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    Chapter 1 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS DPharma 2nd Year ER20 Noteskarts

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    Nagur123 Shaik
    The document discusses pharmacotherapeutics, which deals with how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, and their effects. It describes the branches of pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs, and pharmacodynamics, including systemic and cellular drug effects. The scope of pharmacotherapeutics is to gain knowledge of drug reactions in the body and determine the appropriate drug, dose, formulation, patient, administration route and time for a specific disease. Rational drug use requires a patient receive the right medication for their needs at the lowest cost, while irrational use can occur due to improper diagnosis, prescriptions, dispensing or common factors like lack of knowledge.

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    Chapter 1 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS DPharma 2nd Year ER20 Noteskarts

    Uploaded by

    Nagur123 Shaik
    12 views5 pages
    The document discusses pharmacotherapeutics, which deals with how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, and their effects. It describes the branches of pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs, and pharmacodynamics, including systemic and cellular drug effects. The scope of pharmacotherapeutics is to gain knowledge of drug reactions in the body and determine the appropriate drug, dose, formulation, patient, administration route and time for a specific disease. Rational drug use requires a patient receive the right medication for their needs at the lowest cost, while irrational use can occur due to improper diagnosis, prescriptions, dispensing or common factors like lack of knowledge.

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    Chapter-1-PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS-DPharma-2nd-year-ER20-Noteskarts

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    The document discusses pharmacotherapeutics, which deals with how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, and their effects. It describes the branches of pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs, and pharmacodynamics, including systemic and cellular drug effects. The scope of pharmacotherapeutics is to gain knowledge of drug reactions in the body and determine the appropriate drug, dose, formulation, patient, administration route and time for a specific disease. Rational drug use requires a patient receive the right medication for their needs at the lowest cost, while irrational use can occur due to improper diagnosis, prescriptions, dispensing or common factors like lack of knowledge.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views5 pages

    Chapter 1 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS DPharma 2nd Year ER20 Noteskarts

    Uploaded by

    Nagur123 Shaik
    The document discusses pharmacotherapeutics, which deals with how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated in the body, and their effects. It describes the branches of pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs, and pharmacodynamics, including systemic and cellular drug effects. The scope of pharmacotherapeutics is to gain knowledge of drug reactions in the body and determine the appropriate drug, dose, formulation, patient, administration route and time for a specific disease. Rational drug use requires a patient receive the right medication for their needs at the lowest cost, while irrational use can occur due to improper diagnosis, prescriptions, dispensing or common factors like lack of knowledge.

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    PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
     Pharmacotherapeutics word derived from the two words, Pharmakon means
    ‘the drugs’ and therapeutic means ‘diagnosis or treatment of any disease. It
    is the branch of the pharmacology which deals with the drug absorption,
    drug distribution, drug elimination and their action/effects.
     In the other word, we can say that it is provided the information regarding
    the drugs and their action for preventing/eliminating the disease. On the
    basis of receptor capability and bioavailability drugs are act on the body and
    cure the disease.
     Pharmacotherapy is included as the drug therapy to treating the disease
    after the surgical, radiation, or physical therapy.
     In the modern day, different types of chemical constituted medicine or
    available which show the effect (may be positive or negative), to correct
    these problem (according to the demand or patient need)
    pharmacotherapeutics play a major role in the Indian system of medicine.

    Branches of the Pharmacotherapeutics—


    1. Pharmacokinetics—
    a. Drug absorption— Initially, when we consume the medicine then it
    is dissolve or break down into the smaller or absorbable particle
    absorbed by the different-different route according to their solubility
    and protein/receptor binding capacity.
     In our G.I.T absorption are starting from the upper parts(mouth) to middle
    part(stomach, intestine) and finally lower part(rectal and anal) of G.I.T.

    b. Drug distribution— After the completion of absorption, drugs are


    distributed to effective area through the blood or other connective
    tissue and finally bind to the specific receptors and shows their action.
    Distribution is also based on the solubility and protein/receptor
    binding capacity.

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    c. Drug elimination— on the basis of bioavailability of any drug,


    drug is excreted/eliminated from the body. When the bioavailability is
    more than drugs are binds to the receptors and show effects and
    waste/metabolism products are eliminate but when bioavailability are
    less then more amount of drug are eliminated as such through urine or
    fecal matter.
    2. Pharmacodynamics—
    a. Systemic effects- In this branch we are study about the drug action on
    body organs and their responses. Different chemical show the
    different mechanism of action on the different body parts.
    b. Cellular effects- when the drugs are absorbed then it reach to the cell
    and binds to the specific cell receptors and carry on the metabolism.

