PHẦN 26 CÂU

1. What can be the pre-modifier of a NP in English? Ex?

2. What can be the post-modifier of a NP in English? Ex?

3. State the differences between a basic and complex NP? Ex?

4. what are syntactic functions of a Noun phrase in English? Ex

5. A noun phrase in English might contain more than one finite clause. True or False?
Ex?

6. How can English verbs be classified?

7. In term of verb complementation, what is the diference between an intensive and

intransitive verb? Ex

8. What can be Co? Ex?

9. Semantically, the object can work as the S of the object complement in the SVOC
structure?

10. what are syntactic functions of a non-finite verb phrase? Ex?

11, In terms of syntactic functions , a noun phrase and a verb phrase might have
something in common. True or False? Example?

12, All adjective in English are central. True or false? Example?

13, The head of all phrases belong to open class items. True or false? Example?

14, The adjective phrase and noun phrase have nothing in common. True or false?
Example?

15, The preposition complement is realized differently. True or false? Example?

16, A preposition phrase might contain more than one finite clause. True or false?
Example?

17, what can be the S,O,C,A in English sentence? Example?

18. The subject in English can be mobile. T or F? Ex?

19. The SV concord is regulated by different principles. T or F? Ex?

20. In terms of sematic roles, the subject and object have nothing in common. T or F?
Ex?

21. From two given clauses, we can combine them both coordi nately and subordinately.
T or F? Ex?

22. Can ellipsis be applied to all sentences elements? Ex?

23. Syntactically, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause? Ex?

24. Structurally, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause? Ex?

25. A non finite clause never goes with it own subjects. True or false? Ex.

26. What are the differences between a norminal clause and an adverbial clause? ex.

1. What can be the pre-modifier of a NP in English? Ex?

Ex:

- Inclusives: all, both, half: all the books

- Multipliers: double, twice, three times: double your salary

- Fractions: one-third, two-fifths: one-third of this book

- Article: a, an, the: an old man, the book

- Possessive: my, yours, his, her, their: my house, my brother

- Demonstrative: this, that, these, those: this book, these boys

- Interrogative: who, which, that: which color, whose books

- Indefinite: some, any, every, each: some milk, any car, every student, each book

- Quantifier: much: much water, much hair

- Numeral: one, two, three: one book, two books

First, second, third: first book, second book

- Quantifiers: many, little, few: many books, few apples

A lot of, good deal of, a great number of : a lot of books, a great deal of oil
2. What can be the post-modifier of a NP in English? Ex?

- post-modification by adverbs/ prepositional phrase

+ place: the man in the car/ at the desk

+ time: the meeting on Tuesday

+ manner: a man of four children

- post-modification by non-finite verbs

+ to V: appositive: their hope to become teachers

Descriptive: the last bus to arrive

+ V-ing: the man standing there

+ V-ed: the words underlined

- post-modification by relative clauses

+ restrictive (essential in4; head noun; wider choice of relative pronouns)

Ex: the man who you met.

+ non-restrictive ( additional in4; Head noun; narrower choice of relative pronouns)

Ex: Mr John, who you met the other day

3. State the differences between a basic and complex NP? Ex?

- a basic noun phrase and a complex NP differ in that while a BNP needs pre-modified of
closed system items

- A complex NP need pre-modified of both closed system items and open class items

- Besides, a CNP also needs post modifier

4. what are syntactic functions of a Noun phrase in English? Ex

- S: My mother is a teacher
- Od: They like football.

- Oi: We gave our friend a book

- Cs: M father is a university lecturer.

- Co: They elected him chairman

- Cpre: On the way, we looked at it

- App: My friend, a teacher, will come soon.

- A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach

- Cadj: The game isn’t worth the candle

5. A noun phrase in English might contain more than one finite clause. True or
False? Ex?

It is true.

Eg: The man who I loved and who I sactified my life to is not the father of my children.

6. How can English verbs be classified?

* According to their functions of these items in the same verb phrase, there are two kinds
of E verbs

- Lexical verbs are those verbs that denote action or state.

E.g..: We speak Vietnamese. (action)

She looks tired today. (state)

- Auxiliary verbs are those that help complete the meaning of the verbs phrase. You can
go there now. We’re learning a new lesson.

* According to their abilities to be used in the progressive form. Verbs are classified in 2:
stative and dynamic.

- Stative verb is one that expresses state, experience, condition .... It has no continuous
forms, expressing:
+ Feelings and emotion: admire, hate, appreciate, desire, like, dislike, mind,....

+ Thinking and believing: argue, mean, realize, see

+ Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish

+ Perception and senses: perceive, recognize, see, hear, feel, taste

+ Being, seeming, having, owning: be, appear, become, seem, look, own

+ States and conditions: concern, contain, hold, consist, keep,.....

