Question 1: Exponential as well as Logarithmic functions

A logarithmic function is one which can be identified as an inverse function pertaining to

exponentiation.
Considering a > 0, x > 0, as well as a is not equal to 1,
y = loga x if and only if x = ay
If the above is true then it could be deemed as:
f(x) = loga x
Logarithmic functions can be deemed to have certain properties which could enable one to
shorten the logarithms in case the input could be found in the format of value, proportion and
product which is taken to the power. Certain properties include rule of product rule, rule of
quotient, rule of power, rule pertaining to zero exponent as well as change of base rule (Dobson
& Barnett, 2018).
On the other hand a function that is exponential in nature is identified as a mathematics functions
in the form f (x) = ax. Here, a is identified as a constant and x is the variable. The constant is also
known as the base pertaining to the function and must be more than 0.
When considering the differences logarithmic functions could be deemed as the inverses
associated with functions that are exponential in nature.
Natural Logarithmic Function

The natural logarithmic function occurs considering the base, b, pertaining to logarithmic
function, y = logb x, will be substituted with e.

Natural Exponential Function

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The natural exponential function is considering the base, b, linked with the specific exponential
function y = bx, is substituted with e.

Question 2: Examples of derivatives of natural logarithmic functions

Illustration 1: If y=ln x and x > 0, then

dy 1
=
dx x

In a more general sense, let g(x) be considered as a function that is differentiable. Considering all
x values pertaining to g’(x) >0, the derivate of ln(g(x)) = h(x) can be considered:0

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h’(x) = g ' (x)
g (x)

This can be shown as follows:

In case y=ln x and x>0, then ey=x. We should then differentiate each side.

dy
ey =1
dx

dy
Then we can solve which gives:
dx

2
 dy 1
=
dx e y

Then finally we have to substitute x=ey to get

dy 1
=
dx x

This is the graph (Lumen, 2023).

Illustration 2: Derivative pertaining to ln (2x-3)

Let f(x) be equal to ln (2x- 3).

It can be understood that 1/x could be deemed as the derivative of natural logarithm. Then we
can use this fact as well as the chain rule, to obtain

f'(x) = 1 divide by (2x - 3) · d/dx (2x - 3)

= 1 divide by (2x - 3) · (2 - 0)

= 2 divide by (2x - 3).

Response: When we consider the derivative pertaining to the function in the question it is 2 / (2x
- 3).

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Illustration 3: Derivatives linked with ln x2

We can say that f(x) = ln x2.

One can find the derivative using a number of methods. In one method it can be considered
“derivative pertaining to ln x could be identified as 1/x” (CueMath, 2023).

Then we get ln am = m ln a.

Therefore, 2 ln x = f(x)

Then the derivative would be,

2 d/dx (ln x) = f'(x)

= 2 (1 / x) = 2 / x

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Question 3: Integration applications
The most basic solid created by a revolution is a right circular cylinder, which is created by
rotating a rectangle around an axis that is located next to one of its sides (the disc).

It is possible to find volume by integrating area for instance, V= ∫Adx. Here it can be found that
in ∫Ady the A denotes the area of a generic disc for instance. The r = f(y) and r = f(x) will depend
on the axis pertaining to the revolution.

Application 1

Finding the volume pertaining to the region that is bound by

Y = x, x = 0, and x = 5

5
 b
V =π ∫ 2
y dx
x=a

=π ∫ x 2 dx
x=0

3
x
=π[ ]
3

= π /3 [ 53- 03 ]

V= 125/3 π unit 3 (Hardy, 2018).

Application 2

Find the volume pertaining to two curves generated by y=x, y=x2

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 X2
V =π ∫ y1 − y 2 dx
2 2

x1

=π ∫ ( x¿¿ 2)2−( x¿ ¿2)dx ¿ ¿

x=0

= π ¿]

5 3
x x 1
=π[( ) - ( )J 0
5 3

1 5 1 3
= π [ (1 −0)− (1 −0)]
5 3

1 1
= π( − )
5 3

−2
|v|=| |π
15

2
V= π unit 3
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Question 4: Applying first order differential equation

When we consider first-order differential calculation it could be denotes in the format:

y′ + p (x) y = q (x)

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Mathematicians could apply first-order linear differential equations to many instances which
include finding the current considering an electrical circuit, finding the motion pertaining to an
object that is falling as well as the motion of an object that is rising into the air which is subject
to air resistance (Mickens, 2022).

A differential equation that is in first order could be deemed as linear if in case it could be
denoted in the format

a (x) y' + b (x) y = c (x),

here c (x), b (x), as well a (x) is deemed as random x denotations.

Some instances of first order linear differential equations include:

cot x = (sin x) y′ − (cos x) y

sin x = (3x2 – 4) y’ + (x − 3) y

4xy′ + (3 ln x) y = x3 − 4x.

Application

A tennis ball is hit upwards in a straight manner with a starting velocity of 2m/s. The mass of the
tennis ball is 0.043 kg. There is an air resistance which acts on the tennis ball at 0.5v. Here t is
time and v is velocity.

a. The mass for this example will be m=0.043kg, g = 9.8m/s2 and k = 0.5

The early velocity is v0 = 2m/s. Consequently, the first value issue will be

dv
0.0427 = − 0.5v − 0.043 (9.8), v0 = 2.
dt

If we divide the differential calculation by 0.043, then one gets

dv 0
will be equal ¿−11.7096 v −9.8 , v =2.
dt

Stage 1: q (t ) = −9.8 and p(t) =11.7096

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Stage 2: the factor that we integrate will be μ(t) = e∫ 11.7096dt = e11.7096t.

Stage 3: We can then conduct multiplication for the differential calculation with
μ(t):

Stage 4: We should then integrate each side

Stage 5: Then we should solve C using V(0) = 2

Finally, the solution answer will be

v (t) = 2.8369 e −11.7096t − 0.8369

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Application 2

Y (x) = x2 + c
Y (0) = (0) 2 + c
=2
Therefore, C=2

Application 3
Verification that y’ = t2 +1, y (1) = 4 will have a solution which is f (t) = t3 / 3 + t + 8/3
Here, f’ (t) = t2 + 1 and f (1) – 13/2+1+8/3 = 4

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References
CueMath, 2023. Derivative of ln x. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/derivative-of-ln-x/
[Accessed 10 October 2023].

Dobson, A. J. & Barnett, A. G., 2018. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. 4 ed. New
York: CRC Press.

Hardy, G. H., 2018. Course of Pure Mathematics. 3 ed. New York: Dover Publications.

Lumen, 2023. Derivative of the Logarithmic Function. [Online]

Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/calculus1/chapter/derivative-of-the-logarithmic-
function/
[Accessed 10 October 2023].

Mickens, R. E., 2022. Difference Equations. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

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