SAMPLE SURVEY ON THE USES OF CONTRACEPTIVE

DRUGS AMONG THE FEMALE STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF

SCIENCE ADESEUN OGUNDOYIN POLYTECCHNIC ERUWA,
OYO STATE.

BY

ATANDA COMFORT OLUWAWTOBI

1830310001

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
ADESEUN OGUNDOYIN POLYTECHNIC ERUWA, OYO
STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA [ND] IN STATISTICS

JUNE, 2021
 CERTIFICATION
I Certify that this project was carried out by ATANDA COMFORT OLUWATOBI
of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic
Eruwa, Oyo State, under my Supervision, in partial Fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the National Diploma in Statistics.

____________________ ___________________
OLANIYAN, O.D. DATE
Project Supervisor

____________________ ___________________
OGUNJOBI E.O. DATE
Head of Department

ii
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project work to the Almighty God for His numerous mercies,
blessings and guidance bestowed on me throughout the course. Also to my parents
Mr. and Mrs. Atanda, and the entire family who assisted me financially, morally and
spiritually throughout my course of study in this great institution of learning. May
God bless you Abundantly (Amen).

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my profound gratitude to Almighty God for His protection,
guidance and provision in my life. Also my sincere gratitude goes to my amiable
supervisor, MR OLANIYAN O.D, he as been a father, a wonderful supervisor and
helper, who encouraged and supported me throughout the study. God richly bless you
abundantly.
I also appreciate all my lecturers in the Department of Mathematics and
Statistics, most especially my able adviser, motivation, and caring father MR A.A
RAFIU , (H.O.D) MR E.O OGUNJOBI and MR ABRAHAM, for their advice and
tutor who contributed immensely to my success.
Greeting to all my friends on Campus in mathematics and statistics department
and other departments. I also express my gratitude to my family members and to my
soulmate who have contributed on one way or the other to the success of this project.

BIG KUDOS TO YOU ALL!!!!

iv
ABSTRACT
This research work is based on sample survey on the uses of contraceptive
drugs among the female students of Faculty of Science AdeseunOgundoyin
Polytechnic, Eruwa,Oyo State. The aim and objective of the study sample
survey on the uses of contraceptive drugs among the female students of Faculty
of Science, AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa Oyo State is to examine the
level of use and knowledge of contraceptive among female students faculty of
science and to examine the effect of contraceptive use and practice among
female students.The data use in this research work is a secondary data which
was extracted from each department in faculty.Regression Analysis is used in
analyzing the data sample in the research. The result and findings shows that
70 percent of female students have the knowledge about the contraceptive drugs
which is more better. This makes positive impact on the female students.
Therefore, Government should provide and enable the health center with
provision of adequate of methods of contraception that we need to avoid
unwanted pregnancy. There should be a strong monitor for all the female
students and women to be preventing themselves from getting unwanted
pregnancy.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi-vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.1. Background of Study 3
1.2. Statement of the Problem 3-4
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4. Research Questions 4-5
1.5. Research Hypothesis 5
1.6 Significance of the Study 5
1.7. Scope of the Study 5-6
1. 8. Rationale of the Study 6
1.9. Operational Definition of Terms 6
1.10. Historical Background for the Study 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Preview 8-10
2.2.1 Methods of Contraception 10-13
2.2.2 Permanent methods of Contraception 13-16
2.2.3 Birth Control Pill 16-17
2.3. Theoretical Framework 17-18
2.4. Conceptual Review 18
2.5. Summary of the Chapter. 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19
3.1 Research Design 19
vi
3.2 Area of the Study 19-20
3.3 Population of the Study 20
3.4 Target Population 20
3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique 20-21
3.6 Validity of Research Instrument 21
3.7 Reliability of Research Instrument 21
3.8 Method of data Collection 22
3.9 Method of Data Analysis 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 23
4.1 Presentation of Data 23
4.2 Analysis of Data for the whole departments 23-38
4.3 Test for Hypothesis 38
4.4 Findings and Conclusion 39
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 40
5.1 Summary of Findings 40
5.2 Recommendations 40
5.3 Conclusion 41
5.4 Limitation of the study 41
5.5 Suggestion for further Study’s. 41
References 42
Appendix I 43

vii
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
All over the world statement, thinkers and demographers have been
concerned with the rapid growth of population rate in the last four decades. A
current rate of growth. The world population as at 13 June, 2015, the human
population of the world is estimated by the United State Census Bureau to be
(7.3 billion)
Annual birth have leveled at about 134 million per year since their peak
at 163 million in the late 1990’s and an expected to remain constant. However,
deaths are only around 57 million per year and are expected to increase to 90
million by 2050, because births out number deaths, the world’s population are
expected to reach 90 million between 2040 and 2050.
The rapid increase in human population over the course of the 20th
Century has raised concerns about whether earth is experiencing over
population and scientific consensus that is the current population expansion and
accompanying increases in usage of resources are linked to threats to the
ecosystem. Since as rising level of atmosphere Carbon oxide, global warming
and pollution.
Due to this pace of growth, strategies were undertaken to curb the
problem. This led to the emergency of “Contraceptive” drug. Other terms
commonly used includes birth control, fertility regulation, Planned Parenthood
and responsive parenthood, Huge amount have been spent on family planning
and family planning programs just in a bid to popularize its importance and
adoption in tertiary institution. Therefore, it is expected that there is a
widespread knowledge of contraceptive drug among adolescent especially
female student.

1
 Although, the adoption of these information varies, some have interesting
and positive attitude due to passive orientation while others see the usefulness
and go a head to practice it. Sexual activity is particularly high among
unmarried youth and those who happen to use contraceptive and those who did
not use with social concern in mind but more for personal reasons such as to
avoid illegitimate births.
Contraceptive drugs should not only be seen in the view of population
reduction alone but also in line with the misfortune that is associated with
indiscriminate sexual intercourse. A growing population of adolescent not only
initiates sexual intercourse at early stages, but also engages in having multiple
sexual partners. Hence a high incidence of illegally induced abortion. In most
cases, restrictions on abortion force women to rely on illegal abortion and as
most young people are poor, they often use unqualified abort mist, which leads
to frequent severer health consequence such as sterility and death.
It is therefore time for the society to recognize that the health and even
the lives of its young ladies must not be scarified in an attempt in an attempt to
prevent their sexual activity. In most developing countries young ladies get
married later and more start sex before marriage. This exposing them to the risk
of unwanted pregnancy and unwanted sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s)
including HIV/AIDS. In these countries 20% to 60% of young women
pregnancies and births are unwanted most coming sooner than planned. These
pregnancies put young women health at risk through child bearing or unsafe
abortion. Increasingly, early parenthood means lost education as will as with
life long loss of earnings. Evidence in Nigeria shows that induced abortion
increasing and is considered to be a major cause of material mortality which
quite high in Nigeria.
The question to ask ourselves now is, has the introduction of
contraceptive use in any way helped to stem the rate of unwanted pregnancies
and sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) among women especially female

2
 student in the tertiary institution? The answer to this question above is not
affirmative.

