SIRUNGAN: A PROPOSED TYPHOON EVACUATION CENTER IN SAN

ESTEBAN, POBLACION NABUA, CAMARINES SUR

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

in Research Method for Architecture

ZOREN N. PESEBRE
BS in Architecture 4B

JOCELYN G. GARLANDO, RCE, DBM

Research Adviser
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The accomplishments and partial completion of this study would not be possible

without the help and assistance from different individuals and group of persons who are

willing to express their love and support in conducting this research.

I would like to thank and express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to the

following persons:

To Atty. Emmanuel SD. Ortega, LLM, the president of University of Saint

Anthony for the efforts in supporting the activities of the school and also for the

opportunity to conduct this research study.

To Engr. Editha C. Dacara, the dean of college of architecture engineering and

technology, for supporting and approval on the conduct of this research.

To Engr. Jocelyn G. Garlando, the research adviser and the professor of the

subject, for the knowledge, guidance and recommendations.

To Hon. Adela D. Olaso, the barangay captain of San Esteban Poblacion

Nabua, for cooperating and unselfishly providing necessary data and information

regarding the situation of their barangay.

To Mrs. Lily Z. Sabareza, the barangay secretary of San Esteban Poblacion

Nabua, for providing quantitative data that is needed in the research.

To the professors, schoolmates/classmates, and friends, for their untiring

support which inspired me to achieve all the goals of this research.

 To my dear parents, Mr. Eliezer F. Pesebre and Mrs. Haide N. Pesebre, for

their nonstop love, moral, support, and care given to me as well as being my inspiration

to the fulfillment of my dreams.

To Mr. Reynaldo H. Agot Jr. and Mrs. Ma. Zaira P. Agot, who helped me with

the expenses in conducting this research.

Above all, to the Infinite Source of Wisdom, the Provider of Strength and the

Provider of Life, the Lord God Almighty for His endless love, guidance and blessings

given to me.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Located along the typhoon belt in the pacific, the Philippines is visited by an

average of 20 typhoons every year, five of which are destructive. These typhoons

brought strong winds and heavy rains that lead into flooding and eventually leave the

region in a zero state. This disaster will take everything such as livelihood, house and

even lives especially those who are living in low lying areas, near river banks, oceans

and dams.

Nabua, one of the seven municipalities in Rinconada area, part of Camarines Sur

province in Region 5 has about 8,803.0600 hectares; 99.42% of it is classified as very

low elevation or less than 100-meter elevation and the remaining 51.3593 hectares or

0.58% of low elevation or between 100 to 300-meters elevation. Its slope covers about

7,927.3616 hectares or 89.53% which are level to nearly level (0-3%) while the

remaining 927.0577 hectares or 10.47% are rolling to moderately steep (18-30%).

According to the 2020 census it has a total population of 86,490 coming from 42

different barangays; 2,351 of which comes from barangay San Esteban (as per data

provided by the office of the barangay of San Esteban) which is the target population of

this research.

Barangay San Esteban being bounded by different barangays such as SanJuan

in the east, Santiago Old in the west, San Antonio Poblacion in the north side and San
Roque Poblacion in the south. It was divided into seven zones; to wit; Zone 1, Zone2,

Zone3, Zone 4, Zone 5, Zone 6 and Zone 7. For want of knowledgeable resource

person on the history of San Esteban during the Pre-Spanish, American and

commonwealth eras, few historical data if not none all, is to be expected. San Esteban

as earlier a Barrio, and later as a barangay situated on the western part of downtown

Nabua it is geographically composed of (4) sitios Poblacion or Centro, Likod,

Cabuntaran and Magol, collectively reffered to, in brief, as LCM San Esteban has its

share of prominent citizens.

With a vision to provide the constituents a Barangay Disaster Risk Management

Plan in an effective approach to maintain Progressive and Healthy Barangay and

a mission to build Barangay Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change

Adaptation capabilities and ensure of all active participation of constituents as

our partners in response and recovery operations in order to protect our people,

environment and economy and ensure a disaster resilient barangay. Their goal

is to utilize effectively and efficiently, in the event of disaster to avoid, the

potential losses from hazards, appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and

achieve rapid recovery thru enhance training and proficiency of manpower.

