Session 2 Casanova, Reymark O

SESSION 2
Psychological foundation
Nature of Learning
Types of learning
Theories of learning
Transfer of learning
Laws of learning
ACTIVITY!
THINK
THINK OUTSIDE
THE BOX
READ
READ BETWEEN
THE LINES
CHOICE
CHOICE
CHOICE
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
REPEAT
ITSELF
1,2,3...38,39,40 LIFE
LIFE BEGINS AT
40
APPLE 3.14
APPLE PIE
STAND
TRY
2
TRY TO
UNDERSTAND
EYE
EYE
EYE
SHADOW
HEAD
HEELS
HEAD
OVER
HEALS
GSGE
EGSG
GGES
ESGG
SCRAMBLED
EGGS
NATURE OF
LEARNING
NATURE OF LEARNING
MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

Learning is the process by which an individual acquires
knowledge, attitudes and skills that are necessary to meet the
demands of life.
NATURE OF LEARNING

1. Learning is Universal. Living creatures learn, and men learn
the most because the human nervous system is complex,
humans react and need acquisition for growth and
development.
NATURE OF LEARNING
2.Learning is through Experience. Every learning experience

involves some kind of experience, whether it is direct or
indirect.
NATURE OF LEARNING

3.Learning is from all Sides: Children today learn from a
variety of sources, including their parents, teachers, the
environment, nature, and media.
NATURE OF LEARNING

4. Learning is Continuous. It refers to a lifelong learning
process since the person faces new situations every day and
must modify his style of behavior to cope with them effectively
every day because learning is birth to death.
NATURE OF LEARNING

5.It results in Change in Behaviour. Change in behavior
resulting from previous behavior is a more or less permanent
effect on future behavior and it involves any type of activity
that influences later behavior.
NATURE OF LEARNING

6.Learning is an Adjustment. Throughout life, learning helps
the individual to adapt himself appropriately to new situations,
and most learning in children consists of modifying, adapting,
and developing their original nature. The behavior of
individuals changes as they grow older.
NATURE OF LEARNING

7.Learning as Growth and Development. There is never-ending
growth and development, and at every milestone, the learner
acquires a new vision of the future and a new ideal of
achievement as it works towards goal.
TYPES OF
LEARNER
THE TYPES LEARNERS
VISUAL LEARNING STYLE

are individuals who prefer to take in their
information visually—be that with maps,
graphs, diagrams, charts, and others.
However, they don’t necessarily respond well
to photos or videos, rather needing their
information using different visual aids such
as patterns and shapes.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
AUDITORY LEARNING STYLE

are individuals who learn better when they
take in information in auditory form when it is
heard or spoken. They are prone to sorting their
ideas after speaking, rather than thinking ideas
through before.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
KINESTHETIC LEARNING STYLE

are individuals who prefer to learn by doing.
They enjoy a hands-on experience. They are
usually more in touch with reality and more
connected to it, which is why they require using
tactile experience to understand something
better.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
READING/WRITING
consume information best when it’s in words,
whether that’s by writing it down or reading it. To
them, text is more powerful than any kind of
visual or auditory representation of an idea.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
LOGICAL/ANALYTICAL LEARNERS
cs the name suggests, analytical learners
depend on logic and analytical skills to
understand a particular subject. These types of
learners search for connections, causes,
patterns, and results in their learning.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
SOCIAL/LINGUISTIC LEARNERS
These types of learners favor educational
lessons that include peer work or participation.
Social/ linguistic learners get two things out of
this participation: socializing (which they love)
and a better understanding of a subject
THE TYPES LEARNERS
SOLITARY LEARNERS
Solitary learners prefer to study alone
without having to interact with other learners.
Individual work is a solo student’s forte.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
NATURE LEARNERS
These types of learners excel when in contact
with nature. A nature learner’s ideal study
environment is a calm and relaxing environment.
If we had to compare nature learners with
another type, it would be tactile learners.
THE TYPES LEARNERS
NATURE LEARNERS
These types of learners excel when in contact
with nature. A nature learner’s ideal study
environment is a calm and relaxing environment.
If we had to compare nature learners with
another type, it would be tactile learners.
Foundation of Education
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION
MR. REYMARK O. CASANOVA, LPT, CHRA
MASTER OF ARTS IN INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
THEORIES OF
LEARNING
THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget summary of theory:
•Schemas: The building blocks of knowledge.

