Teaching materials: using literature in the

EFL/ ESOL classroom

By Lindsay Clandfield

Retrieved from: https://www.onestopenglish.com/methodology-tips-for-

teachers/teaching-materials-using-literature-in-the-efl/-esol-classroom/146508.article

An article discussing ways to use literature in the EFL/ESL classroom.

Literature has been a subject of study in many countries at a secondary or tertiary

level, but until recently has not been given much emphasis in the EFL/ESL
classroom. It has only been since the 1980s that this area has attracted more
interest among EFL teachers. The purpose of this article is to look at some of the
issues and ways in which literature can be exploited in the classroom. There are also
links to classroom activities and lessons with literature that you can download and
use straight away.

What is literature?

First of all, any method or approach towards using literature in the classroom must
take as a starting point the question: What is literature? The Macmillan English
Dictionary gives the following definition:

literature / noun
1. stories, poems, and plays, especially those that are considered to have
value as art and not just entertainment
(c) Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 2003
Many authors, critics and linguists have puzzled over what literature is. One broader
explanation of literature says that literary texts are products that reflect different
aspects of society. They are cultural documents which offer a deeper understanding
of a country or countries (Basnet & Mounfold 1993). Other linguists say that there is
no inherent quality to a literary text that makes a literary text, rather it is the
interpretation that the reader gives to the text (Eagleton 1983). This brings us back to
the above definition in the sense that literature is only literature if it is considered as
art.

Before doing any study of a literary text with your learners, one idea would be to ask
them what they think literature is. Attached below is a short discussion lesson you
can do with your students on the subject “What is literature?”
Why use literature?

There are many good reasons for using literature in the classroom. Here are a few:

• Literature is authentic material. It is good to expose learners to this source of

unmodified language in the classroom because they skills they acquire in
dealing with difficult or unknown language can be used outside the class.

• Literature encourages interaction. Literary texts are often rich is multiple

layers of meaning, and can be effectively mined for discussions and sharing
feelings or opinions.

• Literature expands language awareness. Asking learners to examine

sophisticated or non standard examples of language (which can occur in
literary texts) makes them more aware of the norms of language use
(Widdowson, 1975 quoted by Lazar 1993).

• Literature educates the whole person. By examining values in literary texts,

teachers encourage learners to develop attitudes towards them. These values
and attitudes relate to the world outside the classroom.

• Literature is motivating. Literature holds high status in many cultures and

countries. For this reason, students can feel a real sense of achievement at
understanding a piece of highly respected literature. Also, literature is often
more interesting than the texts found in coursebooks.

Different models of teaching literature in class

There have been different models suggested on the teaching of literature to

ESL/EFL students (Carter & Long, Lazar). How the teacher will use a literary text
depends on the model they choose.

The cultural model views a literary text as a product. This means that it is treated as
a source of information about the target culture. It is the most traditional approach,
often used in university courses on literature. The cultural model will examine the
social, political and historical background to a text, literary movements and genres.
There is no specific language work done on a text. This approach tends to be quite
teacher-centred.

The language model aims to be more learner-centred. As learners proceed through

a text, they pay attention to the way language is used. They come to grips with the
meaning and increase their general awareness of English. Within this model of
studying literature, the teacher can choose to focus on general grammar and
vocabulary (in the same way that these are presented in coursebooks for example)
or use stylistic analysis. Stylistic analysis involves the close study of the linguistic
features of the text to enable students to make meaningful interpretations of the text
– it aims to help learners read and study literature more competently.
The personal growth model is also a process-based approach and tries to be more
learner-centred. This model encourages learners to draw on their own opinions,
feelings and personal experiences. It aims for interaction between the text and the
reader in English, helping make the language more memorable. Learners are
encouraged to “make the text their own”. This model recognises the immense power
that literature can have to move people and attempts to use that in the classroom.

Attached below are two lessons which draw on a combination of the language
approach and the personal growth approach. Both are based on short texts: either
extracts or poems.