1.1. Background of the Study

AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa, Oyo State. At the inception, the
faculty of science consists of the following these departments namely;
i. Computer Science
ii. Mathematics and Statistics
iii. Science Laboratory Technology
iv. Library and Information
The Faculty of Science is very important to the polytechnic, playing an
important role in the institution and the nation as a whole because of its
contribution to academic and technological advancements. The faculty consist
of four departments namely above
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Globally the Level of contraceptive use is considered low compared to
contraceptive awareness. Nigeria’s Population Reference Bureau (PRB)
reported in 2016 that only about 29% of Nigerian youth use contraceptives; in
spite of reported high rates of sexual activities and increased awareness of
contraceptive technologies. These studies reveal that youths are generally aware
of the existence of contraceptive methods and the benefit’s accruing from using
contraceptives. However, this awareness is not reflected in the actual utilization
of these methods, thereby leading to increase in the incidence of STIs and
unsafe abortions resulting from unwanted pregnancies.
Similar findings indicating low contraceptive use were found among
students in Nigerian tertiary institutions, thus indicating that students are
vulnerable to unwanted pregnancies and the contraction of STIs. Studies
suggest that the high degree of social freedom in tertiary institutions in Nigeria

3
affords students the opportunity to engage in sexual activities; in some cases
this could also be triggered by the desi4re to acquire material gains.
The risk related to the high rates of sexual activity and low contraceptive
usage among Nigerian students (especially unwanted pregnancy and STIs) are
among the most serious health risks that young people face and can endanger
not only their physical health but also their economic, emotional and social
well-being. Although there are studies on contraception among students in
Nigeria, the issue of contraceptive use among students of tertiary institutions in
Nigeria have received little or no attention over time.

1.3. Aims and Objectives of the study

The major purpose of this study is to examine the use of contraceptive
drugs among female students. Other general aims and objectives of the study
are:
i. To examine the level of use and knowledge of contraceptives among
female students of faculty of science.
ii. To examine factors responsible for female students contraceptive use and
practice.
iii. To examine the effect of contraceptive use and practice among female
students.
iv. To examine the problems encountered with the use of contraceptive among
female students faculty of science.
v. To examine the relationship between contraceptive use and students
academic performance.
vi. To proffer useful solutions towards the use of contraceptives.

4
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions will be employed in evaluating the uses
of contraceptive drugs among the female students of faculty of science,
AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa
i. What is the significant relationship between student attitude and their
knowledge of contraceptives?
ii. What are the significant differences between the male and female
students towards the uses of contraceptives?
iii. What are the problems encountered with the use of contraceptive among
among female students of faculty of science?
iv. What is the relationship between contraceptive use and student’s
academic performance?
v. What are the useful solutions towards the use of contraceptives?

1.5. Research Hypothesis

i. There is no significant relationship between student’s attitude and their
knowledge of contraceptives.
ii. There is no significant between the attitude of male and female students
towards the uses of contraceptives.

1.6. Significance of the Study

Despite the perceived high usage of contraceptives among undergraduate
students, there is need to for a research on the extent to which students use
contraceptives especially recommended ones as it has been observed that over
40% of studied single and married female students are still using traditional
methods despite their levels of education. Also, on the uses of contraceptives
drugs among undergraduate female students general, there is no literature that
deals specifically on use of contraceptives by female students of Faculty of
Science, AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa. This research will fill this

5
missing gap, as well as provide a data base for other researcher who may want
to conduct a research into the subject matter in the future.

1.7 Scope of the study

The study will consider as its scope the use of contraceptive drugs among
female students using female students of faculty of science of
AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa as a study. It will focus on the various
contraceptives been used by female undergraduate students. It will cover the
onset of contraceptives use, contraceptive methods been popularly/frequently
used, reasons for choice of contraceptive been used, changes made in usage of
contraceptive in recent types, reasons for change in contraceptive options or
use.

1.8 Rationale for the study

i. It allows you to prevent pregnancy.
ii. Its helps you to determine how many children you want to have as well as
the timing of the pregnancies.
iii. Its reduces the need for abortion by preventing unwanted pregnancies
iv. It can also prevent pregnancy for order people who face pregnancy-
related risk.

1.9. Operational Definition of Terms

Sample: A representative’s part or a single from a larger whole or group
especially when presented for inspection or shown as evidence of quality.
Survey: A research method used for collecting a data from a predefined group
of respondent to gain information and insights various topics of interest
Contraceptives: Any devices or act whose purpose to prevent a woman from
becoming pregnant.

6
Contraception: An intentional prevention of conception through the uses of
various devices, sexual practices, chemical drugs or surgical procedures.
Drugs: A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when
ingested or otherwise introduced to the body.

7
1.10. Historical Background for the study
Eruwa is host to, AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic. Established as a
satellite campus of the Ibadan Polytechnics on Tuesday 19 January, 1982 and
later converted into an autonomous Polytechnic in 2014. The first set of
students (88 in all ) began their academic work in November 1981, few month
before the official launching ceremony.
The school now offers courses leading to the award of Ordinary national
Diploma (OND) and higher National Diploma (HND)
AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa, Oyo State. At the inception, the
faculty of science consists of the following these departments namely;
i. Computer Science
ii. Mathematics and Statistics
iii. Science Laboratory Technology
iv. Library and Information Science
The faculty of Science is very important to the polytechnic. Is playing an
important role in the institution and the nation as a whole because of its
contribution to academic and technological advancements. The faculty consist
of four departments namely above.

