SEMINAR ON EDUCATION

AIMS, CONCEPTS, CURRENT TRENDS PHILOSOPHIES; IMPACT OF

SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL & TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
ON EDUCATION; PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION, CURRENT TRENDS &
ISSUES IN EDUCATION.

INTRODUCTION

The knowledge is an innate quality of human beings which makes them distinct
from all other creations by God. Increase in human needs demanded a more
organized and specific knowledge for supporting special ventures. In the formation
of separate branches of knowledge which are specialized in particular areas of
human activity. This specialization eventually gave birth to profession we will
discuss the basis of general education and nursing education.

MEANING OF EDUCATION

The word education owes its origin to Latin words

 According to one view, the word ‘Education’ is derived from the Educo
which means “I lead out “.

Here

E- means “out”

Duco – “ I lead”

 In other words it means “I lead out of darkness into light”. Here “I” denotes
the teacher.
 There is also another view that education is originated from the word
educare, meaning “to rear”, “to bring up”, “to nourish”.
 There is yet another view that in the term “Education” comes from the word
education which means the act of teaching or training.
  According to the above stated Latin words, Educare and educatum,
education is something external, which is imposed from outside

DEFINITION

1. According to Pestalozzi

“Education is the natural, harmonious and progressive development of

man’s innate powers”.

2. As per John Dewey

“Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual

which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his
possibilities”

3. According to Mahatma Gandhi

“Education is the all-round drawing out of the best in child and man-
body, mind and spirit.”

AIMS OF EDUCATION

Direction is important than speed. Aims of education are concerned

with providing the much needed direction for the educative process.

Herbert Spencer makes the aim of education more specific that the
education is ma preparation for ‘complete living”. Let us see the aims of
education

1. Utilitarian aim: It is concerned with providing knowledge and skill

required by the Child for leading his day to day life. Fulfillment of this aim
will enable him to make use of the knowledge and skill in a fruitful manner.
This aim makes the educative process a purposeful one and depicts the
relationship between education and life. To enhance or update the
knowledge, students should be given enough opportunities for widening and
deepening their knowledge through exploration. They should also be
motivated to think and answer the why, what, how and when of their
learning activity. Encouraging students to express ideas in their own words
will help them to acquire more knowledge.
2. Vocational aim: Education should prepare the child to earn his livelihood so
that he can lead a productive life in the society. Dignity of labour and respect
to the labour has to be developed or inculcated by means of education.
3. Social aim: Every individual is considered as a productive member of
society. Through education the individual child should provide with the
required assistance to become useful member of the society, irrespective of
the socio-economic status. Keeping this aim in mind, educationists have to
help learners to develop a healthy, purposeful, productive, exploratory and
controlling adjustment with the environment. Society is the result of the
inter-relations of individuals and the possibilities of various groups.

Education is not only helps in the formation of social norms and their
implementation but also trains the learner to follow them effective utilization
of social resources is essential for the progress of the society and education
equip the learners to harness the social resources in an ecofriendly as well as
people friendly manner.

By way of education, students realize the importance of social values

like justice, fairplay, healthy competition, harmony, etc. in short education
instill a sense of obligation and loyalty towards the community and its
needs. By way of social aim, education gives direction in the development of
the society.

4. Intellectual aim:

Intelligence is essential for acquiring knowledge, thinking, reasoning,

judgment and generalization.

Education provides enough opportunities to develop the innate

intellectual capacity of the students.

5. Citizenship:

Education enables the children to grow as productive citizens by

following the social and moral standards set by the society. Education
should motivate the child to perform his duties and responsibilities as a
citizen, for the welfare of the society
6. Physical health and well being:

Education prepare the child to lead a healthy life through providing the
knowledge required for a healthy living and helping him to develop a positive
attitude towards health.

Education should also help the child to develop a health conscience and
respect towards his or her own health.

7. Character development:

According to Mahatma Gandhi, the end of all knowledge must be the

building up of character. Education assists the child to develop certain human
values, attitudes and habits which are essential for building a desirable
character.

8. Moral development:

Moral values like honesty, truthfulness, justice, goodness, purity, courage,

reverence, dutifulness, punctuality, self-confidence, discrimination between
good and bad, observation of rules, belief in systematic organization, etc are
inculcated through education. These qualities contribute to the development of
morality and sound character.

9. Cultural development:

By undergoing education child becomes cultured and civilized. Cultural

development is manifested through of an aesthetic sense and respect for others’
culture.

10. Education for leisure:

Leisure is the time meant for enjoyment and recreation. Leisure plays an
important role in recharging our depleted energy levels. Leisure time should be
utilized in such a way that the individual as well as the society should benefit
from it.
11. Self-realization : What we are is god’s gift to us and what we become is
our gift to god. Child is born with tremendous potentials and education
should helps the child to become what he has to become by assisting to
realize his potentials and then equipping him to utilize the identified
potentials to the maximum extent possible. Self-realization helps the child to
realize his strengths, weakness, and opportunities and threats so that he can
exert a good control over his life by strengthening the weakness.
12.Mental and emotional development:

In this fast changing world, good mental health is a must to cope with the
changing lifestyles and societal needs. Education should train the child by
giving adequate opportunities for mental and emotional development. Now-a
days, lot of research is taking place to gather more information regarding the
role of emotional development on education and life.