Using literature over a longer period of time – the set novel or reader

The above lesson plans are all based on short extracts or poems and can therefore
easily be used over one class period. However, there are very good reasons for
encouraging learners to read books. Extensive reading is an excellent way of
improving English, and it can be very motivating to finish an entire book in another
language. In addition, many international exams have certain optional questions on
them that pertain to set novels each year. One option that is now available to
language teachers is the wide range of simplified and inexpensive versions of literary
texts, called readers (see Onestop Shop for a list of readers for different levels).
Setting up a class library of novels and readers, if you have the resources, is an
excellent idea. Tim Bowen and Jonathan Marks, in their book Inside Teaching,
recommend the following ideas for extensive reading of literature:

• Hold brief classroom discussions on what learners have been reading

(progress reports).

• Ask learners to describe a book they like in such a way to make others want
to read it.

• Select a short novel which has been recently made into a film or TV series
with which your learners are familiar.

In addition, there is a list of general questions about novels or readers attached at

the bottom of the page that could be given for students to answer in written form
(they are based on questions from the Cambridge First Certificate Exam).

DIY literature lesson plan

In our first Methodology article on Using Literature, there were two sample lesson
plans based on an excerpt or a short story. Both followed a similar lesson plan
format, outlined below. This sort of lesson plan works well for extracts from stories,
poems or extracts from plays.
Stage one: warmer

There are two different possible routes you can take for this stage:

• Devise a warmer that gets students thinking about the topic of the extract or
poem. This could take several forms: a short discussion that students do in
pairs, a whole class discussion, a guessing game between you and the class
or a brainstorming of vocabulary around that topic.

• Devise a warmer that looks at the source of the literature that will be studied.
Find out what the students already know about the author or the times he/she
was writing in. Give the students some background information to read (be
careful not to make this too long or it will detract from the rest of the lesson;
avoid text overload!). Explain in what way this piece of literature is well-known
(maybe it is often quoted in modern films or by politicians). This sort of
warmer fits more into the cultural model of teaching literature (see Literature
in the Classroom 1)

Stage two: before reading

This stage could be optional, or it may be a part of the warmer. Preparing to read
activities include:

• Pre-teaching very difficult words (note: pre-teaching vocabulary should be

approached with caution. Often teachers “kill” a text by spending too much
time on the pre-teaching stage. Limit the amount of words you cover in this
stage. If you have to teach more than seven or eight there is a good chance
the text will be too difficult.)

• Predicting. Give students some words from the extract and ask them to
predict what happens next. If it is a play, give them a couple of lines of
dialogue and ask them to make predictions about the play.

• Giving students a “taste”. Read the first bit of the extract (with their books
closed, or papers turned over) at normal speed, even quickly. Ask students to
compare what they have understood in pairs. Then ask them to report back to
you. Repeat the first bit again. Then ask them to open the book (or turn over
the page) and read it for themselves.

Stage three: understanding the text, general comprehension

Often with extracts or poems, I like to read the whole thing to my students so that
they can get more of a “feel” for the text. With very evocative pieces of literature or
poetry this can be quite powerful. Then I let students read it to themselves. It is
important to let students approach a piece of literature the first time without giving
them any specific task other than to simply read it. One of the aims of teaching
literature is to evoke interest and pleasure from the language. If students have to do
a task at every stage of a literature lesson, the pleasure can be lost.
Once students have read it once, you can set comprehension questions or ask them
to explain the significance of certain key words of the text. Another way of checking
comprehension is to ask students to explain to each other (in pairs) what they have
understood. This could be followed up by more subjective questions (e.g.. Why do
you think X said this? How do you think the woman feels? What made him do this?)

Stage four: understanding the language

At this stage get to grips with the more difficult words in the text. See how many of
the unfamiliar words students can get from context. Give them clues.

You could also look at certain elements of style that the author has used. Remember
that there is some use in looking at non-standard forms of language to understand
the standard.

If appropriate to the text, look at the connotation of words which the author has
chosen. For example, if the text says “She had long skinny arms,” what does that
say about the author’s impression of the woman? Would it be different if the author
had written “She had long slender arms”?

