Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD

Relevance of Modeling
Laser-Material Interactions
in the Industrial Context

© Fraunhofer ILT
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 2

One-Phase Problem
infinite dimensional PDE-system
𝑤02
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝜃 + 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑤0 𝜉 , 𝑡= 𝜏, 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑤0 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜅 1D

𝜕𝜃 𝜕 2 𝜃
= , 𝜉 ∈ [𝐴 𝜏 , +∞)
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜉 2
Heating phase Melting phase
𝜕𝐴(𝜏)
= 0, 𝜃 =0 𝜃 = 1, 𝜃 =0
𝜕𝜏 𝜉→∞ 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏) 𝜉→∞

𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝐴(𝜏)
𝛾 𝜏)𝑓(𝐴 𝜏 − 𝑃𝑒 𝜏 + =0 𝛾 𝜏)𝑓(𝐴 𝜏 − 𝑃𝑒 𝜏 + = ℎ𝑚 >0
𝜕𝜉 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏)
𝜕𝜉 𝜉=𝐴(𝜏)
𝑑𝜏

𝑑𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = exp(−𝑃𝑒 𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 , 𝑃𝑒
𝑑𝜏 𝑡→∞
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 3

Vector potential 𝑯 of thermal energy 𝜌𝑐 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎

𝑑𝑇
𝜌𝑐 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝜆𝛻𝑇
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 𝑑
𝜌𝑐 =𝛻∙ − 𝑯
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜌𝑐 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 = −𝛻 ∙ 𝑯 energy conservation 𝜃 = −𝛻𝒉

𝑑 𝑑
𝜆𝛻𝑇 + 𝑯 = 0 Fourier‘s Law 𝛻𝜃 + 𝒉=𝟎
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜏

𝑤02
𝑯 = 𝜌𝑐 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑤0 𝒉 , 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝜃 + 𝑇𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑤0 𝜉 , 𝑡 = 𝜏
𝜅

M.A. Biot, Variational Principles in Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1970)
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 4

Variational equation and generalized coordinates 𝑄𝑖

𝜃 = −𝛻𝒉 𝛿𝜃 = −𝛻𝛿𝒉 energy conservation

𝑑 𝑑
𝛻𝜃 + 𝒉=𝟎 𝛻𝜃 + 𝒉 ∙ 𝛿𝒉𝑑𝑽 = 𝟎 Fourier‘s Law
𝑑𝜏 𝛀 𝑑𝜏

1 𝑑
𝛿 Ω
𝜃 2 𝑑𝑉 + Ω 𝑑𝜏
𝒉 ∙ 𝛿𝒉 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝜕Ω
𝜃𝒏 ∙ 𝛿𝒉 𝑑𝐴
2

1
𝑉= 𝜃 2 𝑑𝑉
2 Ω
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐷 1 𝑑
2

𝜃=𝜃 𝑄1 , … , 𝑄𝑛 , 𝜉, 𝜏 : + = 𝐹𝑖 𝐷=
2 𝑑𝜏
ℎ 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑄𝑖 𝑑𝑄𝑖 Ω

𝑑𝒉
𝐹𝑖 = 𝜃𝒏 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
𝜕Ω 𝑑𝑄𝑖

M.A. Biot, Variational Principles in Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1970)
 Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 5

1D
Attractor
𝜉 = 𝐴(𝜏)
Tem perature

stationary solution during melting phase:

𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 1 ∙ exp(−𝑃𝑒(𝜉 − 𝐴 𝜏 )
depth

Inertial Manifold
spanned by 3 dynamical parameters 𝜃𝑠 𝜏 , 𝑄 𝜏 , 𝐴(𝜏)

𝜉−𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) ∙ exp(− ) + 𝜃1 (𝜉, 𝜏)
𝑄(𝜏)

1
0 < 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) ≤ 1 𝑄 𝜏 𝜃1 (𝜉, 𝜏) spectral corrections
𝑡→∞ 𝑃𝑒
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 6

Vector potential ℎ 𝑄, 𝜉, 𝜏 of the spatially 1D temperature 𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏

energy conservation 𝜃 = −𝛻𝒉

𝑑
Fourier‘s Law 𝛻𝜃 + 𝒉=𝟎
𝑑𝜏

𝜉−𝐴(𝜏)
Ansatz: 𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏) ∙ exp(− ) + 𝜃1 (𝜉, 𝜏)
𝑄(𝜏)

∞ 𝜉−𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 = −𝛻𝒉: ℎ 𝑄, 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜉
𝜃 𝜉 ′ , 𝜏 𝑑𝜉 ′ = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏) exp(− )
𝑄(𝜏)

∞
ℎ 𝑄, 𝜉 = 𝐴(𝜏), 𝜏 = 𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉 ′ , 𝜏 𝑑𝜉 ′ = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏)

𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏) thermal energy content

M.A. Biot, Variational Principles in Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1970)
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 7

Variational equations

𝜉 − 𝐴(𝜏) ∞ 𝜉−𝐴(𝜏)
𝜃 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)exp(− ) ℎ 𝑄, 𝜉, 𝜏 = 𝜉
𝜃 𝜉 ′ , 𝜏 𝑑𝜉 ′ = 𝜃𝑠 (𝜏)𝑄(𝜏) exp(− )
𝑄(𝜏) 𝑄(𝜏)

𝑏1 = 3 5

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐷
+ = 𝐹𝑖
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄

3d-Inertial Manifold

1 𝜃𝑆
𝑄 = 𝑏1 −𝐴−𝑄
𝑄 𝜃𝑆

Fourier‘s Law energy conservation

Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 8

3d-Inertial Manifold – Variational formulation

𝑇𝑠 (𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 𝑎(𝑡)
𝜃𝑠 𝜏 = 𝐴 𝜏 =
𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑤0
𝛿 (𝑡) 𝛿 (𝑡)
Q𝜏 = 𝑤0
Q𝜏 = 𝑤0

Schulz, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40(12) pp.13-28, 1997
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 9

Changing of boundary conditions

Schulz, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40(12) pp.13-28, 1997
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 10

Asymptotic Analysis – One Phase Problem

temperature distribution

0 temperature 1
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 11

Time scale separation

Slow surfaces within the Inertial Manifold
Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser-Processing NLD 12

Fast and slow movement of the front explains ripple shape