13.Autonomous development:

Percynunn believes that the main aim of education is autonomous

development. Percynunn recommends formal education for the autonomous
development. It believes that activity oriented curriculum enriched with
varied learning activities, teaching methods, facilities for guidance and
counseling.

14.INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING:

Education is the common heritage of mankind and it is not an

exclusive property of any particular nation, race or community. All
educationalists, irrespective of their caste, colour and creed worked devotedly
towards the development of education.

15.HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT:

Harmonious development will enable the child to deal effectively with the
problems and uncertainties of life.

CONCEPT OF EDUCATION:

The word education is derived from the Latin word ‘educare’ which
means to ‘lead out. This derivation connotes ‘growth from the within’. The term
 education is ‘educare’ meaning to ‘bring up to train’ to mould. Than education
has been derived from the two words ‘e’ and ‘duco’, ‘e’ means ‘out off’ and
‘duco’ means ‘to lead’. This word is derived from two Greek words namely
‘pedo’ (child) and logos (discussion) which means “science of instruction for
the purpose of leading the pupils”.

There are two types of concept

1.Indian concepts of Education

2. Western concept of Education.

1. Indian concept of Education:

There are number of synonyms of the word “education “.The most common
Indian word “siksha ” which means to ‘discipline’. To control, ‘to instruct ‘or to
teach.

The word vidya is derived from Sanskrit root which means “to know the subject
matter of knowledge.

The few Indian philosophers / educationists give the concepts of Indian education.

“Human education means the training, which ones getS from the nature”.

- {Panini}

“Education is the process which helping the growing soul to draw out that is in
itself.

- {Aurobind Ghosh}

“Education is self realization and service of the people”

- {Guru Nanak}

“Education I mean an all – round out of the best in child and man body mind and
spirit”

- {M.K.Gandhi}

Western concepts of education:

 Education has been viewed in various ways by thinkers and philosophers of
the western world as follows.

“Education is natural, harmonious, and progressive development of innate

powers.

- {Pestalozzi}

“Education is complete living.”

- {Spencer}

Education is the consciously controlled process whereby changes in between

are produced in the person and through the person within the group.

- {Brown}

Education is infoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ. It is the

process which the child makes internal external. - {Croebel}

REDDEN’S DEFINITION:

According to his definition, the human child who is quite immature and in
developed at birth is subjected to systematic course of instructional and
disciplinary influence by a mature and experienced person called “educator”.

It will elucidate the idea of education as follows.

1. Deliberate and systematic influence means

- Including good habits
- Training senses and memory
- Proper development of imagination and powers of mind and
- Strengthening of the will
2. Mature persons should influence the immature
3. Harmonious development i.e. the physical, intellectual the aesthetic,
thermal, the social and the spiritual.
4. Power – all the capacities and interests in the child i.e. the cognitive, the
reflective, tee effective and the creative.

BEST DEFINITION OF EDUCATION BY GANDHIJI:

 By education of mean an all round drawing out of the best in the child and
man – body, mind and spirit. Whereby man and woman can be educated.

Moral development

Social Development Language

development

Physical and motor creativeand

EDUCATION
development expression development

Spiritual development Cognitive or

Intellectual development

Aesthetic appreciation development Emotional development

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATION:

The chief characteristics of educations are as follows:

1) A bipolar as well tripolar process

2) A child centered process
3) A deliberate as well as informal process
4) A psychological process
5) Non literacy
6) A sociological process
7) A lifelong process
8) More than instruction and teaching
 9) More than giving information
10) Developing knowledge, skills and attitudes.

THE NEED / IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION:

All education places in and through the society. Thus the three verticals of
triangle of education are

PUPIL

EDUCATION

TEACHER SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

It involves the interplay of the ‘Educator the educand and the social forces. The
education tries to modify the personality of the child in the light of the needs of the
society to which the child belongs.

TYPES OF EDUCATION:

EDUCATION

F
O
 Formal education through Informal education through Non-formal education
School, colleges and other family, press, radio, cinema, adopts midway
educational institutions. church, playground and between formal and
It involves direct face to library. No specially qualified nonformal. It is
face interaction with personnel to teach or no systematically
teacher . evaluation systems like planned, organized and
examinations and conferring implemented. E.g.
of certificates. Correspondence
education, distance
education, opens
learning {IGNOU},
continuing education
and telelecturing /
teleconferencing.

RELATIONS OF EDUCATION TO TIME, PLACE, AND OTHERS:-

RELATED TO TIME:

Submitter is not a fixed thing. It changes according to the social and

economic needs and according to the concept of natural sciences, prevailing in our
society at a particular time.

For e.g. Training in auto mobiles of means of transport and training in tractors and
heavy machinery in agriculture and production purposes.

For e.g. The old method of teaching is reading and lecture methods, progressive
techniques and procedures like the project the laboratory.

In the modern teaching – learning process, curricular activities, audiovisual aids

play a very significant and effective role.

EDUCATION RELATED TO PLACE:

An organized system of education must meet the social, economic and physical
needs of the community. The needs from place to place and from country.