→ E.g..: She knows me/ She is weak

- Dynamic verb is one that indicates an action or single event, has continuous form.

→ E.g..: They’re singing/ She learns English

* According to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the
clause. We classify verb in 5.

- Intensive verbs take Cs or A(obligatory) (sentence types SVC and SVA)

E.g..: He is in the garden.

- Intransitive verbs: with zero complementation (sentence type SV)

E.g..: He arrived.

- Monotransitive verbs: takes one object (sentence pattern: SVO)

E.g..: He wrote a letter

- Ditransitive verbs: take two objects (sentence type S-V-O-O)

E.g..: He gave me his book

- Complex transitive verbs: take Od Co or Od A (sentence types SVOC and SVOA)

+ With SVOC type

E.g..: I think life to be thus/ I have my hair cut/ I grow my hair long.

+ With SVOA type

E.g..: They put him in a good position./ They hit him on the head
7. In term of verb complementation, what is the diference between an intensive and
intransitive verb? Ex

- In terms of verb complementation, an intensive verb often takes Cs and A as its

complementation.

For example: I slept well last night.

- While an intransitive verb takes zero complementation though sometimes it has A of

time or manner its optional complementation on.

For example: We are students.

8. What can be Co? Ex?

An object complement can be a noun phrase, adjective phrase, finite clause, non-finite
clause.

Eg:

- Noun phrase: Shan named John the new manager.

- Adj phrase: We considered him worthy.

- Finite clause: They chose the candidate who was best.

- Non-finite clause: They let us go out.

9. Semantically, the object can work as the S of the object complement in the SVOC
structure?

It is true.

Eg: He made me angry (SVOCo)

I was angry (SVCs)

10. what are syntactic functions of a non-finite verb phrase? Ex?

Syntactically, a non-finite verb phrase can function as: S, O, C, A, App, Cprep, Cadj, …

Eg: To learn E takes us much time.

 S

She enjoyed fooling around at weekends.

My duty was to wake him up at 6.

Cs

She made us work hard all the time.

Co

To get more money, he took an extra job.

His dream, to conquer her heart, has never been materialized.

App

I am fond of reading sci-fi books.

Cprep

It is important to be there on time.

Cadj

11, In terms of syntactic functions , a noun phrase and a verb phrase might have
something in common. True or False? Example?

It's true

They can both take the syntactic functions as: S, O, C, A, App, Cprep, Cadj

Example:

12, All adjective in English are central. True or false? Example?

It's false

- Majority of adjectives in English are central.

Example: He is tall/ shipid / clever

He is a tall/shipid /clever boy

- However, some are attributive only

Example: He is a perfect fool

She is my old friend

- And some are predicative only

Example: the house ablaze

She is afraid

13, The head of all phrases belong to open class items. True or false? Example?

It's false. The head of prepositional phrase belongs to closed-system item.

Example: She informed the boy of the terrifying news

He gave whoever came to the door whatever he had

14, The adjective phrase and noun phrase have nothing in common. True or false?
Example?

Syntactically, both noun phrase and adjective phrase can functions as:

+) Subject: He is poor

The poor have the own worry

+) Cs: I made him my husband

+) Co: I told you a story

+) O:

15, The preposition complement is realized differently. True or false? Example?

It’s true. It can be realized by noun phrase, V-ing particle clause, Wh-internogative
clause, Yes No- internogative clause, nominal relative clause, adverb
Example:

a. Noun phrases:

He was surprised at her remark.

b. -Ing participle clauses:

He was surprised at her saying that.

c, Wh- interrogative clauses:

He was surprised at what she said.

d, Yes/no interrogative clauses:

It depended on whether he would win the match or not

e, Nominal relative clauses:

I was interested in whatever he was saying at the time.

f. Adv: Since then, I’ve been very happy.

16, A preposition phrase might contain more than one finite clause. True or false?
Example?

It’s true. It depended on who you were and what you had done

Example:

17, what can be the S,O,C,A in English sentence? Example?

Noun phrase, non-finite clause, finite clause can be the S,C,O,A in english sentence.

Example:

S: My brother is a teacher of english

O:She asked my sister some interesting questions

C: My plan was becoming a doctor

A: When in Rome do as Rome does

18. The subject in English can be mobile. T or F? Ex?

- It is true. Ex: She is a doctor.

Is she a teacher?

Here is my pet.

19. The SV concord is regulated by different principles. T or F? Ex?

It is true. Ex:

a. Grammatical concord (formal)

- S singular + V sing (V-s/was): He likes football

- S plural + V plur (V/were): They like football

b. Notional concord (meaning)

- S= nominal relative clause+ Vsing: What he says isn’t true.

+ Vplur: What they like best are tea and coffee.

- S= collective+ Vplur: The government are having a rest.