Being located in the heart of the Rinconada area, Nabua is a strategic location of

trade and agro-industry. The accessibility of the roads connecting all other part of

Rinconada area and big cities in the north and south such as Naga City and Legazpi

City. Nabua has a high potential in its common livelihood such as coconut and rice

farming and poultry and livestock production to sustain the needs of its people, for the

market and also for promoting the cityhood of Nabua in the near future. But in this
potential growth another problem will arise, being a gateway of north, east, west and

south of Camarines Sur it will invite a huge number of different types of vehicles that will

contribute to the compaction of the land specifically in the downtown Nabua which the

barangay San Esteban is near located. Building constructions will also lead in removing

natural sponges such as trees, shrubs and other plants that help sipping rainwaters.

These situations will result into more or larger scope of flooding scenario in Nabua.

The study entitled “SIRUNGAN: A Proposed Evacuation Center in Barangay San

Esteban, Poblacion Nabua, Camarines Sur” aims to provide a storm resilient design of

evacuation center that will cater the needs of the residents in times of uncertain safety
of

their shelter in the midst of strong typhoon and flooding in their barangay.

The main purpose is to provide a sustainable and storm resilient design

discarding

the conventional and substandard design of the conventional evacuation center per

barangays.

A quantitative method of research was used in order to identify the numbers of

affected families or individuals as well as their gender and age that provides an
important

data in the design of the proposed evacuation center. The history and data in the past

years on how the barangay was strongly affected by typhoon and flood gave information

on what is the current situation and the possible situation in the future of the barangay.

All of these information helped the researcher to provide solution to the problems and to

have a better approach in designing this life saving structure.

Statement of the Problem

With the aforementioned setting in the introduction, this study will answer the following

questions:

1.Is there any significant difference in terms of elevation in barangay San Esteban from

year 2018 to 2020?

2.What are the zones/streets affected by flooding when experiencing:

2.1. continuous rainy days

2.2. heavy rains

2.3. typhoons

3. What is the proposed evacuation center in terms of:

3.1. Site location

3.1.a. road accessibility

3.1.b. wind pattern

3.1.c. sun path

 3.1.d. water direction

3.2. Topography

3.2.a. elevation and slope

3.2.b. vegetation

3.2.c. soil type

3.3. Architectural

3.3.a. perspective

3.3.b. floor plans

3.3.c. sections

3.3.d. elevations

4. Is the proposed evacuation center complies the requirements and acceptable in

terms of:

4.1. DSWD records

4.2. local code

4.3. building code

4.4. fire code

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study mainly is to incorporate the design solutions in providing

quality, reliable and durable evacuation center which composed of the study of the site

location. how the prevailing wind will affect the structure, sun path, road accessibility

and the direction of the water. The study of its topography such as its slope, soil type

and the vegetation around it. Also the study on how to comply with the existing laws in

building a structure such as building code, fire code, local code and other necessary

data coming from DSWD and the local municipality.

The delimitation of the study focuses on how to design the evacuation center in

a way that it will be resilient catering a low number of people. the design principle,

techniques and trends used in the study can give way to design an upscale evacuation

center. Also the design will be just for a specific site location. the study is exclusively

designed for barangay San Esteban. if the existing condition of its site will be evident in

other places, it can use or adapt the design principles and techniques used in this

study.

Background of the Study

The study entitled “SIRUNGAN: A Proposed Evacuation Center in Barangay San

Esteban, Poblacion Nabua, Camarines Sur” aims to provide a storm resilient design of

evacuation center that will cater the needs of the residents in times of uncertain safety
of
their shelter in the midst of strong typhoon and flooding in their barangay.

The main purpose is to provide a sustainable and storm resilient design

discarding

the conventional and substandard design of the conventional evacuation center per

barangays.

A quantitative method of research was used in order to identify the numbers of

affected families or individuals as well as their gender and age that provides an
important

data in the design of the proposed evacuation center. The history and data in the past

years on how the barangay was strongly affected by typhoon and flood gave information

on what is the current situation and the possible situation in the future of the barangay.

All of these information helped the researcher to provide solution to the problems and to

have a better approach in designing this life saving structure.