For e.g. the course of study, curricular and co-curricular activities as well as
methods and techniques of education are different at different places in a big
country like India and America.
EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE:

Educational change tends to follow social change. Because education must

enable the rising generation to adapt to new social needs. Education must not only
preserve the best tradition and culture of the past to at also enrich and modify it to
suit new social condition.

PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY:

The term is derived from or can be traced to the Greek word philosophia
which is made up of two words ‘ phileo’ means ‘Love’ and Sophia means
‘wisdom’- It means loving wisdom or searching for wisdom.

DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY:

1. Philosophy is the science of sciences

-Coleridge.

2. it is the science of knowledge

-Fitche.

3. It is the mother of all arts and the true medicine of mind.

- Cisero

4. It is the ability to feel at ease in any society

- Ristippus

5. It is critical reviewing of just those familiar things

- John Dewey.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION:

1. Modification of behavior, close relationship between philosophy and

education.
2. Philosophy as the science of sciences, philosophy as the mother of all
arts, provides prerequisites required to the objectives of education.
 3. Education without philosophy is blind and philosophy without education
is meaningless.
4. According to Ross education and philosophy are the two sides of coin,
presenting the views of same thing.
5. Any system of education is influenced by a philosophical viewpoint.
6. Philosophy explains the nature as well as sources of knowledge
7. Philosophy guides the educationist in the selection of valid knowledge
8. Philosophy is providing a sound basis for the curriculum development,
development and practice of teaching methodology and character of
students.

IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION:

1. Idealism
2. Naturalism
3. Pragmatism
4. Existentialism
5. Realism
6. Electism

IDEALISM:

The word idealism may be derived from ‘ideals’ or ‘ideas’. According to

idealism, idealism or higher values are much more to explain man and universe in
terms of spirit or mind.

It means ‘mind and self’. It shifts the emphasis from the natural or scientific facts
of life to the spiritual aspects of human experiences ‘Exalt the human personality”
is the slogan of idealism.

Fundamental principles of idealism:

1. Presence of universal mind: Idealist believes that there is a universal mind

symbolizes this universal mind as God. All knowledge and human life
originated from this universal mind or God. This principle holds true as most
 of us thank God for giving a chance to live in this world and seek god’s
blessings for a smooth and successful living.
2. Regards man as a Spiritual being: According to idealism, man is a
combination of spiritual and material aspects, of which spiritual or mental
aspect is more real and important. This spiritual nature of man is the essence
of his existence.
3. The world of ideas and values are superior than the materialistic world:
Idealism believes in the worth of ideals or higher values. A higher value,
which makes the human life more meaningful are not created by man. They
have a prior existence as a gift from god to the mankind. According to Plato,
these higher values are truth, goodness, glory and beauty. Idealist believes
that attainment of these higher values will be possible only by God. This
principle is really an antidote to varied problems prevailing in our highly
materialistic world or society.
4. The real knowledge is prevailed in mind: According to idealists,
knowledge attained through activity and creativity of mind is valid than the
knowledge and through senses. This principle is against mugging up of
bookish knowledge and recognizes the important of critical thinking as and
activity in gaining knowledge or skill. Modern educationists consider critical
thinking as an integral part of problem solving technique in nursing. The
drawback of the principle is that it misjudged the role of senses in acquiring
knowledge.
5. Values are absolute and unchanging: Idealism has full faith in external
values which never change.

Idealism and aims of education:

a. Self realization: Self realization or development of self-image is

facilated by attaining full knowledge about the self. Human beings is a
wonderful creation by God and human life is the greatest work of
God. J.S.Ross says that the education in idealism should help the
child to develop the self-image or self realization.

b. Exaltation of human personality through self-realization:

 It is the supreme value and constitutes the noblest work of God.
The divine in man should be unfolded and brought it his
consciousness by means of education.

c. Universal education:

It should be universal because all human beings are equally the

children of god. According to idealism, human race is one and every
individual in the society need to be educated irrespective of the caste,
creed, colour and societal status.

d. Development of inventive and creative powers:

Idealism encourage man to change or modify the environment
according to his needs and mould nature to suit his purposes through
his inventive and creative skills. According to idealism, education
must nurture the inventive and creative powers of man.

e. Conservation, promotion and transmission of cultural heritages:

Culture is for essential for the development of human potentials and
making culture prevail is the duty of education. Education helps the
child to become aware about the culture and feel proud of it and also
equip the child to contribute something to the cultural enrichment and
its transmission to the future generations. Based on this aim, nations
incorporate essence of their cultural heritage in the curriculum.

f. Bringing out or the enrichment of the cultural environment:

Idealism believes that man is responsible for the environment,
especially for his immediate environment.

g. Development of moral sense: The development of moral sense will

help the child to lead a healthy and to diffentiate between right and
wrong, good and evil.moral sense will also help the child to admire
truth, goodness and beaty. Considering this aim of education, many
schools have included moral science in the curriculum.
 h. Cultivation of spiritual values : Idealism believe that man is
essentially a spiritual being and gives prime importance for cultivating
spiritual values through education. Education should help the child to
lead a spiritual life so that he will be able to respect the spiritual worth
and dignity of other people.

Idealism and curriculum: overall development of curriculum is the aim of

idealistic curriculum. To achieve this development, subjects which assist the child
to develop morally, aesthetically intellectually and physically are included in the
curriculum. Subjects like poetry, fine arts and religion promote moral and aesthetic
development, where as subjects like language, science, mathemetics and
geography foster intellectual development.

