GGS COLLEGE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

KHARAR

ASSIGNMENT – I
PROGRAMING IN PYTHON
BTCS510-18

Submitted to :- Munish Sir

Submitted by:- Eshan Padhiar
Roll No: 2103769
Course: B. Tech
Semester: 5th
Department: CSE
Ques 1. What is Python ?
Answer : In computer science, Python refers to a high-level, general-purpose programming
language. Python was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. It has since
become one of the most popular programming languages due to its simplicity, readability,
and versatility. Python is widely used in various computer science applications, and it is
known for its ease of use and the following key characteristics:
 Readability: Python's syntax is designed to be highly readable and straightforward,
making it an excellent language for beginners. Code written in Python often resembles
plain English, which makes it accessible for developers at all levels of experience.
 Versatility: Python is a versatile language that can be used for a wide range of
applications, including web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence,
scientific computing, automation, and more. It has a rich ecosystem of libraries and
frameworks that facilitate these tasks.
 Interpreted Language: Python is an interpreted language, which means that code is
executed line by line by the Python interpreter. This allows for rapid development and
easy debugging.
 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python is available on multiple platforms, such as
Windows, macOS, and various Unix-based systems. This cross-platform compatibility
ensures that Python code can run on different operating systems without modification.
 Strong Community and Ecosystem: Python has a large and active community of
developers and users. This has led to the creation of numerous libraries, packages, and
frameworks that extend Python's capabilities, making it a powerful tool for a wide
array of tasks.

Ques 2. Write short notes on

i) Function
ii) Operators

Answer : In Python, a function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task or
set of tasks. Functions are a fundamental concept in Python and programming in general, and
they offer several key features and benefits:
 Modularity: Functions allow you to break down a complex program into smaller,
more manageable parts. This makes your code more organized and easier to
understand, as you can focus on one task at a time.
 Reusability: Once you define a function, you can use it multiple times in your
program or even in other programs. This reusability reduces code duplication and
simplifies maintenance.
 Abstraction: Functions provide an abstraction layer, allowing you to hide the details
of how a specific task is accomplished. You can use a function without needing to
understand its internal implementation.
  Structure: Functions help in structuring your code logically, enhancing readability
and maintainability. They also encourage the use of the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)
principle.
Here's a simple example of defining and using a function in Python:

Operators in Python are special symbols or keywords that are used to perform various
operations on data, variables, or values. They are an essential part of any programming
language and allow you to manipulate and compare data. Python supports a wide range of
operators, which can be categorized into several groups:
 Arithmetic Operators: These operators perform basic mathematical operations.
o Addition +: Adds two values.
o Subtraction -: Subtracts the right operand from the left operand.
o Multiplication *: Multiplies two values.
o Division /: Divides the left operand by the right operand.
o Modulus %: Returns the remainder after division.
o Exponentiation **: Raises the left operand to the power of the right operand.
o Floor Division //: Returns the integer result of division (discarding the
remainder).
 Comparison Operators: These operators are used to compare values.
o Equal to ==: Checks if two values are equal.
o Not equal to !=: Checks if two values are not equal.
o Greater than >: Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand.
o Less than <: Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.
o Greater than or equal to >=: Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to
the right operand.
o Less than or equal to <=: Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the
right operand.
  Logical Operators: These operators are used to perform logical operations.
o and: Returns True if both conditions are true.
o or: Returns True if at least one condition is true.
o not: Negates the result, turning True into False and vice versa.
 Assignment Operators: These operators are used to assign values to variables.
o Assignment =: Assigns the value on the right to the variable on the left.
o Addition Assignment +=: Adds the right operand to the variable and assigns the
result to the variable.

o Subtraction Assignment -=: Subtracts the right operand from the variable and
assigns the result to the variable.
o Multiplication Assignment *=: Multiplies the variable by the right operand and
assigns the result to the variable.
o Division Assignment /=: Divides the variable by the right operand and assigns
the result to the variable.
 Membership Operators: These operators are used to test membership in a sequence
(e.g., lists, strings).
o in: Returns True if a value is found in the sequence.
o not in: Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence.
 Identity Operators: These operators are used to compare the memory location of two
objects.
o is: Returns True if two variables reference the same object.
o is not: Returns True if two variables reference different objects.
 Bitwise Operators: These operators perform bit-level operations on integers.
o &: Bitwise AND
o |: Bitwise OR
o ^: Bitwise XOR
o ~: Bitwise NOT
o <<: Left shift
o >>: Right shift
 Conditional (Ternary) Operator: This operator provides a concise way to return one
of two values based on a condition.
o value_if_true if condition else value_if_false
These operators are fundamental in Python and are used extensively in writing Python
programs to perform a wide range of operations, from simple arithmetic calculations to
complex decision-making and data manipulation.

Ques 3. Explain the handling.