8
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Preview
Individuals learn about contraceptive methods, including their risks and
benefits, as well as how to use them, from a wide variety of sources: friends and
family, the electronic and print media, health professionals and the educational
materials that they distribute, such institutions as schools and colleges, and
numerous community resources. Unfortunately, few data are available to assess
carefully the content and quality of the information provided in each of these
settings.
Numerous studies of adolescents have clearly shown that many also have
very limited and often faulty information about when fertility begins, the timing
of fertility within the menstrual cycle, and the probability of conception
A common reason given by adolescents for nonuse of contraception is
that on a given occasion, the risk of pregnancy was judged to be low because of
the "time of month." Yet research has confirmed that a substantial proportion of
those who cite time of month as the reason for foregoing contraception could
not correctly identify the period of greatest risk (Tanfer, 1994).
Polling data on STDs also suggest a widespread lack of accurate
information regarding sexual health. In 1993, the Campaign for Women's
Health and the American Medical Women's Association sponsored a poll (via
telephone interviews with 1,000 randomly selected women aged 18–60) to learn
more about American women's knowledge about STDs generally. Key findings
included the following: 84 percent said they are not worried about contracting
an STD (including 78 percent of those with multiple partners); 66 percent knew
virtually nothing about STDs other than HIV and AIDS; only 1 in 10 reported
being "very knowledgeable" about STDs; only 11 percent knew that many
STDs can be more harmful to women's health than to men's; and 53 percent
viewed STDs as a "dirty" disease that represents either shame or punishment

9
(Campaign for Women's Health and American Medical Women's Association,
1994).
Such misinformation can lead to poor contraceptive use and therefore
unintended pregnancy. A study in the mid-1980s, for example, probed reasons
that sexually active teenage women delay making a first visit to a family
planning clinic. Information was collected from more than 400 sexually active
young women under age 19 attending family planning clinics and from about
400 sexually active female students at two junior and two senior high schools.
Across all groups, one of the most commonly cited reasons for delay in
attending a family planning clinic was that contraception is "dangerous." For
example, among those who had never gone to a clinic at all, 19 percent cited
this reason as the most important factor explaining their delay, and an additional
45 percent listed it as a "contributing" factor (Zabin et al., 1991). Similarly, in
the Balassone (1989) study mentioned earlier, the subjects least likely to
continue using oral contraceptives at 3 months' follow-up were those who
believed that there were appreciable health-related problems associated with
using oral contraceptives, felt that their risk of pregnancy was less than that of
their peers, and had poor problem-solving skills. It presents more detailed
information on the fears, attitudes, and feelings that can Polling data on STDs
also suggest a widespread lack of accurate information regarding sexual health.
In 1993, the Campaign for Women's Health and the American Medical
Women's Association sponsored a poll (via telephone interviews with 1,000
randomly selected women aged 18–60) to learn more about American women's
knowledge about STDs generally. Key findings included the following: 84
percent said they are not worried about contracting an STD (including 78
percent of those with multiple partners); 66 percent knew virtually nothing
about STDs other than HIV and AIDS; only 1 in 10 reported being "very
knowledgeable" about STDs; only 11 percent knew that many STDs can be
more harmful to women's health than to men's; and 53 percent viewed STDs as

10
a "dirty" disease that represents either shame or punishment (Campaign for
Women's Health and American Medical Women's Association, 1994).
Such misinformation can lead to poor contraceptive use and therefore
unintended pregnancy. A study in the mid-1980s, for example, probed reasons
that sexually active teenage women delay making a first visit to a family
planning clinic. Information was collected from more than 400 sexually active
young women under age 19 attending family planning clinics and from about
400 sexually active female students at two junior and two senior high schools.
Across all groups, one of the most commonly cited reasons for delay in
attending a family planning clinic was that contraception is "dangerous." For
example, among those who had never gone to a clinic at all, 19 percent cited
this reason as the most important factor explaining their delay, and an additional
45 percent listed it as a "contributing" factor (Zabin et al., 1991). Similarly, in
the Balassone (1989) study mentioned earlier, the subjects least likely to
continue using oral contraceptives at 3 months' follow-up were those who
believed that there were appreciable health-related problems associated with
using oral contraceptives, felt that their risk of pregnancy was less than that of
their peers, and had poor problem-solving skills.

2.2.1. Methods of contraception

(a) Cap: A woman can get pregnant if a man's sperm reaches one of her eggs
(ova). Contraception tries to stop this happening by keeping the egg and sperm
apart or by stopping egg production. One method of contraception is the cap.
The contraceptive cap is a circular dome made of thin, soft silicone. It's inserted
into the vagina before sex, and covers the cervix so that sperm cannot get into
the womb. You need to use spermicide with it (spermicide kills sperm). The cap
must be left in place for six hours after sex. After that time, you take out the cap
and wash it. Caps are reusable. They come in different sizes, and you must be
fitted for the correct size by a trained doctor or nurse.

11
(b) The combined oral contraceptive pill: is often just called "the pill". It
contains artificial versions of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone,
which are produced naturally in the ovaries. Washington DC 1994. If sperm
reaches an egg (ovum), pregnancy can happen. Contraception tries to stop this
happening usually by keeping the egg and sperm apart or by stopping the
release of an egg (ovulation).
(c) Condoms are thin pouches that keep sperm from getting into the
vagina. There are male condoms and female condoms: A male condom is worn
on the penis. It is usually made of latex, a type of rubber. But some are made of
materials that are safe for people with latex allergies, such as polyurethane or
polyisoprene. A female condom is inserted into the vagina. It has a flexible ring
at either end. One end is closed and goes into the vagina; the other end is open
and the ring sits outside the opening of the vagina. The female condoms now
available are made from materials safe for people with latex allergies.
(d) A contraceptive implant is a type of hormonal birth control. In the
United States, it’s sold under the brand name Nexplanon. It was previously
available under the name Implanon. It releases progestin hormone into the body
to prevent pregnancy. The implant itself is a very small plastic rod about the
size of a matchstick. A doctor inserts it into the upper arm, right under the skin.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the typical
use failure rate is 0.05 percent Trusted Source. The Guttmacher Institute reports
that almost half a million women use the contraceptive implant.
(e) The contraceptive patch is a small sticky patch that releases hormones
into your body through your skin to prevent pregnancy. In the UK, the
patch's brand name is Evra. The patch releases a daily dose of hormones
through the skin into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. It contains the same
hormones as the combined pill – estrogen and progestrogen – and works in the
same way by preventing the release of an egg each month (ovulation). It also
thickens cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to move

