Thermodynamics deals with energy, its forces, and conversions between forms. The total energy of the universe remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy, though energy can be converted from one form to another. The simplest form of energy is heat. Key concepts in thermodynamics include open, closed, and isolated systems, state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and different types of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, and isochoric. The internal energy of a system can be changed by heat or work.
Thermodynamics deals with energy, its forces, and conversions between forms. The total energy of the universe remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy, though energy can be converted from one form to another. The simplest form of energy is heat. Key concepts in thermodynamics include open, closed, and isolated systems, state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and different types of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, and isochoric. The internal energy of a system can be changed by heat or work.
Thermodynamics deals with energy, its forces, and conversions between forms. The total energy of the universe remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy, though energy can be converted from one form to another. The simplest form of energy is heat. Key concepts in thermodynamics include open, closed, and isolated systems, state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and different types of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, and isochoric. The internal energy of a system can be changed by heat or work.
Thermodynamics deals with energy, its forces, and conversions between forms. The total energy of the universe remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy, though energy can be converted from one form to another. The simplest form of energy is heat. Key concepts in thermodynamics include open, closed, and isolated systems, state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and different types of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, and isochoric. The internal energy of a system can be changed by heat or work.
Thermodynamics is a branch of chemistry that deals with energy, its forces & its inter-
conversion.
According to law of conservation of energy the total energy change in the universe is constant however it can be converted from one form to another.
The simplest form of energy = Heat.
Terminology
1.Universe: - Entire part that surrounds us is called universe.
It has two part: System and Surrounding.
System: A part of universe that is under investigation.
Surrounding: The part of universe other than system.
We have 3 basic types of systems:
• Open system: which can exchange energy and matter with surroundings.
For example: A cup with tea.
• Closed system: which can exchange energy but not matter with surrounding.
For example: Cup of tea with lid.
• Isolated system: which can neither exchange energy nor matter with surrounding.
For example: Tea in thermos flask.
• State of the system: The state of the system means the condition of the system which is described in terms of certain observable properties such as temperature, pressure, volume etc. • State variables: The properties of the system are called state variables. • State function: It is the property that depends upon initial and final states but irrespective of the path followed.
Example : enthalpy etc.
• Macroscopic properties: They are the properties that depend upon the bulk behaviour that is large number of chemical species. Example: temperature , pressure etc.
These macroscopic properties are of two types:
• Extensive properties • Intensive properties • Extensive properties: They are those that depend upon the quantity of matter contained in the system not on the nature of substance.
Example: internal energy, enthalpy etc.
• Intensive: They are the properties that do not depend upon the quantity of matter contained in the system but depend upon the nature of substance.
Example: pH of solution, density, viscosity etc.
• Please note the ratio of two extensive properties is always intensive.
• Thermodynamic processes : There are different types of processes : • Isothermal: The process that occur at constant temperature. • Adiabatic: The process in which no heat exchange occur. • Isochoric: The process that occur at constant volume. • Isobaric: The process that occur at constant pressure. • Reversible process: The process in which all changes occurring in it can be reversed. • Irreversible process: The process that occurs only in given direction under given set of condition. • Internal energy: We know that every substance passes some energy since its origin. • Then the sum total of all the energies possessed by the system is internal energy. • It is denoted by U. • It is a state function. • It is an extensive property. • Now you know we can change internal energy of system by 2 ways: • By heat • By work • Heat: if we supply heat to the system • Then q = +ve (heat absorbed). • If we extract heat from the system • Then q = -ve(heat released). • By work: we know that it is • W= F× W • Intensive property • If work is done on the system = w= +ve • If work is done by the system = w= -ve • For example: • Let us consider water at normal temperature in container that is closed. Now let us start churning water with paddle. We’ll see it will become hot due to heat produced by mechanical work done. • Similarly, we can do electrical work also. • In both the cases the total internal energy change and temperature change is same irrespective of the nature of mechanical work. • In case of gases mechanical work is given a special name called = P-V work • Consider a cylinder containing gas& is fitted with frictionless piston (no loss of energy)
• Unit of q is usually taken in calories
• 1 calorie is defined as amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water by one degree Celsius.
1c = 4.184 joules
1j =0.2390 calories
Work done in isothermal reversible expansion of ideal gas is given by:
W = -2.303nRtlog v2/v1
= -2.303nRTlog p2/p1
1st law of thermodynamics:
Law of conservation of energy
• Energy can neither be converted nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction, it is always
conserved or the sum total of energy of universe is conserved.
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
