw)
Q , but D hw s
ln rR
w
Q 2kHs
ln rR
w
No observation well Confined Aquifer
Example 3.1
A pumping test was made in a medium sand and
gravel to a depth of 15m where a bed of clay was
encountered. The normal ground water level was at the
surface. Observation holes were located at distance of
3 m and 7.5 m from the pumped well. At a discharge
of 3.6 liters/sec from the pumping well, a steady state
was attained in about 25 hrs. The drawdown at 3m was
1.65 m and at 7.5 m was 0.36 m. Compute the
coefficient of permeability of the soil.
Solution
Q = 3.6 l/sec = 0.0036 m3/sec
r1 = 3 m ; S1= 1.65 m ; h1=15-1.65 = 13.35 m
r2 = 7.5 m ; S2= 0.36 m ; h2=15- 0.36 = 14.64 m
Using Thiems formula for unconfined aquifer
Example 3.2
A 30 cm well penetrates 25m below the static water
table. After 24 hrs of pumping @ 0.09 m3/sec, the
water table in a test well at 90 m lowered by 0.53 m,
and in a well 30 m away the drawdown is 1.11m.
1) What is the transmissibility of the aquifer?
2) Also determine the drawdown in the main well?
Solution
• Since the well penetrates 25 m below static water
table, it is evidently is the case of an unconfined
aquifer.
r1 = 30 m ; S1= 1.11 m ; h1=25-1.11 = 23.89 m
r2 = 90 m ; S2= 0.53 m ; h2=25- 0.53 = 24.47m
1)
Cont..
2) To determine the drawdown in the main well
Example 3.3
A 10cm diameter well penetrates an 8m thick water
bearing stratum underlain and overlain by impermeable
beds. The well was operated with a constant discharge rate
of 100 l/min. for 12hrs. The steady state drawdown were
found to be 3m and 0.05m at a distance of 10m and 50m
respectively from the center of the well. Calculate the
transmissibility and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer
Solution:
Given: r1=10m, r2=50m, Q=100lt./min., H=8m, s1=3m and
s2=0.05m
Q 2kH
s1 s2
2T
s1 s2
T 0.00868 m 2 / min and K 0.000108 m / min
r2 r2
ln ln
r1 r1
Assignment 4
1. 60 cm diameter well is being pumped at a rate
of 1360 liter/minute. Measurement in a nearby
test well were made at the same time as follows.
At a distance of 6m from the well being pumped,
the drawdown was 6m, and at 15 m the
drawdown was 1.5 m. The bottom of the well is
90 m below the ground water table.
1) Find the coefficient of permeability
2) The drawdown in the well during pumping
3) What is the specific capacity of the well
2. The following observations were recorded during a pumping out
test on a tube well penetrating fully in an unconfined aquifer:
Well diameter: 25 cm
Discharge from the well: 300 m3/hour
R.L. of original water surface, before pumping started = 122.0 m
R.L. of water level in the well at constant pumping = 111.1 m
R.L. of water level in the observation well = 121.3 m
R.L. of impervious layer = 92.0 m
Radial distance of observation well from the tube well = 50 m
• Determine:
• A) The field permeability coefficient of the free aquifer, and
• B) Radius of zero drawdown
Cont,,,
3. A tube well penetrates fully an 8 m thick water bearing stratum (confined) of
medium sand having coefficient of permeability of 0.004 m/sec. The well radius is 15
cm and is to be worked under a drawdown of 3 m at the well face. Calculate the
discharge from the well. What will be percentage increase in the discharge if the radius
of the well is doubled? Take radius of zero drawdown equal to 400 m in each case.
4. Design a tube well for the following data:
• (i) Yield required = 0.2 cumec
• (ii) Thickness of confined aquifer = 40 m
• (iii) Radius of circle of influence = 300 m
• (iv) Permeability of coefficient = 80 m/day
• (v) Drawdown = 6 m
Springs
Spring water is a groundwater that
outcrops from ground due to impervious
base that prevents percolation.
Aquifer
Impervious layer
Infiltration gallery
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Infiltration gallery
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Source selection
• Surface water sources
– Safe water yield during the drought years
– Urbanization and land development in the
watershed
– Proposed impoundments on tributaries
– Water quality
– Assessment of reliability
– Requirements for construction of water supply
system components
– Economics of the project
– Environmental impacts of the project
– Water rights
Source selection…….
• Ground water sources
– Aquifer characteristics (depth, geology,
– Safe aquifer yield
– Permissible drawdown
– Water quality
– Source of contamination(gasoline, oil, chemicals)
– Saltwater intrusion(areas near to seas or oceans)
– Type and extent of recharge area
– Rate of recharge
– Water rights
Assignment 2
1.Compute the discharge of a tube well of diameter40cm. The thickness
of aquifer layer is 10m and the drawdown is 5m. Radius of circle of
influence is 150m and permeability as 30m3 per unit area per day.
2. The diameter of a tube well is 25cm and it is constructed in an aquifer
of thickness 15m. The influence radius of the well is 112.5m. If the
permeability of the soil per unit area per day is 30m3. Calculate the
drawdown when yield of the well is 200m3 per day?
3. 600m3/day of water is to be obtained from a proposed infiltration
gallery, which is placed at 6m depth from sub-surface water table. The
coefficient of permeability of the soil aquifer is 100m/day. Find the
length of the gallery if the drawdown in the gallery on pumping is not to
exceed 4m. The radius of influence may be assumed to be 100m.
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