12
through the cervix, and thins the womb lining so a fertilized egg is less likely to
be able to implant itself. Natural family planning (or "fertility where a woman
monitor awareness") is a method of contraception and records different fertility
signals during her menstrual cycle to work out when she's likely to get pregnant.
(f) Natural family planning (or "fertility awareness") is a method of
contraception where a woman monitors and records different fertility signals
[Lieberman AF 1993] during her menstrual cycle to work out when she's likely
to get pregnant.
(g) Female condoms: Are made from soft, thin synthetic latex or latex. They're
worn inside the vagina to prevent semen getting to the womb. Female condoms
are a barrier method of contraception worn inside the vagina. They prevent
pregnancy by stopping sperm meeting an egg. A female condom can be put into
the vagina before sex, but make sure the penis does not come into contact with
the vagina before the condom has been put in. Semen can still come out of the
penis even before a man has had an orgasm (fully ejaculated). When used
correctly, condoms are the only method of contraception that protects against
both pregnancy and STIs.
(h) The contraceptive injection: (Depo-Provera, Sayana Press or Noristerat)
releases the hormone progestogen into your bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
Depo-Provera is most commonly given in the UK and lasts for 13 weeks.
Occasionally, Noristerat may be given, which lasts for 8 weeks. Sayana Press
also lasts for 13 weeks, but it's a newer type of injection so is not available at all
clinics or GP surgeries. The contraceptive injection steadily releases the
hormone progestogen into your bloodstream, which prevents the release of an
egg each month (ovulation). t also thickens the cervical mucus, which makes it
difficult for sperm to move through the cervix, and thins the lining of the womb
so a fertilized egg is less likely to implant itself. You usually have the Depo-
Provera and Noristerat injections in your bottom, but you can have them in your

13
upper arm. You can have the Sayana Press injection in your tummy (abdomen)
or thigh and would normally learn to do this yourself.
(I) Female sterilization: is an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy. The
fallopian tubes are blocked or sealed to prevent the eggs reaching the sperm and
becoming fertilized. Depending on the method used, you would either have a
general anesthetic, where you're asleep during surgery, or local anesthetic,
where you'd be awake but not feel any pain. Female sterilization works by
preventing eggs travelling down the fallopian tubes, which link the ovaries to
the womb (uterus). This means a woman's eggs cannot meet sperm, so
fertilization cannot happen. Eggs will still be released from the ovaries as
normal, but they'll be absorbed naturally into the woman's body.
(j) A vasectomy (male sterilization): is a surgical procedure to cut or seal the
tubes that carry a man's sperm to permanently prevent pregnancy. It's usually
carried out under local anesthetic, where you're awake but don't feel any pain,
and takes about 15 minutes. In rare cases, you may have a general anesthetic,
where you're asleep during the operation.

2.2.2 Permanent Methods of contraception

(a) Female sterilization: Is an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy.
The fallopian tubes are blocked or sealed to prevent the eggs reaching the sperm
and becoming fertilized. Depending on the method used, you would either have
a general anesthetic, where you're asleep during surgery, or local anesthetic,
where you'd be awake but not feel any pain. How female sterilization is carried
out. The surgeon will block your fallopian tubes (tubal occlusion) by either:
applying clips – plastic or titanium clamps are closed over the fallopian tubes
applying rings – a small loop of the fallopian tube is pulled through a silicone
ring, then clamped shut tying, cutting and removing a small piece of the
fallopian tube This is a fairly minor operation and many women return home the
same day.

14
Advantages and disadvantages of female sterilization
Advantages:
 More than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
 Blocking the fallopian tubes and removal of the tubes should be effective
immediately – but use contraception until your next period
 It will not affect your sex drive or interfere with sex
 It will not affect your hormone levels
Disadvantages:
 It does not protect against STIs, so you may need to use condoms
 It cannot be easily reversed, and reversal operations are rarely funded by
the NHS
 It can fail – the fallopian tubes can rejoin and make you fertile again,
although this is rare
 There's a very small risk of complications, including internal bleeding,
infection or damage to other organs
 If you get pregnant after the operation, there's an increased risk it'll be an
ectopic pregnancy
(b) A vasectomy: (male sterilization) is a surgical procedure to cut or seal the
tubes that carry a man's sperm to permanently prevent pregnancy. It's usually
carried out under local anesthetic, where you're awake but don't feel any pain,
and takes about 15 minutes. In rare cases, you may have a general anesthetic,
where you're asleep during the operation. A vasectomy works by stopping
sperm getting into a man's semen, the fluid that he ejaculates. The tubes that
carry sperm from a man's testicles to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with
heat. This means that when a man ejaculates, the semen has no sperm in it and a
woman's egg can't be fertilized. Vasectomy is a quick and relatively painless
surgical procedure. In most cases, you'll be able to return home the same day.
There are 2 types of vasectomy:

15
  A conventional vasectomy using a scalpel (surgical knife)
 A no-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor doing your vasectomy will discuss which option is best for you.
Conventional vasectomy
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with a local anesthetic. They then make 2
small cuts in the skin on each side of your scrotum to reach the tubes that carry
sperm out of your testicles (vas deferens). Each tube is cut and a small section
removed. The ends of the tubes are then closed, either by tying them or sealing
them using heat. The cuts are stitched, usually using dissolvable stitches that go
away on their own within about a week.
No-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with local anesthetic. They then make a
tiny puncture hole in the skin of your scrotum to reach the tubes. This means
they don't need to cut the skin with a scalpel. The tubes are then closed in the
same way as a conventional vasectomy, either by being tied or sealed. There's
little bleeding and no stitches with this procedure. It's thought to be less painful
and less likely to cause complications than a conventional vasectomy.
Advantages and disadvantages of a vasectomy
Advantages:
 A vasectomy is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
 Long-term effects on your health are rare
 It doesn't affect your hormone levels, sex drive or interfere with sex
 It may be chosen as a simpler and safer alternative to female sterilization
Disadvantages:
 Vasectomy doesn't protect against STIs, so you may need to use condoms as
well
 A vasectomy can't be easily reversed, and reversals are rarely funded by the
NHS

16
 You need to keep using contraception after the operation until tests show
your semen is free of sperm
 possible complications include a collection of blood inside the scrotum
(haematoma), hard lumps called sperm granulomas (caused by sperm leaking
from the tubes), an infection, or long-term testicle pain (you may need
further surgery)
 The vas deferens tubes can reconnect, but this is very rare