Stage five: follow up activities

Once you have read and worked with your piece of literature it might naturally lead
on to one or more follow up activities. Here are some ideas:

Using poems

• have students read each other the poem aloud at the same time, checking for
each other’s pronunciation and rhythm. Do a whole class choral reading at the
end.

• Ask students to rewrite the poem, changing the meaning but not the structure.

• Ask students to write or discuss the possible story behind the poem. Who was
it for? What led to the writing of this poem?

• Have a discussion on issues the poem raised and how they relate to the
students’ lives.

Using extracts from stories or short stories

• Ask students to write what they think will happen next, or what they think
happened just before.
 • Ask students to write a background character description of one of the
characters which explains why they are the way they are.

• Ask students to imagine they are working for a big Hollywood studio who
wants to make a movie from the book. They must decide the location and
casting of the movie.

• Ask students to personalise the text by talking about if anything similar has
happened to them.

• Ask students to improvise a role play between two characters in the book.

Using extracts from plays

Most of the ideas from stories (above) could be applied here, but obviously, this
medium gives plenty of opportunity for students to do some drama in the classroom.
Here are some possibilities:

• Ask students to act out a part of the scene in groups.

• Ask students to make a radio play recording of the scene. They must record
this onto cassette. Listen to the different recordings in the last five minutes of
future classes. Who’s was the best?

• Ask students to read out the dialogue but to give the characters special
accents (very “foreign” or very “American” or “British”). This works on different
aspects of pronunciation (individual sounds and sentence rhythm).

• Ask students to write stage directions, including how to deliver lines (e.g.
angrily, breathlessly etc) next to each character’s line of dialogue. Then they
read it out loud.

• Ask students to re-write the scene. They could either modernise it (this has
been often done with Shakespeare), or imagine that it is set in a completely
different location (in space for example). Then they read out the new version.

Potential problems

Problem 1: Where do I find material?

Of course you may have a novel or book of poetry that you have been dying to use
with your students for a long time. But where can you get more material? Easy! The
internet brings you instant access to many works of literature. Use a search engine.
Usually it is enough to key in the name of the author or the book you are looking for.
Older books and plays can sometimes be found entirely on-line.

The following sites are excellent for book excerpts and stories:

• www.bookbrowse.com - a really great site which allows you to read an

excerpt from a multitude of recently published books. You can search by
author, book title or genre!
 • www.readersread.com - brings you the first chapter of many recently
published books.

Literature doesn’t have to mean “books written by dead white English or American
men”. Look for literature from other English speaking countries (there is lots and lots)
to give your students a richer variety of work written in the English language.
Bookbrowse.com (above) for instance has a whole section on Asian and Indian
writers. You can also try the following link: www.blackliterature.com

Try the following two sites for poetry:

• www.favoritepoem.org - a site collecting America’s favourite poems. You can

also read comments about why people like them and hear them being read
aloud.

• www.emule.com/poetry - an archive of classical poetry, easy to browse

through by poet. Has a top ten list of favourite poems (chosen by visitors to
the site) which makes an interesting starting point.

Problem 2: How do I choose material?

Think about the following factors when you choose a piece of literature to use with
learners:

• Do you understand enough about the text to feel comfortable using it?

• Is there enough time to work on the text in class?

• Does it fit with the rest of your syllabus?

• Is it something that could be relevant to the learners?

• Will it be motivating for them?

• How much cultural or literary background do the learners need to be able to

deal with the tasks?

• Is the level of language in the text too difficult (see below)

Problem 3: Is the text too difficult?

Obviously a teacher would not want to use a text that is completely beyond their
learners. This would ultimately be frustrating for everyone involved. However, the
immediate difficulty with vocabulary in a text might not be an obstacle to its
comprehension. Learners can be trained to infer meaning of difficult words from
context. The selection of a text must be given careful thought, but also the treatment
of the text by the teacher (this means think about the tasks you set for a reading of a
piece of literature, not just the text).