Significance of the Study

Residents of barangay San Esteban- this study has the primary objective to provide a

temporary shelter that will cater family members of barangay san esteban who are

feeling unsafe in their own home when a high level threat typhoon is coming.

Municipality of Nabua- this study will help the municipality to reach zero casualty after

typhoon or strong flooding, also will give an ease in giving aid, rescue and relief acts.
Architects - As the persons behind the design of every building or infrastructure project,

this will help them further understand the factors, aspects, or conditions that affect the

resiliency of buildings against typhoons and other calamities. This will help them further

plan and create better designs not only in terms of aesthetics but on the building’s

overall structure, plumbing, lighting, electrical and mechanical aspect.

Engineers - As the persons who give life to the designs made by architects, this study

will help them in carefully choosing the materials, equipment and processes to ensure

that the quality of the building as designed will prevail.

Students and future researcher- there is a constant change in our environment, in

trends and technology. this study will serve as a basis and a guide for the students and

future researcher with similar topic.

Definition of Terms

Agro-industry- the large-scale production, processing, and packaging of food using

modern equipment and methods.

Centro- a place located in the center of a town or municipality where the market, trades

and businesses are located.

Design- the art and science of planning a structure equipped with aesthetic, strength

and function in it.

Evacuation center- a temporary shelter that will cater the family who are unsafe in their

house in times of disaster.

Nabueno- refers to the people living, a resident, and/or natives of Nabua.

Natural sponges- trees, shrubs, weeds or any plants that are natural in the area helping

sip the excess water from rain or flood.

Resilient- able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult situation.

Vegetation- plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or

habitat.

Zero casualty- the state of an area hit by a disaster but there is no life casualty. A sense

that everybody live and have an equal chance during disaster.

Zero state- the situation experienced by an area or community that has been intensely

hit by disaster or calamity.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

DSWD- Department of Social Welfare and Development

LCM- Likod, Cabuntaran and Magol

NOTES

1. MUNICIPALITY OF NABUA Retrieved from https://nabua.gov.ph/

2. NABUA CAMARINES SUR- PHILATLAS Retrieved from

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/nabua.html
3. PAGASA. Tropical cyclone information. Retrieved from

https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/climate/tropical-cyclone-information

4. PAGASA. About tropical cyclones. Retrieved from

https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/about-tropical-

cyclone#:~:text=TROPICAL%20STORM%20(TS)%20%2D%20a,kph%20or

%2064%20%2D%2099%20knots.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURES

The number and intensity of natural disasters is growing every year, with 394
major

events affecting over 268 million people worldwide in the past decade, based on a
journal

written by Escamilla and Habert (2015) elaborating matters about product used during

planning and constructing of a building, mainly, evacuation shelters. Escamilla and

Habert

stated that, shelters with high cost and environmental impact do not perform the best

technically and proper designing and material selection drive the shelters' sustainability

performance. Extreme events (like earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires) can create

significant physical damage to structures and infrastructure, downtime and business

interruptions, economic losses, and casualties, according to Boakye and her colleagues

in their 2002 entry on the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Not just
these

but on a study that was published online by Benevolenza & DeRigne, individuals who
are

vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather, namely the poor, the elderly/disabled,
children, prisoners, and substance abusers have experienced heightened levels of

mental, emotional, and bodily stress due to natural disaster exposure. Knowing these

possible outcomes, we must prepare and take actions. As to what Hoffmann and
Muttarak

stated on their study promoting disaster preparedness, preparing for a disaster such as

stockpiling of emergency supplies or having a family evacuation plan can substantially

minimize loss and damages from natural hazards.

FOREIGN STUDIES

A study proposes a simple method of analyzing the road network factors and

evacuation choices of residents in case of an earthquake. Using questionnaire survey

data from Shin-Hua, Tainan County Taiwan, this study uses 6 indexes to evaluate
shelter

safety and applies a spatial statistic model with Local Indicators of Spatial Association

(LISA) as an index to the evacuation choice of residents. Firstly, factor analysis is used

to find the key factors affecting shelter safety, and cluster analysis is used to classify

attributes. The final results with quantified indexes are then depicted in GIS maps for

urban planning.