•Adaptation processes: These allow the learner
to transition from one stage to another. He
called these:
a. Assimilation - The process of taking in new

information into our previously existing schema’s
is known as assimilation.
b. Accommodation - Another part of adaptation

involves changing or altering our existing
schemas in light of new information, a process
known as accommodation.
c. Equilibrium - a state of balance between

individuals’ mental schemata, or frameworks,
and their environment. Such balance occurs
when their expectations, based on prior
knowledge, fit with new knowledge.
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
1. Sensorimotor Stage runs from birth to 2 years

and the child spends their time learning basic
Schemas.
2. Preoperational Stage runs from 2 years to 7

years and the child develops more Schemas and
the ability to think Symbolically
3. Concrete Operational Stage runs from 7 years

to 11 years and this is the Stage when children
start to work things out in their head rather than
physically in the real world.
4. Formal Operational Stage runs from 11 years

into adulthood and this is where abstract
thought develops, as does logic and cool stuff
like hypothesis testing.
2. VYGOTSKY’S THEORY OF LEARNING
asserts that a child's cognitive development and

learning ability can be guided and mediated by
their social interactions.
2. VYGOTSKY’S THEORY OF LEARNING
3. BLOOM’S DOMAINS OF LEARNING
Bloom summary of theory:

1.Blooms Taxonomy - (a) Create, (b) Evaluate, (c)
Analyze, (d) Apply, (e) Understand and (f)
Remember

2.Affective (Feeling) Domain -
*Receiving, *Responding, *Valuing,
*Organization and *Characterization

3.Psychomotor Domain –
Reflex Movement, Fundamentals Movement,
Perceptual Capabilities, Physical Abilities, Skilled
Movements and Non-Discursive Communication
5. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
is a model for understanding the motivations for

human behavior. It maps different motivations
onto a pyramid, with each level representing a
different human need.
5. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
5. HOWARD GARDNER’S MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s 7 Intelligences
1.Linguistic intelligence. The ability to learn
and use language in written and spoken forms to
express oneself.

2.Mathematical intelligence. The ability to solve
problems logically, to solve mathematical
problems and to perform scientific
investigations.

3.Musical intelligence. Having skill in
appreciation, composition and performance of
musical patterns, including the ability to
recognize tone, pitch and rhythm.

4. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Using mental
abilities to coordinate body movements to solve
problems.

5. Spatial intelligence. Being able to recognize
and use patterns in a wide or confined space.

6. Interpersonal intelligence. The capacity to
understand the desires, motivations and
intentions of other people.

7. Intrapersonal intelligence. The capacity to
understand your own fears, feelings and
motivations.
7. SKINNER’S BEHAVIORIST THEORY
Skinner’s summary of theory:
Operation Conditioning - also called

instrumental conditioning, is a learning process
where behaviors are modified through the
association of stimuli with reinforcement or
punishment.
7. SKINNER’S BEHAVIORIST THEORY
THEORIES OF
LEARNING
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
Transfer An act of moving something or someone to

another place.
Learning An act of gaining knowledge or skill by

experience, study, being taught, or creative thought
notion was originally

introduced as transfer of
practice by Edward Thorndike
and Robert S. Woodworth.
explored how individuals would transfer learning in one

context to another context that shared similar
characteristics – or more formally how "improvement in
one mental function" could influence another related one.
LEVELS AND
TYPES OF
TRANSFER
POSITIVE TRANSFER
aid to be positive when learning in one context improves
learning or performance in another context.
NEGATIVE TRANSFER
occurs when previous learning or experience inhibits or
interferes with learning or performance in a new context.
SIMPLE TRANSFER
transfer happens when little or no effort is required to
apply what has been learned in one situation to a new
situation
NEAR AND FAR TRANSFER

idistinction used is between near and far transfer. Usually
these terms distinguish the closeness or distance between
the original learning and the transfer task.

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SESSION 2

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

2.Learning is through Experience. Every learning experience

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

MEANING AND NATURE OF LEARNING:

VISUAL LEARNING STYLE

AUDITORY LEARNING STYLE

KINESTHETIC LEARNING STYLE

Piaget summary of theory:

•Schemas: The building blocks of knowledge.

a. Assimilation - The process of taking in new

b. Accommodation - Another part of adaptation

c. Equilibrium - a state of balance between

1. Sensorimotor Stage runs from birth to 2 years

2. Preoperational Stage runs from 2 years to 7

3. Concrete Operational Stage runs from 7 years

4. Formal Operational Stage runs from 11 years

asserts that a child's cognitive development and

Bloom summary of theory:

Bloom summary of theory:

Bloom summary of theory:

is a model for understanding the motivations for

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Gardner’s summary of theory:

Skinner’s summary of theory:

Operation Conditioning - also called

Transfer An act of moving something or someone to

Learning An act of gaining knowledge or skill by

notion was originally

explored how individuals would transfer learning in one

NEAR AND FAR TRANSFER

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