2.2.3. Birth Control Pill

The birth control pill is a type of contraception that contains hormones that
prevent pregnancy. People call it “the pill” because it comes in pill form. Women
take the pill orally (by mouth) once a day. The pill is most effective when you take
it consistently at the same time each day.
The pill has the potential to be 99% effective at preventing pregnancy if you
take it without fail — meaning you don’t forget to take the pill for even a day or
two. However, taking the pill perfectly can be difficult, which is why nine out of
100 women who use the pill will have an unintended pregnancy every year. The
pill is most reliable when you take it consistently at the same time each day. Being
consistent helps keep hormone levels from fluctuating.
Hormones in birth control pills prevent pregnancy by:
 Stopping or reducing ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary).
 Thickening cervical mucus to keep sperm from entering the uterus.
 Thinning the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg is less likely to attach.
Some women take the pill for health purposes. The pill can:
 Regulate or lighten menstruation.
 Prevent anemia by making periods lighter or shorter.
 Lessen menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea).
 Manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysmorphic disorder
(PMDD).
 Treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
17
 Treat endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
 Lower the risk of ovarian cancer, uterine cancer and colon cancer.
 Improve acne.
 Stop unwanted hair growth.
 Reduce migraines.
 Control hot flashes during the transition into menopause.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
When the modern family planning movement began in the 20 th century, its
primary purpose was to liberate women from the social and health consequences of
unwanted pregnancies. When organized family planning programs reached
developing countries in the early. These programs were viewed as the means to
alleviate the pressure of rapid population growth on economic development. In the
last few decades, the purpose of family planning has broadened to encompass both
these objectives and the objective of improving women’s health and welfare.
Previous research (Castro & Juarez, 1994) has examined how women’s roles and
status influence their use of contraception and their fertility.
The theoretical framework presented in this chapter is based on research and
literature concerned with young women and family planning. The framework is an
integration of the intermediate determinants’ framework proposed by Davis and
Blake (1956) and the fertility decision-making model presented by Bulatao and
Lee (1983). The Davis-Blake model starts from the premise that reproduction
involves three necessary steps: intercourse, conception and completion of
gestation. The fertility decision-making theory is based on the notion that as
society modernizes, changes occur including rational decision making and changes
on the structure of the family.
The integration of the two approaches leads from the assumption that
decisions have a direct input in altering the intermediate variables. While it might
not be possible to include all the variables and pathways in any one model, it
provides a useful starting point and guide in selecting the variables which have a

18
direct influence on contraceptive use. In the framework, the proportion of current
contraceptive users in a population is a product of new users (adoption), continuing
users (continuation) and those who have resumed use (resumption). These can be
used to distinguish pre-adoption and post adoption stages of contraceptive use.
2.4. Conceptual Review
Adolescent girls in humanitarian settings are vulnerable as their support
system are often disrupted. More than 20 years of violence in the Demographic
Republic of the Congo (DRC) has weakened the health the health system, resulting
in poor Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) outcomes for women. Little
evidence on adolescent contraceptive use in humanitarian settings is available.
CARE, International Rescue Committee (IRC), and save the children, in
collaboration with the Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in in
Emergencies (RAISE) initiative.
Columbia University, have supported the provide good quality contraceptive
services in public health facilities in conflict affected North and South, in this
study we analyzed contraceptive use among sexually active young women aged
15-25 in the health zones served by the partners programs.

2.5. Summary of the Chapter

In this study, we observed that adolescent and young women will use the
modern method of contraceptive namely above. Engagement of adolescent and
young women would likely to contribute to even better outcomes.
Creating an enabling environment by addressing gender and socials norms,
however, is key to reducing stigma and meeting the demand for contraception of
young women. As we continue to build such supportive environments, we can see
that they will use effective contraception when contraceptive services, are
available, even in protracted crisis settings

19
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter presents the various methodologies which this research
study in designed. The designed method contain the procedures necessary for
research to be carried out in a scientific and organized setting , so as to facilitate
the understanding and achievement of the overall objectives of which the study
was designed.
From the foregoing, the researcher adopts the following organized
methodology for the purpose of conducting this study. Thus, presented under
this study headings.
I. Research Design
II. Area of the Study
III. Population of the Study

III.1. Research Design

Research design refers to the procedures selected by a researcher by for
studying a particular set of hypothesis, this includes the researcher choices of
quantitative or qualitative methodology, and how, if at all, casual relationships
between variables or phenomena are to be explored [Orodho 2009].
A descriptive survey design was adopted to enable the researcher access
the students knowledge and attitudes to the uses of contraceptive among the
female student of AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnics, Eruwa.

III.2. Area of the Study

The focus for the conduct of this research was restricted to
AdeseunOgundoyinPolytechnic Eruwa, Ibarapa Local Government Area of
Oyo State. Although there are many settings in which this investigation can be

20
carry out, However, AdeseunOgundoyinPolytechnic Eruwa, Oyo State was the
target case for this study.
3.3 Population of the Study
The population of this study, the total number of Eight hundred and Forty
[840] and four departments will be selected from faculty of science, Adeseun
Ogundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa, Oyo State.
3.4. Target Population
Target population is a set of people or objects that the researcher want to
generalize the result of the research [Borg and Gall, 1989], The Target
population consisted of four department in faculty of science
AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa. Listed below
 Mathematics and statistics department
 Computer science
 Science and Laboratory technology
 Library and information science
3.5. Sample and Sampling Technique
The researcher made use of a purposive sampling technique to select four
department in faculty of science, AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa.
Respondents were drawn from Mathematics and statistics department,
Computer science, Science and laboratory technology, library and
information science.
For Sample Size
N = 840

Zα 95
α= = 0.95
2 100

Z 0.95
=z 0.475
2

Z -table = 1.96

21
 2
Z Pq
No = 2
e

= ¿¿

0.9604
2 = 384
0.05

Sample size

1+[no−1]
no / N

383
384¿ 840 = 0.4559 +1 = 1.4559

384
= 263
1.4559

3.6. Validity of Research Instrument

Validity is a measures of how well a test measures what it is supposed to
measure [Kombo 2006, Orodho 2009, Mugenda 1999]. Validity is the degree to
which results obtained actually present the phenomena under investigation
validity was established through close consultation and expert judgment of the
supervisor, he verified the validity of the research instruments used in the study.