    Scope and objective of Pharmacotherapeutics

     We gain the correct knowledge regarding the drug chemical reactions in


    the body
     We decide the correct drugs categories for treating the specific disease.
     We decide the correct dose and formulation for treating the specific
    disease.
     We decide the right patient for the particular drug.
     We decide the suitable/effective route of administration
     We decide the correct time of administration for particular drug (many
    gastric related drugs take by empty stomach and many of drugs take after
    taking the meals)
     Decide the drug tolerance and resistance capacity.
     We decide the drug incompatibility or adverse effect (aspirin is not taken
    in dengue condition).
     we decide about the drug food interactions ( calcium rich food and
    antibiotics should not take together).
     We decide the natural/environmental condition for taking the particular
    drug.

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    Rational uses of medicines (RUM)


    Introduction-RMU is an important, vital and caretaker aspects/subjects include
    in the pharmacodynamics because of- Body mechanism of persons varies
    individually (obese, thin, male female, age of person etc.) due to involvement of
    RUM we decide that- correct medicine for correct individual at correct time
    for correct diseases.

    Day to day, human activities are increases like tree cutting, pollution, more use
    pesticides, natural conditions are changes leads to born new physiological
    condition of the body so, it is an also responsible for the RUM.

    According to WHO- The rational use of drugs requires the patient receive
    medication appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses the meet their own
    individual requirements for an adequate period of time and at lowest cost to them
    and their community.

    Factors responsible for the RUM—


    A. Arises during manufacturing procedures— It is the initial
    step/factor responsible for the RUM because, during the manufacturing
    drug quantity and measure is the important aspects regarding the drug
    formulation, it is avoided by the involvement of-
    1. Correct platform.
    2. Correct equipment.
    3. Correct procedure.
    B. Arise due to individual— Body physiology of individual varies person
    to person so chemical requirement also varies person to person for treating
    any disease. It depends on the different factors-
    1. Body structure.
    2. Sex of person.
    3. Age of person.
    4. Prior disease history.
    5. Drug contraindication and allergy.
    6. Drug tolerance or resistance.

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    C. Environmental effects— Environmental condition also varies places to


    places so, it also act as the factors
    1. Seasonal variation.
    2. Any pandemic.
    3. Any mutations.

    How to improve the RUM—


    1. Educational promotion—Pharmacy field is the most essential field
    regarding for the health, because in this, we will study about the human
    physiology and chemical physiology (action) both and compare. So after
    gaining the knowledge we are designed the different-different formulation
    with proper quantity and quality regarding the patient requirement. So we
    can conclude that, if pharmacy field develop more and more with proper
    education purpose then many of pharmacists grown up and participate in the
    health promotion. Education promote by-
    1. Providing skill educational behaviors.
    2. Providing laboratory and practical knowledge.
    3. Providing the library.
    4. Providing the health and yoga camp etc.
    2. Regulatory and management promotion— Management is also an
    important factor for the regulation and promoting for the RUM.
    By proper inspection and supervision we are decide the correct requirements
    (skill person, raw material, perfect platform, perfect equipment etc.) for the
    manufacturing. If manufacturing are correct and appropriate manner then we
    finally achieve your goals (correct dose in correct formulation).
    QA (quality assurance), QC (quality control) and GMP (good manufacturing
    practice) are supervision department, which inspect the manufacturing and
    insure that it is proper or not.
    3. By proper compounding and dispensing— Packaging and
    compounding is the final or attentive stage because, if any mistake are arises
    during the drugs compounding then may leads to positive or negative effect
    and sometime cause the serious problem.

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    Dispensing is also including to promoting factor because of, many drugs are
    required special conditions during the dispensing.
    4. Establishment of a multidisciplinary national body to co-ordinate policies
    on medicine uses, development and use of national essential medicine lists,
    sufficient government expenditure to ensure availability of medicines and
    staff.

    Irrational use of the drugs


    Irrational use of drugs means, use of medicines in improper manner and improper
    formulation it involves as-

     By selection of wrong medicine.


     By selection of wrong doses.
     By selection of wrong person.
     By selection of wrong time.

    It is cause due to-

    1. Improper diagnosis 2. Prescription problems.

     Improper examination of patients  Incorrect prescriptions.


     Communication problem between  Multiple prescriptions.
    RMP and patient  Prescription through multimedia
     Improper document history. (By calling)

    3. Dispensing and compounding 4. Common factors


     Due to unsuitable platform/place  Lack of knowledge.
     Counting and compounding.  OTC medication.
     Unsanitary procedure.  Financial and unbelieves

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