+ Vsing: The government has approved of his plan.

- S=co-ordinated NPs + Vplur (non-apposiitional): His mom and his dad

were there with him. (2 different entities)

+ Vsing: His mom and (at the same time) his dad
was there with him. (same entity)

- S=none + Vsing (non-count N): None of it has been done.

+ Vplu (plu. count N): None of them have come.

c. Concord by proximity

- In set phrases: One in ten take drugs

None of them agree to go

- In existential sentence with “there”: There are 2 chairs and a desk there

There is a desk and 2 chairs there.

- With either…or…: Either your brakes or your eyesight was a fault.

 Either your eyesight or your brakes were at fault.

20. In terms of sematic roles, the subject and object have nothing in common. T or
F? Ex?

- It is false. Semantically, they can both be:

+ Affected: The door is opened – He opened the door.

+ Instrumental: He wrote with a pen – The pen wrote very well.

+ Recepient: I sent him a letter – He got the letter.

21. From two given clauses, we can combine them both coordi nately and
subordinately. T or F? Ex?

- It is true. Ex: Man proposes but God disposes (coordinately).

Although man proposes, God disposes (subordinately).

He is old but he is still avtive.

He is still active although he old.

22. Can ellipsis be applied to all sentences elements? Ex?

- Yes, it can. The ellipsis of:

+ S: I came home, had dinner and went to bed.

+ V: He is studying and I am, too.

+ SV: They gave him a book and me a pen.

+ O: Do you like cake? Yes, I do.

+ C: He is a student and I am, too.

+ A: They are at school and we are, too.

23. Syntactically, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause? Ex?

- Syntatically, a finite clause differs from a non-finite clause one in that there is SV
concore in a finite clause but a non-finite clause doesn’t have.
- Ex: She went to school on foot (finite clause).

When going to school, she bumped into an old friend (non-finite clause).

24. Structurally, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause? Ex?

- Structurally, a finite clause differs from a non-finite clause one in that a finite clause
always goes with its own subject but a non-finite clause one doesn’t.

- Ex: To improve her English (non-finite clause), she took an intensive course at the
Language Link ( finite clause).

25. A non finite clause never goes with it own subjects. True or false? Ex.

it's false. A non-finite clause sometimes goes with its own subjects. For example:

⁃ (To eat healthy) is important.

⁃ ( With her aunt going out), Mary turned on the TV.

⁃ (Running through the park), she felt a sense of freedom.

26. What are the differences between a norminal clause and an adverbial clause? ex.

The main differences between a nominal clause and an adverbial clause lie in their
functions and the type of information they provide within a sentence.

1. Nominal Clause:

- A nominal clause functions as a noun within a sentence, typically serving as the subject,
object, or complement.

- It can be introduced by words like "that," "whether," or "if."

- Example: "I believe [that she is a talented singer]." (Here, the nominal clause "[that she
is a talented singer]" serves as the direct object of the verb "believe.")

2. Adverbial Clause:

- An adverbial clause functions as an adverb within a sentence, providing information

about time, place, manner, condition, purpose, etc.
- It can be introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "when," "where," "how,"
"because," "if," etc.

- Example: "She will go to the concert [if she gets the tickets]." (Here, the adverbial
clause "[if she gets the tickets]" provides information about the condition under which
she will go to the concert.)

Phần 18 câu đã paraphrase

C27: WHAT ARE THE MAIN FORMS OF E VERBS? E.G. (c8 tr6)

C28: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A ADJ.P? (c14)

C29: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A PREP.P? (sgk 85-86)

C30: WHAT CAN BE THE S? (sgk 93+c40)

C31: WHAT CAN BE THE OD? (sgk 94+ c40)

C32: WHAT CAN BE THE OI?

C33: WHAT CAN BE THE CS? (sgk 95+ c40)

C34: WHAT CAN BE THE ADVERBIAL? (sgk 95-96)

C35: HOW ARE CLAUSES IN E CLASSIFIED?

C27: WHAT ARE THE MAIN FORMS OF E VERBS? E.G. (c8 tr6)

a, Base form:
- Imperative form: Be quiet./ Give me your book./ Go away.

- All the present tense except the third person singular: They work hard.

- After modal auxiliary verb: I can cook.

- As object complement: He made me cry.

S V O Co

- In subjunctive sentences: He orders that we be here at 7./ it’s necessary that he get
married.

b, -s form with the third person singular present tense: He goes to work every day.

c, -ing participle form:

Progressive form or perfect progressive aspect: He is reading my letter.

-Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping.

d, Past formularized : used in the past tense: She phoned me yesterday.

e, -ed/-en participle form (P2):

- Perfective aspect: I have finished my work.

- Passive voice: He’s called John.

- -Ed participle clause: Given a present, she was happy.