Emergency shelters and open spaces play dual roles in providing locations for

temporary accommodation and rescue activities during disaster situations. Over time,

research has attempted to optimize site selection and design for emergency shelters
and

open spaces, though they rarely offered lessons to guide actual projects. In this regard,
it is paramount to design emergency shelters or open spaces in a forward-looking and

dynamic manner, especially when the country faces challenges due to extreme events

(e.g. earthquake and floods) and large populations. The aim of this paper is to analyze

the issues of this field in China while summarizing instructions for future construction

based on the experience and expertise of other countries.

Evacuation shelters are the most important means for safeguarding people in

hazardous areas and situations, and thus minimizing losses, particularly those due to a

disaster. Therefore, evacuation shelter assignment and evacuation planning are some
of

the critical factors for reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience in disaster risk

reduction. However, an imbalance of shelter distribution and spatial heterogeneity of a

population are the critical issues limiting the accessibility of evacuation shelters in real

situations. In this study, the researcher proposed a methodology for spatial assessment

to reduce vulnerability and evaluate the spatial distribution of both shelter demand and

resources, considering spatial accessibility.

LOCAL STUDIES

A study aims to construct the proposed evacuation center in Tacloban City,

Leyte.

The study will give the readers and future researchers knowledge on the importance of

construction. The results of the study showed that the correct materials can achieve the
expectation such as the toughness and quality of the project. The results of the study
also

showed that the proper handling of funds, proper methods, and correct floor plans can

lead to the success of the project.

The researchers aim to build a miniature proposed evacuation center in Baliuag,

Bulacan in times of calamities and disasters to ensure the safety of families. This study

used a quantitative research design. The researchers also utilized the survey

questionnaire for Architecture students.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

From the various related literature and studies gathered by the researcher, it is

said that like the proposed evacuation center it is best if we use the right material for

every construction, a right floor plan for a specific facility, a right handling of fund in

order to identify, quantify and realize the project successfully without sacrificing or

compromising the strength, durability and quality of the building. It is also important that

in the related literature and studies the aforementioned data about surveying and

identifying the target population is a must to give a satisfactory result in planning and

building the evacuation center, allotting the right space requirements and keeping in line

with the standards of building practice. The use of visualization such as rendered
materials and miniature surely help the researcher to be able to adjust and furtherly

improve the proposed evacuation center.

Research Gap

Based on the review of the related literature and studies, it was shown that no

researcher has previously conducted a study in the providing and designing a storm

resilient, durable and reliable evacuation center in San Esteban, Poblacion, although

there are plans and funds ready in constructing it, but the sense of breaking a

conventional way of plans and construction of an evacuation center is still not evident in

their planning, working drawings and vision in the future of their constituents.

NOTES

1. E. Zea Escamilla, G. Habert,

Global or local construction materials for post-disaster reconstruction?
Sustainability assessment of twenty post-disaster shelter designs,
Building and Environment,
Volume 92,
2015,
Pages 692-702,
ISSN 0360-1323,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.05.036.

2. Jessica Boakye, Colleen Murphy, Paolo Gardoni, Ramesh Kumar,

Which consequences matter in risk analysis and disaster assessment?,
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,
Volume 71,
2022,
102740,
ISSN 2212-4209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102740.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420921007019)

3. The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations:

A systematic review of literature

Mia A. Benevolenza &LeaAnne DeRigne

Pages 266-281 | Published online: 10 Oct 2018

https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1527739

4. Roman Hoffmann, Raya Muttarak,

Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future: Impacts of Education and Experience
on Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines and Thailand,
World Development,
Volume 96,
2017,
Pages 32-51,
ISSN 0305-750X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.016.

5. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaabe/9/1/9_1_215/_article/-char/ja/

. Yixuan Wei, Longzhe Jin, Mingwei Xu, Song Pan, Yifei Xu, Yihong Zhang,
Instructions for planning emergency shelters and open spaces in China: Lessons
from global experiences and expertise,
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,
Volume 51,
2020,
101813,
ISSN 2212-4209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101813.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420920313157)

6. Sritart H, Miyazaki H, Kanbara S, Hara T. Methodology and Application of

Spatial Vulnerability Assessment for Evacuation Shelters in Disaster Planning.
Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7355. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187355
7. Rodriguez, R. ., Anano, A. ., Salamanes, S. R. ., Pardo, C. J. ., Ballinan Jr., C., &
Bahana, M. . (2020). Proposed Evacuation Center in Tacloban City,
Leyte. Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1). Retrieved from
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/2539

8. Vadlit, E. ., Dizon, C. ., Gavanes, J. ., Desio, G. P. ., Tolentino, K. I. T., Aguinaga,

A. D. ., & Bahana, M. . (2020). Proposed Evacuation Center in Baliuag,
Bulacan. Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal
of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1). Retrieved from
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1024

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN

Methodology

This chapter describes the research method and design how the study will be

conducted. In addition, this chapter will also identify the respondents of the study and

the methods on how data will be collected.

Research Method
 The research method used in this research is a descriptive quantitative research

method which allows the researcher to interview and identifying the possible site. The

researcher will visit said site for inspection and analysis to be able to create a design

accurate with the measurement of the site and after considering the identified factors.

Research Design

The descriptive quantitative research design is used I this research in a manner

of a case study method which the researcher collects data and information including the

past years on how the barangay San Esteban cope-up, react, provide the needs of the

constituents, how they control the damages, preventive measures they use, and how

they coordinate with the higher official in times of nature threat.

Collection of Data

Data is pre-handed and provided by the barangay council, barangay health

workers, and the secretary of the barangay to the researcher who handles all the data

and information of the barangay. They recently conducted a house to house monitoring

and data gathering on how the families are affected by frequent flooding. The

researcher will identify the affected areas and individuals as well as their gender and

age bracket which a necessary in the design process of the evacuation center.
Interview

Data will be gathered in a semi structured interview which combines a pre-

determined set of open questions (questions that prompt discussion) with the

opportunity for the interviewer to explore particular themes or responses further.

Administration of Interview

The interview session took place in the barangay hall with the researcher and the

barangay captain, barangay secretary and several barangay kagawad which has the

prior knowledge in the research topic. They are provided with a pre-determined

questions which allows them to gather data in their desk and interpret, provide opinions

and suggestions, give facts and unbiased proposition.

Survey

Since the researcher was handed with the necessary data in the population, he

put the work in surveying the site to which the barangay envisioned their evacuation

area to be constructed.

Administration of Survey

The researcher surveyed the area, visiting the frequently flooded areas, the

structures of their houses, the possible site where the evacuation center can be

constructed.
Site Visit & Analysis

After the interview and identifying the possible site, the researcher will visit

said site for inspection and analysis to be able to create a design accurate with the

measurement of the site and after considering the identified factors.

TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE (2020 CENSUS)

TABLE 2. CIVIL STATUS OF HOUSHOLD HEADS

TABLE 3. TYPE OF HOUSE STRUCTURE

TABLE 4.

DISAGGREGATED DATA BY AGE

TABLE 5. DISAGGREGATED HIGH RISK POPULATION FOR FLOOD

Statistical Tools

Frequency Count. This is the tabulated answers per question of the

respondents.

Percentage Techniques. To determine which options are more common among

the respondents, percentage shall be used. The formula is:

F
P= x 100
N

Where: P = percentage

F = frequency
 N = total number of respondents

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-NUMBERS OF
AFFECTED
POPULATION -INTERVIEW
-STORM
-AGE BRACKET -SITE VISIT & RESILIENT,
AND GENDER ANALYSIS DURABLE,
STRONG AND
-SITE LOCATION & -DESIGN
SAFE
CONDITION CONSULTATION
EVACUATION
-DESIGN CENTER
STANDARDS AND
BUILDING LAW

Figure 1.

Theoretical Framework

Disaster Theory

According to Yong-kyun Kim and Hong-Gyoo Sohn (2017), “disaster” is defined

as “a status of community or nation’s being seriously damaged by natural, technological

or social cause and difficult to recover from the damage with its own resources,

requiring the whole community to cope together.”

Disaster Vulnerability Theory

 For Michael Zakour and David Gillespie (2012), Disaster vulnerability theory

explains the susceptibility of certain individuals, groups, and communities to heightened

losses in a natural disaster. Applying the theory in terms of building structure, a

structure is vulnerable if any damage produces consequences that are disproportionate

to that damage; conversely, a structure is robust if it can withstand arbitrary damage

(David Blockley, 1999).