EDUCATION

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES

CARE OF THE BODY SKILL EXERCISE

INTELECTUAL MORAL AESTHETIC RELIGIOUS

The curriculum comprises of physical, intellectual and spiritual activities which

enable a man to develop fully.

Idealism and methods of teaching: According to idealist, classroom is spiritual

setting where human minds interact and unite and students develop spiritually.
Pestalozzi and Froebel are the two well known the idealist educationist. Pestalozzi
recommends self-education or self-activities of children. Froebel developed the
popular method of teaching education namely “Kindergarten”. Kindergarten
method regard school as a garden, the teacher as gardener and the students as
tender plants indented to grow to beauty and perfection.

Idealism has provided certain teaching techniques.

1. Questioning
2. Discussion
3. Lecture method
4. Single and group projects
5. Limitations

Idealism and discipline: According to idealism, the self-realization is the prime

aim of education and recommend strict discipline for the attainment of self-
realization. It believes that a disciplined mind only can attain the highest values of
life namely truth, goodness and beauty.

Idealism and teacher:

1. According to idealism, the best teacher is one who always inspiring the
students and serves as a role model to them. Idealistic teacher is
geninuine.
2. It considers teacher as a spiritual guide to the student for achieving the
all-round development.
3. Learning through memorization and discussion
4. Teacher as a friend, philosopher and guide.

NATURALISM

Rousseau and Aristotle have been the proponents of naturalism. It is

concerned with “natural self” and reality and nature are identical and beyond
nature there is no reality. For naturalists, nature is everything and nothing exists
superior than the nature.

DEFINITION OF NATURALISM

James ward says naturalism is the doctrine that separates nature from God,
subordinates spirit to matter and sets up unchangeable laws as supreme.
 Hayword Joyce: naturalism is a system of which the salient characteristic is
the exclusion of whatever is spiritual or indeed, whatever is transcendental of
experience. This definition straightway denies whatever is spiritual and
supernatural.

Different forms of Naturalism

 Physical naturalism: It believes that laws of govern the laws of

human life and adherence to natural laws is essential for human
existence.
 Biological naturalism: It strongly agree with the theory of evaluation
and according to this man being a animal nature.
 Mechanical naturalism: According to this view man as a machine
devoid of spirit and soul and aims at training man as a good machine

Principle of naturalism:

1. Child centered education: In naturalistic point of view, prime

importance has to be given to the child than the teachers. The present day
education system is neither teacher centered nor subject matter centered
but child centered only. Today teacher’s role is limited to facilitator of
learning.
2. Education as the natural development of the child’s power and
capacities: Education pattern should coincide with the natural
development and learning capacity of the child. To achieve this,
education has to be planned according to the laws of growth and
development.
3. Negative education in early childhood : in the early life of a child,
simple persuasion is enough to initiate learning instead of forcing him to
learn. This simple persuasive way of initiating learning instead of using
force is known as education.
4. Education should be based on child’s psychology: this advocates the
need for considering individual difference among students. Individual
difference in intelligence, temperament and emotions among should be
taken into an account while implementing the educative process.
 5. The role of teacher should be that of a guide : this principle is
somewhat similar to the first one. Instead of passively transferring
knowledge, the teacher has to arrange an environment with necessary
opportunities and materials required for the personal development of the
child and guide the child as when needed. Qualities like love sympathy
and understanding for the child are essential for good teaching. In short,
child should take an active role in the teaching-learning process than the
teacher.

Educational implications of naturalism

Applied to education, naturalism considers child as a gift of nature with

potentialities for natural growth according to the laws of nature. The aim of
education is to develop the child as a healthy and active personality in a natural
setting. The powers of the child should be developed in a natural way by allowing
the child to freely interact with nature. The curriculum provides concrete and real
experiences in a natural context. Morality, discipline and character are learned
indirectly the help of natural consequences of behavior. The teacher plays the role
of guiding the child in learning from nature.

Aims of education and naturalism

1. Self-expression
Self expression as the main aim of education, naturalism lays stress on
self expression and self preservation.
2. Self – preservation: In naturalistic point of view, self-security or self-
preservation is an unavoidable aspect in life and education should enable
the child to develop these qualities. It involves a sense of direction and
helps us to identify the right direction in life.
3. Redirection instincts: Naturalist believes that each child is born with
certain instincts, which are the guiding force behind all human conduct.
These instincts may develop improperly if they are self-directed by the
child.
4. Struggle for existence: naturalist says that individual child may have to
face several painful and stress situations in the physical world. It should
 help children to adjust themselves, physically and mentally to their
environment and to the changing circumstances of life
5. Education according to nature
While educating the child, consider his whole nature i.e., tendencies,
developmental status, capacities, instincts, likes and dislikes.

Naturalism and methods of teaching

1. Learning by doing:

Naturalists are in favor of direct teaching through lectures of

textbooks. They advocate the direct experience of things and believe
in the principles of learning by doing.