C28: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A ADJ.P? (c14)

- As subject: The rich have the own worry. (thầy Trung)

- As subject complement: They were expert at grammar. (sgk 95)

- As object: They will help only the humble poor. (sgk 68)

- As object complement: We found him innocent of all charges. (sgk 95)

C29: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A PREP.P? (sgk 85-86)

a, Adverbial:

- Within the clause structure, prepositional phrase may function as follows:

* Adjunct:

- Obligatory: The meeting will be on Monday./ They were in the car then.

- Optional: In 1945, two million people died of hunger./ In the car the fought fiercely.

* Disjunct: In general, this is a difficult matter.

To my surprise, the doctor phoned.

* Conjunct: In addition, doing exercise can help us reduce stress.

On the other hand, they made no attempt to the the victors.

b, Other functions:

* Post-modifier in a noun phrase:

E.g.: The people on the bus were dancing.

This is a problem of great significance.

* Complementation of a verb:

E.g.: We depend on you.

We’re looking for the little boy.

I am looking after an adorable cat.

* Complementation of an adjective.

E.g.: I am sorry for his parents.

Vietnam is famous for food, natural beauty and culture.

C30: WHAT CAN BE THE S? (sgk 93+c40)

- NP: My brother is a teacher of E./ Where does your poor old mother live?

- Nominal clause:

+ Non-finite: It is easy to learn grammar.

Run away was that we can do then.

It is no use crying over the milk spilt.

+ Finite: That he is the best student of this group is widely accepted.

Who will go there is a question.

Whoever went there was given a small book.

Whether he’ll help us or not is not certain yet.

- Adj.P (dựa vào c14 th trung): The rich have the own worry.

C31: WHAT CAN BE THE OD? (sgk 94+ c40)

- NP: We know this man./ She asked some interesting questions.

- Nominal clause:

+) Non-finite:

+ “To” infinitive: She likes to dance then.

+ -Ing participle: We like singing the song in the group.

+) Finite:

+ “That” clause: We know that you are rich.

+ “Wh-” clause: I didn’t know why you didn’t love me.

+ Nominal rel.cl: I can’t understand whatever he says.

+ Yes/no interrogative: Do you know if he can swim?

C32: WHAT CAN BE THE OI?

- NP: We gave our friend a book.

- Nominal rel.cl: They gave whoever went there a present.

C33: WHAT CAN BE THE CS? (sgk 95+ c40)

- NP: He is my brother.

- Adj.P: They were expert at grammar.

- Nominal clause: The question is that he is still single.

The question is where we will go after the class.

What he likes is not whatever I like.

The question is if he can cope with the situation.

My job was to remind him of his duty.

What we ought to do is repeat what he says.

Her dream was becoming a good translator.

- Adj.Cl: They were busy attending the course.

I’m sure that they will succeed.

C34: WHAT CAN BE THE ADVERBIAL? (sgk 95-96)

- Adv: He went there yesterday./ She’s now upstairs.

- Prep.P/ NP: They were in the car then.

Next week, she will go camping./ Last week we telephoned him. (c4)

- Finite clause: You can hang it wherever you like.

- Non finite clause: He’s nowhere to be seen.

- Verbless clause: When in Rome do as Rome does.

C35: HOW ARE CLAUSES IN E CLASSIFIED?

1, According to usages: 2 kinds

- Main clause (superordinate clause/independent clause)

- Sub-clause (subordinate clause/dependent clause)

E.g.: I know that you’re honest. (2 gạch là sub, 1 gạch là main; sgk tr11 để rõ hơn)

What he likes isn’t what I likes

2, Structural classification: 3 kinds (sgk 135+ppt thầy Trung)

a, Finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase

- That clauses: It’s obvious that he’s honest.

- Wh-interrogative clauses: I don’t know who he is.

- Adverbial clauses: When I have time, I’ll go there.

- Relative clauses: The man who went there didn’t know this.

b, Non-finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase

(vd 1 là WITHOUT S, vd 2 là WITH S)

- Infinitive:

+ “To” infinitive NFCl: To learn E is difficult.

It’s difficult for us to learn English.

+ Bare infinitive NFCl: Run away is what I could do then.

He made me cry.

- Participle:

+ V-ing: Going home, I did some shopping

The teacher being ill, we missed our lesson.

+ V-ed: Given a beautiful present, she was very happy.

The letter written by my friend is difficult to read.

c, Verbless clause: a clause whose verb element is absent

E.g.: Tired of the lecture, he fell fast asleep./ She stayed at home jobless./ He went to bed
angry.

3, According to the syntactic function of subclause: 4 kinds (sgk 136-142 + c40)

a, Nominal clause: is a clause that performs nominal function as S, O, C

- “That” clause: That he is the best student of this group is widely accepted.