User-Centered Theory

A theory of design that places users at the center of technology development in

an iterative, recursive, and collaborative process (IGI Global). User-centered or user-

centric design was popularized by Donald Norman and Stephen Draper in 1986

(Contentful).

Protection Motivation Theory

Protection motivation theory according to RW Rogers (1975) proposes that

people protect themselves based on two factors: threat appraisal and coping appraisal.

Threat appraisal assesses the severity of the situation and examines how serious the

situation is, while coping appraisal is how one responds to the situation. Threat

appraisal consists of the perceived severity of a threatening event and the perceived

probability of the occurrence, or vulnerability. Coping appraisal consists of perceived

response efficacy, or an individual's expectation that carrying out the recommended

action will remove the threat, and perceived self-efficacy, or the belief in one's ability to

execute the recommended courses of action successfully (Scholarly Community

Encyclopedia).
 Emergency Management Theory

According to Jensen (2013), Emergency management is the study of how

humans and their institutions interact and cope with hazards, vulnerabilities, and

resulting events (i.e., emergencies, disasters, catastrophes, and complex humanitarian

crises), particularly through activities related to preparedness, response, recovery, and

mitigation.”

Resilience Theory

For Dr. Janet Ledesma (2014), resilience as “the ability to bounce back from

adversity, frustration, and misfortune.” Resilience is a strategy to enhance the ability of a

building, facility, or community to both prevent damage and to recover from damage

(National Institute of Building Sciences).

If the theory does not qualify to

Theoretical Paradigm support the research and the
prediction didn’t seem to go as it
was, a new theory will be
observed.

THEORY
Observing the result of the
Theories related to the topic
application of the theories if the
that will help build the
prediction goes right or the
foundation of the research
other way
 PREDICTION
OBSERVATION

Applying the theories in the what will be the possible

research and waiting for the outcome of the research if we
result through an observation incorporate those theories
APPLICATION

NOTES

1. Bhandari, P. (June 19, 2020). Scribbr. What is qualitative research?

Methods and examples. Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research/

2. Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods. (2nd ed).

Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from

 https://nexosarquisucr.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/architecturalresearchm

ethods-groat_wang.pdf

3. Partha, SM., & Patnayaka, R. (July 15, 2015). Simulation in architectural

research. Chitkara University. 3 (1), p. 13. Retrieved from

https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/658899.pdf

4. Partha, SM., & Patnayaka, R. (July 15, 2015). Simulation in architectural

research. Chitkara University. 3 (1), p. 16.

https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/658899.pdf

5. Delve. Semi structured interviews definition. Retrieved from

https://delvetool.com/blog/semi-structured

6. McCombes, S. (August 20, 2019). Scribbr. Survey research. Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/survey-research/

7. FormPlus. Self-administered survey: types, uses. Retrieved from

https://www.formpl.us/blog/self-administered-survey

8. QuestionPro. Close ended questions. Retrieved from

https://www.questionpro.com/close-ended-questions.html

9. Kim, Y., & Sohn, HG. (July 11, 2017). Disaster Theory. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123823/

10. Gillespie, D., & Zakour, M. (August 2012). Community disaster vulnerability:

theory, research, and practice. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287383986_Community_Disaster_
 Vulnerability_Theory_Research_and_Practice#:~:text=urban%20risk

%20management.-,...,Zakour%20and%20Gillespie%2C%202012)%20.

11. Blockley, DI. (September 1999). A theory of structural vulnerability.

Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259339289_A_Theory_of_Structur

al_Vulnerability#:~:text=A%20structure%20is%20vulnerable%20if,it%20can

%20withstand%20arbitrary%20damage.

12. IGI Global. What is user-centered theory. Retrieved from https://www.igi-

global.com/dictionary/usability-user-centered-theory-21st/38367

13. Contentful. User-centric design, explained. Retrieved from

https://www.contentful.com/blog/contentful-user-centric-research-panel/

#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Cuser%2Dcentric%20design,design

%20more%20effective%20computer%20interfaces.

14. Scholarly Community Encyclopedia. Protection motivation theory.

Retrieved from

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