2. Play way method

It is the all learning should take place in the spirit and by the method
of play way. It creates the spirit of joyful spontaneous and creative
activity.
3. Observation and experimentation
They learn through observation and experimentation.
4. Self-education or self-effort
Self-education is a philosophical thought of naturalism and
recommend different kinds of assignments and activities for attaining
all-round development through self-education or self-effort

PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION ACCORDING TO NATURALISM

1. It lays stress on physical environment

2. It emphasizes the present life of the child as the basis of education
3. It accords an important place to the child is the educative process
4. It regards education as the dynamic side of philosophy

Naturalism and discipline

It favours total freedom and oppose punishment or external discipline.

Naturalism and teacher

In naturalism, teacher’s play is behind the scene.

 PRAGMATISM

It is derived from a Greek word “pragma” means action. Pragmatism is

otherwise known as instrumentalism or experimentalism.

It originated in ancient Greece. Modern pragmatism originated in America and

proponents of modern pragmatism include Charles Saunders Price, William James
and John Deway.

Definition

Pragmatism is essentially humanistic philosophy maintaining yhat man

creates his own values in course activity, that reality is still in making and awaits
its part of completion from the future. - {Ross}

Forms of pragmatism: Humanistic pragmatism: According to this ideology,

that which satisfies the needs, requirements, aspirations, objectives of the human
beings and welfare of mankind

Experimental pragmatism : As per experimental pragmatism, whatever can be

experimentally verified is true or what worked is true.

Biological pragmatism : According to this ideology, power and capacity

possessed by human beings is valuable and enables him to adjust with his
environment or change the environment according to his needs.

Important principles of pragmatism:

1. Man is considered as essentially a biological and social organism.

2. Knowledge should be experimentally verified and it should be
useful to the leaner
3. Pragmatism has faith in man’s capacity to shape his distinity
4. There are no absolute values. All values are relative. What works
as useful becomes value.
5. Only those theories which can work in practical situations are true.
6. Pragmatist is more concerned with present and immediate future.
7. Pragmatism accepts only the knowledge which is empirical, i.e
which can be experienced at school level.
8. Only those ideas which can be realized in life are met.
Pragmatism and aims of education

1. Creation of new values

The main aim is the first the creation of new values
2. Activity and experience
It provides physical, intellectual, moral and aesthetic activities.
3. Personal and social adjustments
It direct the impulses, interests and abilities toward the satisfaction of
the needs of the child environment
4. Reconstruction of experience
5. All round development
The individual must develop physically, mentally, socially, morally
and aesthetically.

Pragmatism and curriculum:

 Principle of utility: Based on this principle those subjects, experiences and

activities which can satisfy present and future needs or expectations of child
should be included in the curriculum. Subjects like language, physical
training, science, history, geography, and home science, vocational and
technical education should be included in the curriculum. The utilitarian
form of curriculum helps the child immensely in his growth and
development.
 Principle of interest: curriculum should be based on child’s interest.
Subjects, activities and experiences that suits interest, aptitude, attitude and
needs of the child should be included in the curriculum. Reading writing,
counting art, craft work, natural science and other works will satisfy the
varied interests of the child.
 Principle of experience: this principle focuses on the child’s activity,
vocation and experience. Students achieve experiences from the activities in
library, classroom, laboratory and playground. Co-curricular activities also
form an integral part of the curriculum.
  Principle of integration: this principle deals with the integration of various
subjects and experiences. It considers knowledge as a single unit. As a single
unit, knowledge cannot be divided into separate subjects, not connected with
one another. In order to develop right concept and for proper understanding,
various units to be closely connected and correlated. Whatever is taught in
the previous classes may have to be integrated with new classes so that the
child can sustain his development.

Pragmatism and methods of teaching:

Pragmatist gives importance to the child than the book, teacher and subject matter.
These methods are dynamic, vary from class to class and time to time. Pragmatism
recommended participatory approach of teaching, which is considered as an
excellent approach by the current education system. In participatory method
students are allowed to participate actively in the teaching-learning process.

Following principles developed by pragmatism will help in the selection of

teaching methods.

Principle of progressive learning : it states that a child’s initiative to attain

a goal depends on his interests, aptitudes abilities and experiences.

Principle of learning by doing : pragmatism favours activity and

experiences than thoughts and ideas.

Principle of integration: As knowledge is considered as whole, integration

of different subjects is essential to develop a unified view.

Pragmatism and discipline

Pragmatism does not believe in strict and rigid discipline. They believe in social
discipline. Social discipline may develop from the society, school and home.

Pragmatism and teacher:

Pragmatism consider teacher as a friend, guide and philosopher to the children.

The pragmatist teacher teaches pupils to think and act for themselves rather than to
know or to react.
 REALISM

According to this philosophy, things we see and perceive are true and knowledge
acquired through senses only is true.

Definition:

The doctrine if realism asserts that there is a real world of things behind and
corresponding to the objects of our perception. [J.S.Ross]

Realism is the reinforcement of our common acceptance of this world as it

appears to us. This simple definition justifies the statement that seeing is
believable.

Forms of realism:

1. Humanistic realism : According to humanistic realism, only education

can bring out human welfare and success.
2. Social realism : Social realism propose an education system which can
promote the working efficiency of knowledge.
3. Sense realism: Sense realism believes that knowledge primarily comes
through the senses and not from words.
4. Neorealism : this ideology is more inclined towards science than
education.