- “Wh-” clause: Who will go there is a question.

- Nominal rel.cl: Whoever went there was given a small book.

- Yes/no interr: Do you know if he can swim? (Od)

- “To” infinitive: It is easy to learn grammar.

- Bare infinitive: Run away was what we could do then.

-Ing participle: It is no use crying over the milk spilt.

b, Relative clause:

- Restrictive clause: The man who was standing at the door is my brother.

- Non-restrictive clause: I gave my book to John, who you met yesterday.

- Connective-relative clause: He failed the exam, which made his parent unhappy.

c, Comment clause:

- An adjunct: As all of you know, this story is a legend.

- A disjunct: To be honest, he is very stingy.

- A conjunct: What’s more important, you have to go out.

d, Adverbial clause: (tr 25+30)

- After having breakfast, he went to school.

- They went wherever they could find work

- If he comes, I’ll kiss him.

PHẦN 20 CÂU

I, What are the types of sentences, structurally? Their features? Give some
examples

II, What are the communicative types of sentences? Their features? Give some
examples

III, What are the common ways of expressing the subject? Give some examples.

IV, What are the basic sentence elements ? Their features? Give some examples

V, What are adjuncts? Their syntactic features? Give some examples.

VI, What are conjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.

VII, What are disjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.

VIII, What Are Complements? Their categories and functions? Give some
examples

IX, What are the possible forms of the Subject Complement? Give some examples.

X, What are the possible forms of the Object Complement? Give some examples
XI, What are the kinds of verb complementation? Give some examples.

XII, What Is a Noun Clause (or Nominal Clause)? Give some examples.

XIII, According to verb phrase structure (structurally), What are the kinds of
clause? Give some examples.

XIV, What is an adverbial clause? Its main types? Give some examples.

XVII, What is a premodifier? Give some examples

XVIII, What are the syntactic functions of “to-infinitive”? Give some examples

XIX, What are the syntactic functions of “noun phrases”? Give some examples

XX, What is the structure of the complex noun phrase? its features? Give some
examples.

I, What are the types of sentences, structurally? Their features? Give some
examples

Structurally, sentences can be classified into four types: simple sentences,

compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.

1. Simple Sentences:

- Features: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, which means it

contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

- Example: "She ran to catch the bus."

2. Compound Sentences:

- Features: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses

joined together by coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or) or semicolons.

- Example: "I went to the store, and my friend stayed home."

3. Complex Sentences:

- Features: A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
- Example: "Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk."

4. Compound-Complex Sentences:

- Features: A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent

clauses and at least one dependent clause.

- Example: "I went to the store, but I forgot to bring my wallet because I was in a
hurry."

II, What are the communicative types of sentences? Their features? Give
some examples

- According to communicative functions (purposes of utterances), there are 4

types of sentence
+ Statements (Declarative): usually with the word order: S-V
- Affirmative: I’ll speak to him tonight. (+)
- Negative: I won’t speak to him. (-)
+ Questions (Interrogative): Normally with the inversion of the first
auxiliary verb or modal verb - called the operator - and the subject.
Ex: Do you like cat?
+ Commands (imperative): sentences which have no overt grammatical
subject and whose verb element is in imperative:
V
or Don’t + V
- Without subject: Be careful.
Don’t be silly.
- With subject: Someone open the door.
Don’t someone open the door.
- With ‘let’ Let’s go.
Let him know.
+ Exclamations: sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by
“what” or “how” without the inversion of subject and operator.
How + adj/adv + S + V! How beautiful she is!
What +NP + S +V! What a beautiful girl she is!
III, What are the common ways of expressing the subject? Give some
examples.

The subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that performs the action or is
being described in the sentence. Here are some common ways of expressing the
subject:

1. Noun:

- A noun can directly serve as the subject of a sentence.

- Example: "John is going to the park."

2. Pronoun:

- A pronoun can replace a noun as the subject.

- Example: "She is going to the park."

3. Gerund:

- A gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, can act
as the subject.

- Example: "Swimming is her favorite hobby."

4. Infinitive:

- An infinitive, which is the base form of a verb preceded by "to," can function as
the subject.

- Example: "To learn is essential for personal growth."

5. Noun Phrase:

- A noun phrase, which consists of a noun and any accompanying words or

modifiers, can serve as the subject.

- Example: "The tall man with a hat is my uncle."

6. Clause:

- A clause, which is a group of words with a subject and a predicate, can function
as the subject.
- Example: "What she said made me laugh."

IV, What are the basic sentence elements ? Their features? Give some
examples

The basic sentence elements are:

1. Subject:

- The subject is the noun or pronoun that performs the action or is being described
in the sentence.

- Example: "Mary is reading a book."

2. Predicate:

- The predicate is the part of the sentence that contains the verb and provides
information about the subject.

