Hamiz Radzi

Introduction to Database
&
Database Environment

Muhammad Hamiz Mohd Radzi

 Hamiz Radzi

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
✘ Describe database approach
✘ Differentiate database approach and file-based system
✘ Explain the database environment
✘ Explain the history of DBMS
✘ Describe the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS
✘ Explain three level ANSI-SPARC architecture
✘ Describe database language
✘ Explain data model and conceptual modelling
✘ Describe functions of DBMS
 Introduction to Database

Accessing social media accounts Buying groceries at supermarket

by using credit cards
Data is a fact – quantities, symbols,
or characters used for reasoning or Data Data
analysis later

Manual filing system

File-based system
Database system
Database is where the collection of
related data is stored Database
 Manual Filing Approach

All the forms are stored in files which

then is put on the cabinet
Example of form filled by users
 File-Based System
✘ A collection of application programs that perform
services for the system end-users such as the
production of reports.
✘ Each program defines and manages its own data

Form is filled by users Data is transferred into different files by the staffs
File-Based System

✘ Confidentiality of
data is controlled
by each department
✘ Data is more
organized than the
manual filing
system
 Separation
and Isolation
of data

Proliferation Data in-

of Duplication consistency
application
programs Limitation of Data

of File-
Bases
System

Incompatible Data
file format Dependence
 Database Approach

A computer program A shared collection of logically

that interacts with the related data, and a description of this
database by issuing an data, designed to meet the
appropriate request information needs of an organization.
(typically an SQL
statement) to the
DBMS.
A software system that enables users
to define, create, maintain, and
control access to the database.
 Data is separated Have a system
from the application catalogue to give a
programs description of the data

Applications programs
are unaffected if the
new data structures Data independence
are added, or existing
data being modified

Database

Logically related data comprises entities,

attributes, and relationships of an organization’s
information which is known as ERD
 Software that interacts with the users’ application programs
and the database

Define the database, usually through a Data Definition

Language (DDL)

Insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from the database,

usually through a Data Manipulation Language (DML).

It provides controlled access to the database

DBMS

System used to access data in the database to perform any tasks

Application Program
 View
✘ DBMS provides another facility known as a view
mechanism, which allows each user to have his or her
own view of the database
✘ A view is in essence some subset of the database.

Reduce Complexity Provide level of security

Provide mechanism to Present a consistent,

customize the unchanging picture of the
appearance of the structure of the database
database
Components of the DBMS Environment

Can range Used by the

from a PC to a organization User
network and a
computers description of
this data called
the schema Instructions & rules
DBMS, operating that should be
system, network applied to the
software and also design and use of
the application the database and
programs DBMS
 Roles in the Database Environment

The Database Administrator Application Developers code the

(DBA) is responsible for the application programs that provide
physical realization of the database, the required functionality for the
including physical database design end-users must be implemented
and implementation, security and
integrity control, maintenance of the
Data Administrator (DA) is operational system, and ensuring
responsible for the management of satisfactory performance of the
the data resource including applications for users
database planning, development
and maintenance of standards, Naïve users are typically Sophisticated users. At the
policies and procedures, and unaware of the DBMS. They other end of the spectrum, the
conceptual/logical database design. access the database through sophisticated end-user is
specially written application familiar with the structure of
programs that attempt to make the database and the facilities
The logical database designer The physical the operations as simple as offered by the DBMS
is concerned with identifying the database designer possible.
data (that is, the entities and decides how the
attributes), the relationships logical database
between the data, and the design is to be
constraints on the data that is to physically
be stored in the database realized
History of Database Management Systems
 Control of data
Improved redundancy
backup and Data
recovery consistency
services

More
Increased information from
concurrency the same
amount of data

Improved
maintenance
Sharing of data
through data
independence
Advantages
of DBMSs
Increased Improved data
productivity integrity

Improved data
Improved
accessibility and
security
responsiveness

Balance of
Enforcement of
conflicting
standards
requirements Economy of
scale
 Complexity

Higher
impact of a Size
failure

Disadvantages
of DBMSs
Cost of
Performance
DBMSs

Additional
Cost of
hardware
conversion
costs
 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC
Architecture
✘ A major aim of a database system is to provide users
with an abstract view of data, hiding certain details of
how data is stored and manipulated.
✘ Design of a database must be an abstract and general
description of the info requirements of the
organization that is to be represented in the database.
✘ Each user wants a different view of data stored
✘ ANSI-SPARC architecture satisfies these needs
External level: The way users perceive the
data. Describes that part of database that is
relevant to a particular user.

Conceptual level: Provides both mapping

and the desired independence between the
external and internal levels. Community
view of the database. Describes what data
is stored in database and relationships
among the data.

Internal level: The way the DBMS and the

operating system perceive the data.
Physical representation of the database on
the computer. Describes how the data is
stored in the database
 Objectives of ANSI-SPARC Three
Level Architecture

DBA Internal DBA

should be structure should be
Users
A user’s able to of able to
All users should not
view is change database change
should be need to
immune to database should be conceptual
able to know
changes storage unaffected structure
access physical
made in structures by of
same database
other without changes database
data. storage
views. affecting to physical without
details.
the users’ aspects of affecting
views. storage. all users.
Differences Between the Three
Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
ANSI-SPARC Three Level
Architecture-Data Independence
• Refers to immunity of external schemas
to changes in conceptual schema.
• Conceptual schema changes (e.g.,
addition/removal of entities).
• Should not require changes to external
schema or rewrites of application
programs.

• Refers to immunity of conceptual

schema to changes in the internal
schema.
• Internal schema changes (e.g., using
different file organizations, storage
structures/devices).
• Should not require change to conceptual
or external schemas.
 Database Languages

Data Definition
Language (DDL)
Procedural DML
Database Data Manipulation
Language Language (DML)
Non-Procedural
DML
Fourth Generation
Languages
(4GLs)
 Data Models & Conceptual Modelling

✘ Data Model: Integrated collection of concepts for describing data,

relationships between data, and constraints on the data in an
organization.

✘ Data Model comprises:

✗ A structural part - set of rules
✗ A manipulative part - types of operation that are allowed on the
data
✗ Possibly a set of integrity rules – to ensures that the data is
accurate
Data Models & Conceptual Modelling
✘ Purpose: To represent data in an understandable way.

✘ Categories of data models include:

✘ Object-based (Entity-Relationship, Semantic, Functional,
Object-Oriented)
✘ Record-based (Relational Data Model, Network Data Model,
Hierarchical Data Model)
✘ Physical Data Models
Data Models & Conceptual Modelling
✘ Conceptual schema is the core of a system supporting
all user views
✘ Should be complete and accurate representation of an
organization’s data requirements.
✘ Conceptual modeling is process of developing a model
of information use that is independent of
implementation details.
✘ Result is a conceptual data model.
 Function of DBMS
Data Storage, A User-
Authorization
Retrieval, and Accessible
services
Update. Catalogue.

Support for
Transaction Integrity
data
Support. services
communication

Concurrency Services to
Recovery
control promote data
services
services independence

Utility services
References
✘ Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg, Database Systems:
A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 6th Edition, Pearson, 2015, ISBN: 978-
01329432
✘ https://maxkanaskar.wordpress.com/tag/database-
management-system/