Principles of realism:

1. Worldly realities of everyday life are true.

2. It does not believe in the existence of any absolute truth.
3. It accepts only sensory experiences of the external world as real.
4. It looks at man like a physical being controlled by rules and laws.
5. Real knowledge is obtained by analyzing and experiencing sensations.
6. It advocates the methods and principles of physical science for acquiring
knowledge.

Educational implications of realism

 Realism considers the child is a dynamic and growing entity ready to

face the realities of life.
  The aim of education is to prepare the child to face the realities of life
and to solve the problems.
 Realism suggests objective method of teaching.
 According to realism, discipline is developed by controlling the
environment
 The teacher should know the psychological nature of the child for
effective teaching.

Realism and aims of education:

Realism suggests six main aims of education.

 Prepare the child for a real life

 Prepare the child for a happy and successful life
 Fosters mental and physical powers of child
 Developing training of senses
 Providing vocational education
 Make the child familiar with the nature and social environment

Realism and curriculum:

Realistic curriculum prefers subjects and activities which prepare children for day
to day living.

Realism and methods of teaching :

Realism opposes bookish knowledge as it failed to prepare the child for real life. It
recommends objective method of teaching. Importance must be given to
observation, experimentation and activities.

Realism and discipline :

Realism believes in self-dicipline and advocate moral and religious education for
the development of self-dicipline among children.

Realism and teacher:

In realism, a honorable position reserved for teachers. A realist teacher is well

versed in content and aware about the needs of children.
 EXISTENTIALISM

It is the youngest philosophy. Existentialism may be described as a modern

philosophy which is primarily build upon the work of the scholars of the twentieth
century.

Main assumptions of existentialism

1. Man’s existence: existentialist believes that man is most

important, has inherent dignity and is worthy of respect and care
simply because he exists. Man cannot accept the readymade
concepts of existence forced upon him.
2. Self knowledge: man has an inherent creative drive towards higher
and more positive levels of existence and self-actualization.
3. Freedom and responsibility: The most basic and irrefutable
freedom is the freedom of choice; the options may be limited but
always exists.
4. Man is not complete : According to existentialist philosophy, man
is not complete. He has to face many challenges in the process of
becoming a complete man.

Educational implications of existentialism

1. The primary aim of education is the making of a human person as one who
lives and makes decisions about what he will do and be.
2. The school should provide an encouragement where the individuals find
security, encouragement and acceptance by teachers.
3. All school subjects and activities should provide situations for the
development of human beings.
4. The teacher has to facilitate development or originality and creativity by
providing necessary materials and opportunities.
5. The teacher has to be very active and equip students to face challenges
6. School should nurture democratic ideas.

Concern and respect for the individual student should be the main concern of
the school.

ELECTISM:
The motivated educationist creates a new educational philosophy by pooling all the
good and relevant features from different educationist, this newly educational
philosophy is named as electism.

Need for electism in education

 It helps the education system to meet the demands of the society.

 It helps in solving various problems related to present day education
system, it is graded as the best philosophical approach.

Salient features of electism:

 Aim of education is to prepare good citizens

 Emphasis co-ordination of various subjects
 Recommends broad and flexible curriculum
 Importance to co-curricular activities
 Ensuring availability of subject experts and better teachers
 Suggest scientific teaching methods based on the principles of
learning by doing, learning by play and learning by observation
 Consider education as a tool for social control
 Recommends professional status for teaching job
 Importance of self-discipline
 Highlight responsibility of governments in providing education,
especially in the primary level and for handicapped children
 Emphasis on adult and social education
 Harmonious relationship among school, home and society.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGES ON EDUCATION

Education and society are maintaining a bilateral relationship. Societal

changes influence causes influence education, at the same time education leads to
social changes also.

The main social objective of education is to complete the socialization process.

With the emergence of nuclear families, the role of school and of the Institutions in
the socialization process has increased considerably. The school trains the child to
develop honesty, consideration for other and ability to distinguish between right
and wrong. Socialization process also enables the child to co-operate with other
and to grow as a good citizen by respecting the laws framed by the society.
Socialization is achieved through text books and learning experiences intended to
develop social skills.

Cultural heritage: All societies are proud to uphold or highlight their cultural
heritage and ascertain that the culture is preserved and transmitted through social
organizations to future generations. All types of education and all agencies of
education have to carry out the function of cultural transmission in an earnest way
by teaching the elements of culture like literature, history, art, philosophy, etc.

FORMATION OF SOCIAL PERSONALITY

Personality of individual members in a society shares some common

features of the culture. Along with the process of transmitting culture, education
also contributes to the formation of social personality. Formation of social
personality helps man to adjust with his environment and flourish himself in co-
operation with others.

CONFERING OF STATUST: It is understand that an individual’s status in the

society is determined by the amount and type or kind of education he has received.
In the current situation, the kind of knowledge one is gaining is important that the
amount. For example, a graduate nurse or a diploma nurse can flourish anywhere
in the world compared to a holding PhD in a traditional subject.

ECONOMICAL PROCESS:

Educational trains in skills that are required by the economy. Economy and
education always enjoy a bilateral relationship. For example the number of well
functioning hospitals is directly related to the number of qualified and competent
nurse passing out from the nursing institutes. More patients’ will be admitted to a
hospital which is providing quality nursing care. This will lead to more money
transactions and ultimately results in the economical development of the nearby
areas of the hospital.