- Example: "Mary is reading a book."

3. Object:

- The object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb or is
affected by it.

- Example: "Mary is reading a book."

4. Complement:

- The complement is a word or phrase that completes the meaning of the subject or
the object.

- Example: "She is a talented singer." (Here, "a talented singer" is the complement
of the subject "she.")

5. Adverbial:

- The adverbial is a word or phrase that provides additional information about the
verb, such as time, place, manner, or condition.

- Example: "He swims in the pool every morning." (Here, "in the pool every
morning" is the adverbial.)
6. Modifier:

- The modifier is a word or phrase that provides additional description or detail

about another element in the sentence.

- Example: "The big, red car is parked outside." (Here, "big" and "red" are
modifiers of the noun "car.")

V, What are adjuncts? Their syntactic features? Give some examples.

- An adjunct is a word (or group of words) that can be removed from a

sentence without making the sentence grammatically wrong. For example:
EX: She danced brilliantly.
- Syntactic features of adjuncts
(1) Can come within the scope of predication pro-forms or predi-cation
ellipsis
Ex: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
 John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob
(2) Can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as only
Ex: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour and not for longer')
(3) They can be the focus of additive adverbials such as also
Ex: They will also meet afterwards ('afterwards in addition to some other
time')
(4) They can be the focus of a cleft sentence
Ex: It was when we were in Paris that I first saw John

VI, What are conjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.

1. A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses.

There are many conjunctions in the English language.

 Conjuncts are not part of the basic structure of clause or sentence.

2. There are three basic types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating,

correlative

 Coordinating conjunctions: This type of conjunction is used to connect items

that are grammatically equal:

+ Two word: (Eg: I don’t like to run or swim.)

+ Two phrases: (Eg: The dog wagged his tail and panted excitedly.)

+ Two independent clauses: (Eg: Today Jane Austen is one of the most widely read
English novelists, but she achieved little fame during her lifetime.)

 Subordinating conjunctions: This type of conjunction includes words like

because, if, although, since, until, and while. A subordinating conjunction is
used to introduce a dependent clause ( also known as a subordinate clause).

Eg: Because i woke up late this morning, i went to school without eating breakfast.

Although the weather was bad, she still went to school yesterday.

 Correlative conjunctions: This type of conjunction always come in a pair and

is used to join grammatically equal elements in a sentence,

Eg: Her book on the Vietnam War drew not only from interviews with other
survivors but also from her own experiences in the conflict.

VII, What are disjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.

1. In English grammar, a disjunct is a type of sentence adverb that comments on

the content or manner of what is being said or written. It is a word or phrase that
explicitly expresses the stance of a speaker or writer. There are also called sentence
adjuncts or sentence modifiers.

2. There are two kinds of disjuncts:

-Style disjuncts express comments by speakers on the style or manner in which

they are speaking.

Eg: Frankly, you have no chance of winning ( It means: I am telling you this
frankly)

She won’t be there, because she told me so. ( It means: I know that because
she told me so.)

-Content disjuncts comment on the content of what is being said. The most
common express degrees of certainty and doubt as to what is being said.

Eg: Perhaps you can help me.

Obviously, she has no wish to help us.

VIII, What Are Complements? Their categories and functions? Give some
examples

1 . Definition: In English, a complement is a word or a group of words that completes the

meaning of a part of the sentence. It is essential to the meaning of the part it
complements; it is needed to render the meaning the sentence intends to give.

2. There are five main categories of complements:

1. Subject complement: a subject complement is a word or a group of words (phrase or
clause) that either renames the subject or modifies it. It comes after a linking verb and
identifies the subject.

Eg: My father is a doctor.

2. Object complement: an object complement is a word or a group of words (phrase) that

comes after a direct object, identifies it, and either reanmes it or modifies it.

Eg: You proved us wrong again.

3. Adjective complement: an adjective complement is a phrase or a clause that completes

the meaning of an adjective by giving more information about it.

Eg: They were shocked to see me alive.

4. Verb complement: a verb complement is usually an object that comes after a verb and
completes its meaning.

Eg: We want more money.

5. Adverbial complement: an adverbial complement is an adverb or an adverbial that

completes the meaning of a verb. It helps the sentence renders the meaning it intends to
give.

Eg: Don’t aim for a money fight.

IX, What are the possible forms of the Subject Complement? Give some examples.

A subject complement can either be a predicate noun, a predicate pronoun, or a

predicative adjective.

 Predicate nouns serve to rename or re – identify the subject after a linking

verb. If the noun is accompanied by any direct modifiers ( such as
 determiners, adjectives, or prepositional phrases), the entire noun phrase acts
predicatively.