3.7. Reliability of Research Instrument

Reliability is the measure of the degree to which a research yields
consistent result after a repeated trial [Mugenda 1999, Orodho 2009]. An
instrument that holds consistent results over time is said to be reliable
[Wiersma, 1985]. As well as the supervisor suggested the way to improve the
instrument and the items to measure what is supposed to measure
[Cronbach’sAlpa 1997]. Reliability test was used to test for reliability of the
research instrument, it was found out that the instrument was reliable

22
3.8. Method of Data Collection
The administration of the data collection was done solely by the
researcher. Since the target population is faculty of science in Adeseun
Ogundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa. The data was careful collected without any
problem. The name of the departments are;
1. Mathematics and Statistics
2. Computer Science
3. Science and Laboratory Technology
4. Library and Information Science

3.9. Method of Data Analysis

The method of data analysis that employed for the study was simple
percentage mean, frequency counts and standard deviation. Data collected was
analyzed , for managing, analyzing, and displaying data [Orodho, 2009]. which
involve tabulating, . A discussion of the finding followed that enabled the
researcher to draw conclusions and give recommendations.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1. Presentation of Data
This chapter aimed at the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data
collected from each department through the uses of data collection, and the data
was carefully collected and processed and are presented by the researcher.
Question 1: How many female students do we have in each department?
Department Total no of female students Level
Math/stat 18 ND1/ND2
Comp. Sci. 102 ND1/ND2
LIS 33 ND1/ND2
SLT 110 ND1/ND2

Question 2: What is their Age group?

Department Age No of students Level
Math/Stat 18-24 18 ND1/ND2
Comp .Sci 17-23 102 ND1/ND2
LIS 20-26 33 ND1/ND2
SLT 19-25 110 ND1/ND2

4.2 Analysis of Data

Q1: How many students using contraceptive drugs in each department?
Department Total no Level
Math/Stat 10 ND1/ND2
Com. Sci. 68 ND1/ND2
LIS 20 ND1/ND2
SLT 78 ND1/ND2
Total 176
Q2. Can the uses of contraceptive drugs prevent female from getting pregnant
Department Yes No

24
 Math /Stat 10 8
Com .Sci 65 37
LIS 18 15
SLT 72 38

4.3 Q1. What is the level of percentage of the students about the
knowledge of contraceptives among female students of faculty of science?
Out of the 263 female students in faculty of science, 170% have the knowledge
about it.
Q2. What are the effect of contraceptive use and practice among the female
students?
There is no any effect of contraceptives
Q3. What is the relationship between contraceptive use and academic
performance?
There is no relationship between contraceptive use and academics performance
Y= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN EACH DEPARTMENT
X= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS USING CONTRCEPTIVE
S/N X y [Y- y ¿ ¿ [X- x ¿[ y− y ] ¿¿ [x- x ]
1 10 18 -47.75 1623.5 1156 -34
2 68 102 36.25 870 576 24
3 20 33 -32.75 786 576 -24
4 78 110 44.25 1504.5 1156 34
Total 176 263 4784 3464

x 176
Σ n = 4 = 44
y 263
Σ n = 4 = 65.75
4784
b^ =∑ ¿¿ ¿ = 3464

= 1.38106

25
a^ = y - b x

=65.75- [1.3811 x 44]

65.75 – 60.7684= 4.9816

The regression estimate of the students using contraceptive drugs

τ =N[ y +b[N- X ]

= 840 [65.75+1.3811[840- 44]

= 840 [65.75 +1099.356]
=840 [1165.106]
= 978689.04
^y = a +bx

Yi= 4.9816 + 1.3811[10] =18.7926

Yii= 4.9816 + 1.3811 [68] = 98.8964
Yiii= 4.9816 +1.3811 [20] = 32.6036
Yiv = 4.9816 + 1.3811 [78] = 112.7074
2
N [N −n]
*∑ ∈where∈=[ ^y – yi¿2
n [n−2]
2
840 [840−263 ] 705600[577] 407131200
= =
263 [263−2] 263[261] 68643

= 5931.139
Var[τπ ¿ =
5931.139[18.793−18]2+¿+[32.604+ 33 ¿ ¿2+[112.707−110 ¿ ¿ 2
5931.139 [ 0.628849+9634.816 + 0.156816 + 7.327849]
5931.139 [9642.9295]
= 57193555.231
Standard = √ Var [τπ ]
√ 57193555.231 = 7562.6421
4.3. Test for Hypothesis
Ho⋮ Null hypothesis – there is no significant differences represent HO=
μ 1=φ 2=0

26
H1⋮ alternative hypothesis – there is significant differences H1=φ 1 ≠ φ 2≠ 0
Ho⋮ There is no significant differences among female students using
contraceptive drugs
H1⋮ There is significant differences among female students using contraceptive
drugs
Ho; There is no significant differences among female students that have
knowledge about contraceptive drugs
H1; There is significant differences among female students that have knowledge
about contraceptive
4.1 ANALYSIS FOR MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS DEPARTMENT
Question 1: How many female students do we have in Mathematics and
Statistics?
Level Total no
ND 1 8
ND2 10
HND 1 20
HND2 14
TOTAL 52
Q2 :What is their age group?
Level Age Total no
ND1 18-24 8
ND2 19-25 10
HND1 19-26 20
HND2 26-31 14
Q3: How many students using contraceptive drugs in Mathematics and
Statistics Daily Part Time ?
Level Total no
ND 1 6
ND 2 8

27
 HND1 16
HND2 10
TOTAL 40

Q4: Can the uses of contraceptive drugs prevent female from getting
pregnant? yes/no
Level Yes No
ND 1 6 2
ND2 7 3
HND1 11 9
HND2 9 5

4.2 Y= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN MATHS&STAT

DEPARTMENT
X= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS USING CONTRCEPTIVE
S/N X Y [X- X ¿ ¿ [Y- y ] [x- x ][y- [ x−x ¿ ¿2
y ¿¿
1 6 8 -14 -18 252 196
2 8 10 -12 -16 192 144
3 16 20 -4 -6 24 16
4 10 14 -10 -12 120 100
TOTAL 40 52 40 52 588 456

x 40
Σn = 2 = 20

y 52
Σ n = 2 = 26

∑ [ x−x ¿][ y− y]
b^ = ¿ = 1.2895
∑ ¿¿¿
a^ = y - b x

28
26 - [1.2895*20]

26 -25.79 = 0.21

4.3 THE REGRESSION ESTIMATE OF THE STUDENTS USING

CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS

τ = N[ y +b [N - x ]

840 [26+1.2895[840- 20]

840 [26+1057.39]