POLITICAL:
Fosters participant democracy. In participant democracy, ordinary citizen is aware
about his and duties and participates actively in the democratic process. Literacy is
essential to nurture participant democracy and literacy is the product of education.
Thus, education fosters participant democracy.

TECHNOLOGICAL:

Technology exerts great influence on education as a tool for teaching and learning.
Education system prefers technology empowers new solution. Technology will
help the teachers to solve the emerging educational problems created by factors
like growing school population, heterogeneity of pupils in schools, divergent and
even confusing needs of learners, rapid development of new information.,
expanding technology bring about changes and shifts in education is being
developed with the aim not only of making education more widely available but
also of improving the quality of education. The facility for online education
through information technology enabled services has redefined the concept of non
– formal education with the wide spread use of computers assisted learning and
computers assisted instruction are becoming common even in the lower levels of
education. Now-days universities by fully utilizing the technology advancements
for impairing knowledge. Success of any education system lies in understanding
this reciprocates relationship between education and society. Technology of
education is being developed not only with the aim of making education more
widely available, but also for improving the quality of education. Developments in
technology will bring about changes and shifts in educational goals, which in turn
stimulate the emergence of newer techniques.

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Profession is defined as a vocation requiring advanced training and

usually involving mental rather than manual work as teaching engineering,
medicine, law, etc, architecture with the disciplined and scholarly training.

It is the process by which men and women prepare for exacting, responsible
service in the professional spirit.

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

 If our imperiled civilization is to survive our keenest and most disciplined
mind and a very considerable degree this mean our professional man, must devote
their moral energies and intellectual powers to solving current and long range
problems.

FUNDAMENTAL OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

The foundation of professional education should be not only technical skill,

but also a sense of social responsibility, an apprehension of social and human
values and relationships, and disciplined power to see realities without prejudice or
blind commitment.

TYPES OF PROFESSION

Medicine Nursing Forestry

Law Veterinary science, Arts, colleges &

agriculture industries teaching
Engineering Dentistry Journalism

CURRENT TRENDS IN EDUCATION

The changes are occurring in the social and cultural life of the society as a
result of the impact of the advancements in the science based technology is broadly
described as modernization. Since education is a multi- polar process, it is
influenced by the modernization in different –ways.

Due to globalization and liberalization, changes occurring in other of the world

will also influence the education pattern of a country. Even though certain aspects
in the new trends are painful to those who view education as a noble process, they
are irresistible in the current context. Let us see sonic of the current trends in
education.