Eg: Tommy seems like a real bully

-Predicate pronouns: We can also use a predicate pronoun after a linking verb to
re-identify the subject. This is most common in questions and responses in which
the identity of the subject is not known or is being explained. For. example:

 Question: “Who is it?”

 Answer: “It’s me!”

We can also use predicate pronouns in declarative statements, but this is less
common in everyday speech and writing.

Eg: Her husband took all the credit, but it was she who did all the work

-Predicative adjective: is an an adjective used after a linking verb to describe or

modify the subject of the clause. For example:

 “You look nice.”

 “He is very handsome.”

When a prepositional phrase follows a linking verb (especially the verb be), it
functions in the same way as a predicative adjective to describe the subject. For
example:

 “The cat is in the shed.” (The prepositional phrase in the shed is describing
the subject the cat.)
 “I am across the street.” (The prepositional phrase across the street is
describing the subject I.)

X, What are the possible forms of the Object Complement? Give some examples

An object complement can be a noun or noun phrase, an adj or adj phrase, a

relative clause( also known as an adj clause), an infinitive or infinitive pharse, or a
participle or participle phrase.

-Nouns and noun phrases: When we use nouns as object complements, they serve
to rename or re – identify the object of factitive verbs.
Eg: The coach made Timothy team captain.

The school board appointed her superintendent.

-Adjs and adj phrases: Adjectives that function as object complements serve to
describe or modify the direct object. They must follow the direct object they are
describing. If they come before it, they are simply acting as attributive adjectives,
which are not necessary to complete the meaning of the sentence.

Eg: All he wanted was to make his husband happy.

The excitement of the day got the kids way too hyper.

-Relative clause: are dependent clauses that are introduced by relative pronouns.
Like adjectives, relative clauses serve to describe the object that they follow; for
this reason, they are often called adjective clauses.

For example:

 “Do you know someone who can work the printer?”

 “I hate the color that they painted this room.”

-Infinitives and infinitive phrases

An infinitive or infinitive phrase acts as an object complement by describing the

intended or desired action of the direct object. For example:

 “I didn’t expect you to approve.”

 “She’s forcing me to work this the weekend.”

-Participles and participle phrases:

A participle generally functions as an object complement by describing what the

direct object of a factitive verb is or was doing (as opposed to infinitives, which
describe an act that has not yet been done).

For example:

 “We came across him lying in the yard.”

 “My mother noticed the baby walking by himself.”
  “All that running around left me exhausted.”

XI, What are the kinds of verb complementation? Give some examples.

A verb complement is usually an object that comes after a verb and completes its
meaning.

There are two kinds of verb complementation:

1, Direct object: is someone or something that directly receives the action. Asing
‘what’ or ‘whom’ to verb gives you the direct object.

Eg: I love Jon.

-The sentence does not make sense or looks incomplete without object. The object
is a complement to the verb.

More examples:

- You cant beat us in the match.

- We have food for you.

- I am watching a horror movie.

2, Indirect object: is usually a person for whom an action is done. The indirect
object receives the action. We can find it by asking ‘whom’ to the verb.

-An indirect subject is always used with a direct object. It cant be used in a
sentence if the direct object is not there.

Eg: She gave John a beautiful car.

( Direct object: a beautiful kar / Indirect object: John)

XII, What Is a Noun Clause (or Nominal Clause)? Give some examples.

A noun clause is a dependent clause that takes the place of any noun in the
sentence, whether they are subjects, object, or subject complements. Noun clauses
can function as subjects, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition,
subject complement of sentences.

For example: She was saddened by what she had read.

In the sentence above, the noun clause ‘what she had read’ is being used as the
object of preposition ‘by’
((((There are two subgroups, each of which comprises a set of minor types.
a. Finite nominal clauses including:
+ That clause:
That he knows me is obvious.
+ Wh-interrogative clauses: Where he has gone is still not known.
+ Yes/no-interrogative clauses: He asked whether you knew it.
+ Nominal relative clauses: What caused the fire was only a cigarette end.
b. Non-finite clauses including:
+ To-infinitive clause (to V): It's my task to help him.
+ Bare infinitive clause (V): All we had to do was repeat what he said.
+ V-ing participle clause (V-ing): We all enjoyed watching TV.)))

XIII, According to verb phrase structure (structurally), What are the kinds of
clause? Give some examples.

According to Verb phrase structures (Structural Classification): 3.

(i) Finite clauses:
-That clauses: It's obvious that he's honest.
- Wh-interrogative clauses: I don't know who he is.
- Adverbial clauses: When I have time, I'll go there.
- Relative clauses: The man who went there didn't know this.
(ii) Non-finite clauses:
- Infinitive: to V: To help him is my task; V: Run away was all we could do.
- Participles V-ing: It's no use crying over the spilt milk.; V-ed 2: Badly injured, he
couldn't escape.
(iii) Verbless clauses:
- With adjective: Tired of the lecture, he fell fast asleep.
- With when, while, if: When in Rome do as Rome does.