840 [1083.39] = 910047.6

Y^ = a + bx

Yi = 0.21+1.2895 [6] = 7.947

Yii =0.21 +1.2895 [8] = 10.526

Yiii =0.21 +1.2895 [16] =20. 842

Yiv = 0.21 +1.2895 [10] = 13.105
2
N [N −n]
*∑ ∈where∈=[ ^y – yi¿2
n [n−2]
2
840 [840−52] 705600[788] 556012800
= =
52 [52−2] 52[50 ] 2600

= 213851.0769

Var [τπ ¿

213851.0769 [7.947- 6¿2+[10.526 - 8¿2 +[20.842 - 16¿2 +[13.105 - 10¿2

213851.0769 [ 3.7908 + 6.3806 + 23.4450 +9.6410]

29
213851.0769 [ 43.2574]

= 9250646.92

Standard √ Var [τπ ]

√ 9250646.92= 3041.4876

4.4 TEST FOR HYPOTHESIS

Ho⋮ Null hypothesis – there is no significant differences represent HO=

μ 1=φ 2=0

H1⋮ alternative hypothesis – there is significant differences H1=φ 1 ≠ φ 2≠ 0

Ho⋮ There is no significant differences among female students using

contraceptive drugs

H1⋮ There is significant differences among female students using contraceptive

drugs

Ho; There is no significant differences among female students that have

knowledge about contraceptive drugs.

H1: there is significant differences among female students that have the
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.

4.0 Analysis on Computer science department

Question 1: How many female students do we have in Computer science ?

Level Total no
ND 1 48
ND2 54

HND1 30 45

HND2 53
Q2: What is their age group?

Level Age Total no

ND1 18-24 48
ND2 20-26 54
HND1 21- 27 45
HND2 22-28 53

Q3: how many students using contraceptive drugs in Computer Science?

Level Total no
ND 1 26
ND 2 33
HND1 28
HND2 35
TOTAL 122

Q4: Can the uses of contraceptive drugs prevent female from getting
pregnant? yes/no

Level Yes No
ND 1 26 19
ND2 30 23
HND1 28 19
HND2 33 23

31
Y= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT
X= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS USING CONTRCEPTIVE
S/N X Y [X- X ¿ ¿ [Y- y ] [x- x ][y- [ x−x ¿ ¿2
y ¿¿
1 26 48 - 4.5 -2 9 20.25
2 33 54 2.5 4 10 6.25
3 28 45 -2.5 -5 12.5 6.25
4 35 53 4.5 3 13.5 20.25
TOTAL 122 200 45 53

x 122
Σn = 4 = 30.5

y 200
Σ n = 4 = 50

∑ [ x−x ¿][ y− y]
b^ = ¿ = 0.8491
∑ ¿¿¿
a^ = y - b x

50 - [0.8491*30.5]

50 -25.8976 = 24.1024

4.4. The Regression Estimate of the Students Using Contraceptive Drugs

τ = N[ y +b [N - x ]

840 [50+ 0.8491 [840 - 30.5]

840 [50 + 687.3465]

840 [737.3465] = 619371.018

32
Y^ = a + bx

Yi = 24.1024+0.8491 [26] =46.179

Yii = 24.1024 +0.8491 [33] = 52.1227

Yiii = 24.1024 +0.8491 [28] =47.6772
Yiv = 24.1024 + 0.8491 [35] = 53.8209
2
N [N −n]
*∑ ∈where∈=[ ^y – yi¿2
n [n−2]
2
840 [840−200 ] 705600[640] 4515840
= =
200 [200−2] 200[198] 39600

= 114.036
Var [τπ ¿

114.036 [46.179 - 48¿2+[52.1227 - 54¿2 +[ 47.6772 - 45¿2 +[ 53.8209 - 53¿2

114.036 [ 3.3160 +3.5243 +7.1674 +0.6739]

114.036 [14.6816]

= 1674.231

Standard √ Var [τπ ]

√ 1674.231= 40.91736795

4.5. Test for Hypothesis

Ho⋮ Null hypothesis – there is no significant differences represent HO=
μ 1=φ 2=0
H1⋮ alternative hypothesis – there is significant differences H1=φ 1 ≠ φ 2≠ 0
Ho⋮ There is no significant differences among female students using
contraceptive drugs

33
H1⋮ There is significant differences among female students using contraceptive
drugs
Ho; There is no significant differences among female students that have
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.
H1: There is significant differences among female students that have the
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.
4.0 Analysis on Library and Information Science department
Question 1: How many female students do we have in LIS ND?

Level Total no
ND 1 17
ND2 16

Q2: What is their age group?

Level Age Total no
ND1 19-25 17
ND2 20-26 16
Q3: how many students using contraceptive drugs in LIS ND?
Level Total no
ND 1 9
ND 2 12
Total 21
Q4: Can the uses of contraceptive drugs prevent female from getting
pregnant? yes/no
Level Yes No
ND 1 12 6
ND2 11 5

Y= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN LIBRARY AND

INFORMATIOIN SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
X= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS USING CONTRCEPTIVE

34
S/N X Y [X- X ¿ ¿ [Y- y ] [x- x ][y- [ x−x ¿ ¿2
y ¿¿
1 9 17 -1.5 0.5 -0.75 2.25
2 12 16 1.5 -0.5 -0.75 2.25
Total 21 33 1.5 4.5

x 21
Σn = 2 = 10.5

y 33
Σ n = 2 = 16.5

∑ [ x−x ¿][ y− y]
b^ = ¿ = 0.3
∑ ¿¿¿
a^ = y - b x

16.5 - [0.3*10.5]

16.5 - 3. 15 = 13.35

4.6. The Regression Estimate of the Students Using Contraceptive Drugs

τ = N[ y +b [N - x ]

840 [16.5+0.3 [840 - 10.5]

840 [16.5+248.85]
840 [265.35] = 222894

Y^ = a + bx

Yi = 13.35 +0.3 [9]= 16.05

Yii =13.35+0.3 [12] = 16.95

2
N [N −n]
*∑ ∈where∈=[ ^y – yi¿2
n [n−2]
2
840 [840−33 ] 705600[807] 569419200
= =
33 [33−2] 33[31] 1023

35
= 556617.0088
Var [τπ ¿

556617.0088 [16.05 - 9¿2+[16.95 - 12¿2

556617.0088 [49.7025 + 24.5025]

556617.0088 [74.205]

= 41303765.14

Standard √ Var [τπ ]

√ 41303765.14 = 6426.8005

4.7. Test for Hypothesis

Ho⋮ Null hypothesis – there is no significant differences represent HO=
μ 1=φ 2=0
H1⋮ alternative hypothesis – there is significant differences H1=φ 1 ≠ φ 2≠ 0
Ho⋮ There is no significant differences among female students using
contraceptive drugs
H1⋮ There is significant differences among female students using contraceptive
drugs
Ho; There is no significant differences among female students that have
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.
H1: There is significant differences among female students that have the
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.
4.0 Analysis on Science Laboratory Technology department
Question 1: How many female students do we have in SLT ND?