Answer : In Python, "exception handling" or "error handling" is a mechanism that allows
you to gracefully deal with unexpected or exceptional situations that may arise during the
execution of a program. Exceptions are events that can disrupt the normal flow of code, such
as division by zero, attempting to access a non-existent file, or calling a method on an object
that doesn't support it. Exception handling helps ensure that a program can continue to run
without crashing when such events occur.
Exception handling in Python involves the use of the following keywords and constructs:
 try: The try block is used to enclose the code where an exception might occur. It
allows you to monitor specific areas of your code for potential exceptions.
 except: The except block follows the try block and is used to specify how to handle
exceptions when they occur. You can catch and handle specific types of exceptions or
provide a generic handler for any unexpected exception.
 finally: The finally block, if present, is executed regardless of whether an exception
occurred. It's typically used for cleanup or resource release operations.
Here's a basic structure of exception handling in Python:

Ques 4. Explain Data Types and its types.

Answer : In Python, data types are a fundamental concept that determines the kind of data
that can be stored in variables. Python is a dynamically typed language, which means that
you don't need to explicitly declare the data type of a variable; Python infers it based on the
value assigned to the variable. Python supports a wide range of data types, which can be
categorized into the following main groups:
 Numeric Types:
o int (Integer): Represents whole numbers, both positive and negative.
o float (Floating-Point): Represents real numbers with a decimal point.
o complex: Represents complex numbers in the form of a + bj, where a and b are
real numbers and j is the imaginary unit.
 Text Type:
o str (String): Represents sequences of characters, such as text. Strings are
enclosed in single, double, or triple quotes.
  Sequence Types:
o list: Ordered and mutable collections of items. Lists can contain elements of
different data types.
o tuple: Ordered and immutable collections of items. Like lists, tuples can
contain elements of different data types.
o range: Represents an immutable sequence of numbers, often used for iteration.
 Mapping Type:
o dict (Dictionary): Represents a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is
unique and maps to a corresponding value.
 Set Types:
o set: Represents an unordered collection of unique elements. Sets are mutable.
o frozenset: Represents an immutable set, meaning its elements cannot be
modified after creation.
 Boolean Type:
o bool (Boolean): Represents the truth values True and False. Used for logical
operations and conditions.
 Binary Types:
o bytes: Represents a sequence of bytes, which is immutable.
o bytearray: Represents a mutable sequence of bytes.
o memoryview: Represents a memory view object that allows access to an
object's memory.
 None Type:
o NoneType: Represents a special value None, often used to indicate the absence
of a value or as a placeholder.
 Custom Types:
o Python allows you to create custom data types through classes and object-
oriented programming.
Each data type in Python has its own set of operations and methods that can be applied to it.
For example, you can perform mathematical operations on numeric types, manipulate
strings, work with lists and dictionaries, and make decisions based on boolean values.
Understanding and selecting the appropriate data type for your variables is crucial for writing
efficient and effective Python programs. Data types are a key component in Python's
dynamic nature, allowing you to write flexible and expressive code.

Ques 5. What are the steps for the python file execution process?
Answer : The execution of a Python file involves several steps, from the moment you run
the script until it produces the desired output. Here are the key steps in the Python file
execution process:
 Source Code: The Python script begins as a plain text file containing source code.
This source code can include Python statements and functions.
 Lexical Analysis (Tokenization): The Python interpreter first performs lexical
analysis or tokenization, where it breaks the source code into smaller units called
tokens. These tokens include keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and other
elements.
 Parsing (Syntax Analysis): After tokenization, the interpreter parses the source code.
Parsing checks whether the code follows the correct syntax of the Python language,
such as correct indentation and proper use of Python constructs. If there are syntax
errors, the interpreter reports them.
 Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) Generation: If the source code is syntactically correct,
the interpreter generates an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). The AST represents the
hierarchical structure of the code, making it easier for the interpreter to understand and
execute.
 Bytecode Compilation: Python is a high-level interpreted language, but it compiles
the code into bytecode for more efficient execution. The interpreter converts the AST
into bytecode, which is a lower-level representation of the code. This bytecode is
saved in a .pyc (compiled Python) file if the script is run as a standalone application or
as __pycache__ in Python 3. This step is often skipped in interactive sessions and
when using tools like Jupyter notebooks.
 Execution: The Python Virtual Machine (PVM) executes the bytecode. It interprets
the bytecode instructions one by one, executing the program's logic.
 Dynamic Typing: Python is dynamically typed, so variable types are determined at
runtime. The interpreter keeps track of variable names, types, and values during
execution.
 Importing Modules: If the script imports external modules or libraries, the interpreter
loads and executes these modules as needed. This involves a similar process of lexical
analysis, parsing, and bytecode compilation for the imported modules.
 Interpretation of Functions and Objects: Python functions and objects are
interpreted as they are called and used in the code. The interpreter dynamically
manages function calls, object creation, and memory allocation.
 Exception Handling: If an exception occurs during execution (e.g., a division by zero
or an undefined variable), Python provides mechanisms for handling these exceptions
using try...except blocks. If unhandled, exceptions can cause the program to terminate
with an error message.
 Output: Depending on the script, the execution may produce output, which is
displayed in the standard output (usually the console). This output can be text, data, or
any other desired result.
 Termination: Once the program has finished executing, it terminates. If it's a short-
lived script, it may terminate quickly. If it's a long-running application or server, it
may run indefinitely until manually stopped.
These steps collectively describe the process of executing a Python file, whether it's a simple
script, a module, or part of a larger application. Understanding this process can help you
write and troubleshoot Python code effectively.
Regenerate