XIV, What is an adverbial clause? Its main types? Give some examples.
An adverbial clause, sometimes referred to as an adverb clause, is a group of words that,
together, functions as an adverb. Unlike other types of clauses, an adverbial clause is
always a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand on its own as an independent
sentence.
Example: He bakes cake before he leaves for work every Sunday.
There are 3 main types of adverbial clauses
- finite adverbial clauses
+ clauses of time: When I last saw you, you lived in London.
+ clauses of place: They went wherever they could find work .
+ clauses of condition: he must be lying if he told you that.
+ clauses of concession: no goals were scored, though it was an exciting
game.
+ clauses of reason: I lent him the money because he badly needed it.
+ clauses of circumstance: Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall
enjoy our game.
+ clauses of manner: Please do it exactly as i asked.
+ clauses of comparison: He is younger than I am.
+ clauses of result: We planted many shrubs so that the garden soon looked
beautiful.
+ clauses of proportion and preference: The harder he worked, the happier he
felt.
- non-finte adverbial clauses
+ To-infinitive clauses: I left early in order to catch the train.
+ V-ing participle clauses: Being very suspicious, she hesitated to open the
door.
+ V-ed participle clauses: Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.
+ bare infinitive: Rather than go by their car, I’d take the slowest train.
- Verbless adverbial clauses
+ adjectival contingent clauses (without or with subordinate): If necessary,
I’ll do that again.
+ Other clauses (often with subordinator): When in Rome, do as Roman do.
XV, What is an Adjective Clause? Its kinds ? Give some examples.
An adjective clause is a multi-word adjective that includes a subject and a verb. It usually
comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words, which, like all clauses,
will include a subject and a verb.
There are 3 kinds of adjective clauses:
- Adj clauses functioning as post-modifier in NPs
+ Restrictive adjective clauses: The man who went there with him is my
brother.
+ non-restrictive adjective clauses: We met Mr Jones, who was expert at
nuclear physics.
- Sentintial adjective clauses: They have antecedents as the whole previous main
clause.
Ex: He came to see her too often, which annoyed her parents.
- Nominal adjective clauses: They are very close to the noun phrase status in that
they can perform seven (out of eight) different functions of noun phrases (S, Cs,
Od, Co, Cprep, and Oi).
Ex: We remember when we first came here. (= the time when we first came here)
XVI, What is a comment clause? Give some examples.
A comment clause are somewhat loosely related to a super-ordinate clause and may be
claused as disjuncts or conjuncts, which may occur initially, finally or medially.
Comment clauses vary in form and syntactic functions as follows:
- Like a main clause: You know, I think you’re wrong.
- Like an adverbial clause( functioning as disjunct): I’m a pacifist, as you know.
- Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct: What’s more, we lost all our belongings.
- Non-finite clauses as style disjunct: I’m not sure what to do, to be honest

XVII, What is a premodifier? Give some examples

A premodifier is the part of a noun group, adjective group, or verb group that comes
before the most important word (the head), and adds information about it.
For example in the noun group ‘the best people’, ‘the’ and ‘best’ are premodifiers.

XVIII, What are the syntactic functions of “to-infinitive”? Give some examples
Syntactically, “To-infinitive” non-finite clause has syntactic functions as following:

- Subject: To walk with boy-friend under the rain is nice.

To get a good job is my goal.

- Object: I need to wash my hair now.

- Adverbial: to get a good job, I try very hard

- Subject complement: My desire is to get a good job.

- Appositive: my dream, to get a good job, will come true

- Co: I persuaded him to give me a hand.

XIX, What are the syntactic functions of “noun phrases”? Give some examples

Functions of NP:

- S: My mother is a teacher.

- Od: They like football.

- Oi: We gave our friend a book.

- Cs: My father is a university lecturer.

- Co: They elected him chairman.

- Cpre: On the way, we looked at it.

- Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon.

- A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach.

- Cadj: The game isn’t worth the candle.

XX, What is the structure of the complex noun phrase? its features? Give some
examples.

 3 components: Premodification + Head + Postmodification

 The head: the item around which the other components cluster and which
dictates concord with other elements in the NP.
ex: a me-too product/ the man in white/ a see-through materials

+ premodification: can be: close system items and open class items

Ex:A thank-you letter (close system item)

This running water (open class item)

+ postmodification: can be : adv/prepositional phrase, NFCl, FCl (Relative Clause),

Ex: Preposition phrase: men of some wealth

Non-finite clause: The first men to come to the party.

Finite clause: Girl who are well-qualified

Adverb phrase: All the beautiful cars over there.

adjective phrase ( there is nothing new in his book/there is no one absent today)