Level Total no
ND1 45
ND2 65

36
Q1: What is their age group?
Level Age Total no
HND1 19-25 45
HND2 20-26 65

Q3: how many students using contraceptive drugs in SLT ND?

Level Total no
ND 1 30
ND 2 41
Total 71

Q4: Can the uses of contraceptive drugs prevent female from getting
pregnant? yes/no
Level Yes No
ND1 20 10
ND2 23 16

Y= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN SCIENCE LABORATORY

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
X= TOTAL NO OF FEMALE STUDENTS USING CONTRCEPTIVE
S/N X Y [X- X ¿ ¿ [Y- y ] [x- x ][y- [ x−x ¿ ¿2
y ¿¿
1 30 45 - 5.5 - 10 55 30.25
2 41 65 5.5 10 55 30.25
Total 71 110 110 60.5

x 71
Σ n = 2 = 35.5

y 110
Σ n = 2 = 55

37
 ∑ [ x−x ¿][ y− y]
b^ = ¿ = 1.8182
∑ ¿¿¿
a^ = y - b x

55 - [1.8182*35.5]

55 - 64.5461 = 9.5461

4.8 The Regression Estimate Of The Students Using Contraceptive Drugs

τ = N[ y +b [N - x ]

840 [55+1.8182 [840 - 35.5]

840 [55+1462.7419]

840 [1517.7419] = 1274903.196

Y^ = a + bx

Yi = 9.5461 +1.8182 [30]= 64.0921

Yii =9.5461+1.8182 [41] = 84.0923

2
N [N −n]
*∑ ∈where∈=[ ^y – yi¿2
n [n−2]
2
840 [840−110 ] 705600[730] 5150880
= =
110[110−2] 110 [108 ] 11880

= 433.57
Var [τπ ¿

433.57 [64.0921- 30¿2+[84.0923 - 41¿2

433.57 [1162.271 + 1856.946]

433.57 [3019.217]

= 1309041.915

38
Standard √ Var [τπ ]

√ 1309041.915= 1144.134

4.9. Test for Hypothesis

Ho⋮ Null hypothesis – there is no significant differences represent HO=
μ 1=φ 2=0
H1⋮ alternative hypothesis – there is significant differences H1=φ 1 ≠ φ 2≠ 0
Ho⋮ There is no significant differences among female students using
contraceptive drugs
H1⋮ There is significant differences among female students using contraceptive
drugs
Ho; There is no significant differences among female students that have
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.
H1: There is significant differences among female students that have the
knowledge about contraceptive drugs.

4.10. Findings and Conclusion

The objective of the research is to know the relationship between the
uses of contraceptive drugs and academics performance among female
students of faculty of science, since there is no relationship about them
Conclusively, the analysis show that those student have the knowledge about
the uses of contraceptive drugs in each departments is more wider than those
that don’t know anything about it.

39
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1. Summary of Findings
The main goal of the research work is to examine the knowledge and the
uses of contraceptive drugs among the female student of faculty of science
AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa, Oyo State. A case study of Faculty of
Science which is four[4] departments, Mathematics and Statistics, Computer
Science , Library and information science, Science Laboratory Technology.
i. The result of this study show that the knowledge of female students
have about the uses of contraceptive drugs is more okay than those that
do not have any knowledge about it.
ii. This study are of positive attitudes towards the uses of contraceptive
drugs among the female students.
iii. This study shows that female student did not encountered any problem
about the uses of contraception methods
iv. There is no any relationship about the uses of contraceptive drugs and
their academics performance

5.2. Recommendations
The inclusion of the uses of contraceptive drugs among the female
student of AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa, Oyo state has make a
positive impact on female students.
Government should provide and enable the health center with provision
of adequate of methods of contraception that we have to avoid unwanted
pregnancy. There should be a strong monitor for the female student to be
preventing themselves from getting unwanted pregnancy.

40
5.3. Conclusion
From our investigation and research so far the female students of faculty
of science of AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic show that is better for a female
to be using contraception method to prevent themselves from getting pregnant,
and for the female to take action about this they must consult their doctor’s on
it.
5.4. Limitation of the Study
The study was limited by time and the data collected was collected
randomly from selected faculty of science AdeseunOgundoyin Polytechnic. The
departments in the school selected have numerous similarity making the sample
almost homogeneous . the findings of this study may reflect a true picture of
the whole female student to prevent themselves from getting pregnant.

5.5. Suggestions for Further Studies

The present study only concentrated on the female students of faculty of
science which is four department, the same aspects can be investigate on other
faculty some of the area selected to the present research of were the study are
less and results may be added to existing system of knowledge
 Perceptions about the uses of contraceptive drugs among the female
student
 Impact of contraception method on female student
 The relationship between the uses of contraceptive drugs and their
academics performance

41
 REFERENCES

Balassone [1989] &Zabin et Al [1991], Important and Uses of Contraceptive

Borg and Gall [1989], Target population researcher,

Kombo [2006] &Mugenda [1999], Validity of Research Instrument

Lieberman AF[1993], Family planning as a Clinical Issue

Orodho [2009], Method of Data Analysis

Orodho [2009], Research Design on Contraceptive

Tanfer k (1994), Determinants of contraceptive Use; A Review, Paper prepared

for the committee on unintended pregnancy, Institute of medicine.

Wiersman [1985] &CronbachAlpa [1997], Reliability of Research Instrument

42
 APPENDIX I

I Atanda Comfort Oluwatobi Collected the Data from the Faculty of Science in
each departments listed below.

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS: ND1 AND ND2 – (18) FEMALE

STUDENTS.

COMPUTER SCIENCE: ND 1 AND ND2 – (102) FEMALE STUDENTS

SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY: ND1 AND ND2 - (110)

FEMALE STUDENTS

LIBRARY INFORMATION SCIENCE: ND1 AND ND2 (33) FEMALE

STUDENTS.

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS: HND1 AND HND2 (34) FEMALE

STUDENTS.

COMPUTER SCIENCE: HND1 AND HND2 (98) FEMALE STUDENTS.

43