 Peadocenric: Student is the focus of present day education system. The

interest is shifted from the subject matter to the student and the teaching-
learning process is largely directly by the nature and needs of learner. This
basic in emphasis from the subject of instruction to the nature and needs of
 the learner is based on the term mathetics is derived from the Greek word
matherin which means to learn. Mathetics is the science of behavior of the
pupil undergoing the process of learning. Mathetics is in contrast to
pedagogy whose main interest is in the behavior of the teacher while pupils.
The teacher today does not consider the child as a vessel waiting to be filled
facts: nor as a pliable plastic material which can be transformed into any
shape enabling him to project his ideas on it. The modern teacher considers
each child as akin to and helps the child to grow according to his abilities
and aptitudes. Teacher helps the child to learn. Progressive educationists like
Rousseay, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Montessori, John Dewey and others have
contributed to the development of a child education. As a result, education
has become more interested in the individual pupil, in his mental and social
development rather than presenting some information to him in a ready-
made form. In accordance with the trend, student is motivated to participate
actively in the teaching- learning process. This way of teaching by eliciting
maximum student participation is called participatory approach in teaching.
 Teachers role: The way shift in emphasis from the teacher to the pupil in
the process of education and the carrying out of instructional activities with
the realization of specific and clear cut learning outcomes has inevitably led
to a reassessment of teacher’s role in the classroom. The model of teacher as
the pivotal and dominant figure in education, presenting a variety of
information to pupils has practically disappeared. Modern education
transformed the teacher’s role from a dictator to a friend of students. Teacher
of today is considered as a facilitator of learning, whose main duty is to
prepare students for learning by enabling them to actively participate in the
teaching-learning process rather than simply spoon-feeding. The less the
teachers rely upon the teacher, the better a successful teacher must enable his
to do without him. The changing role of the teacher has been the result of a
plurality of interwining influences like philosophical, psychological, social,
technological and educational. Psychological studies have clearly revealed
the influence of classroom climate and atmosphere in the creation of a fertile
learning environment. In the creation of such an environment, the nature of
teacher and pupil relationship, teacher’s personal attitude towards his
students, his professional philosophy and life values play an important role.
As said earlier, teacher of the past functioned as an authoritarian figure. But
 with the changing goals of education and newer psychological discoveries
related to effective learning, such a style of teacher functioning is not only
unproductive but even detrimental to learning. The future of education is
directly depends upon the quality of the future of education directly depends
upon the quality of the intermediately inventive minds of teachers and their
ability to invent and innovative.
 Activity centered : Modern education is activity concerned. We are
currently giving more emphasis to learning by doing. Curriculum of today is
organized in terms of the tasks to be performed and goals to be reached
rather than in terms of lessons to be learned. This will provide knowledge
and skills essential for leading a good life. Teachers have to motivate the
children to do experiments search out for themselves and undertake projects.
 Creative education : One of the most significant trends in today’s school is
the encouragement of creativity. Human advances come through original
thought and intervention. Creative education is a good medium to develop
original thought and intervention.
 More community participation: considering the reciprocative relationship
between education and society, this is an expected trend. Education is
seeking more community participation for solving problems. The presence
of parent-teacher association in all most every educational institute is a good
example for the community participation. Parent’s participation can also be
elicited through socialized projects and programmes. The result is that
parents and the teachers meet in small and large groups to discuss their
common problems. Funding of various projects in the technical institutes
sector is also an example of this trend.
 More reliance on technology : Technology exerts great influence on
education as a tool for teaching and learning. Judicious use of educational
psychological in the development of and practice of educational technology
has increased its user friendly nature considerably cost effectiveness of
technology based educational programmes is good when compared to the
cost of traditional programmes. Education system is preferring technology
not because technology empowers educational problems created by factors
like growing school population, geterogencity of pupils in schools, divergent
curriculum and the social changes arising fro modernization. Developments
in educational technology bring about changes and shifts in educational
 goals which in turn stimulate the emergence of newer techniques which have
been influenced by modern psychology. Technology of education is being
developed with the aim not only of making education more widely available
but also of improving the quality of education. The facility for online
education through information technology enabled service has redefined the
concept of non formal education. With the spread use of computers in
education, computer assisted learning and computer assisted instruction are
becoming common even in the lower levels of education. Now-a-days
universities are changing to virtual universities by fully utilizing the
technological advancements for impairing knowledge.
 Increased Acceptance of non formal type of education: Universities and
other elite educational organizations have come out from glass towers for
providing non-formal education through study centers and reginal centers.
Some of them are generating more revenues through providing non-formal
education than the formal education. As said earlier, information technology
enables the services has redefined the concept of non-formal education like
correspondence education, distance education etc are gaining acceptance
among the youth.
 Restructuring traditional programmes : In order to meet the challenges of
globalization education system is restructuring the traditional programmes
by interacting and correlating various subjects for example, traditional B.Sc
botany programme has converted to applied botany in many institutes by
way of integrating some aspects of biotechnology.
 Increased opportunities for higher studies: In the present situation, a
talented student can do higher studies irrespective of the economic status.
Doors of all elite universities in the world are kept open for the talented
young people and flexible educational loans are available for meeting the
expense of education.
 Methods of appraisal: Because of multiple educational goals, a
comprehensive system of evaluation is being evolved. The child’s progress
is judged by the comparison of his own work and achievements. Latest
methods of evaluation are based on a vision of learning and well defined
performance indicators. In addition to the cognitive abilities, other liabilities
are also evaluated in a more objective manner.
 Innovation in teaching and learning: Present day education system is
more concerned about quality, cost effectiveness and accountability.
Educational quality assurance is a process of monitoring and evaluating
provision and to institute remedial measures as and when needed.
 Emergence of individual as a teaching unit : Class as a unit of teaching is
disappearing. As a result of the advancements in instructional planning and
evaluation of learning, teachers realize the existence of widely different
backgrounds, differences in student abilities and interests. Hence the
teachers of today realize the need for presenting learning experience to suit
individual difference existing among pupils by using the media and methods
generated by educational technology. In short educational technology
motivated the teachers to view education as an individual activity rather than
a classroom activity.
 Commercialization of education and presence of foreign universities:
Due to misappropriation of funds and scarcity of resources, government is
finding its difficult to meet the educational demands of the society. Now
government is withdrawing slowly from providing higher education and
allowing private sector to play a major role, subjected to certain social
control measures. If the government implements the social control measures
properly, this approach would bring spectacular changes in an otherwise
gloomy educational scenario. Foreign universities are now attracting Indian
students by offering job oriented programmes. Since Indian universities are
still continuing the age old programmes and very much reluctant to change
according to the new trends in the international level, India has become a
gild mine for the foreign universities.
Several issues that are finding platforms for discussion among politicians,
teachers, and communities could provoke changes in the next few years. The
trends we currently see in family support services are:

 States adopting a variety of tax credits for working families giving them help
with childcare and in-home care expenses (Hirsch horn Donahue, 2006)
 Family-leave policies, allowing both parents opportunities to spend time
with newborn babies in the early formative years of infancy
 Flexible work schedules and job-sharing opportunities for parents who want
to continue on their career path
 Internet and media control legislation to assure parents that children will not
view or find inappropriate materials while using media for learning
 Improvement in the quality and availability of infant and toddler care
 COLLEGE OF NURSING

AIMS, CONCEPTS, PHILOSOPHIES; IMPACT OF SOCIAL,

ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL & TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
ON EDUCATION; PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION, CURRENT
TRENDS & ISSUES IN EDUCATION.

SUBJECT FACULTY : SUBMITTED TO :

MS.SUDHARMA DEVI M.Sc,[N] MRS.POONGUZHALI M.Sc [N], M.A
MRS.RAJAMANI M.Sc ,[N] VICE PRINCIPAL, MMC, MADURAI-20.

SUBMITTED BY :
R.DEVIKA,
M.Sc [N] I YEAR
MMC, MADURAI-20