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1.1.overview of Computers and Programming V2

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computing including computers, hardware, memory, software, and computer languages. It describes how computers receive, store, process and output different types of information. The basic hardware components are the central processing unit, memory, monitor, keyboard and other peripherals. Memory is essential for storing and accessing information and is organized into cells with unique addresses. Software consists of programs that allow solving problems by providing instruction lists. Programming languages have evolved from machine language to higher-level languages like assembly and languages resembling English to simplify programming.

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mohammaddraz22
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24 views

1.1.overview of Computers and Programming V2

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computing including computers, hardware, memory, software, and computer languages. It describes how computers receive, store, process and output different types of information. The basic hardware components are the central processing unit, memory, monitor, keyboard and other peripherals. Memory is essential for storing and accessing information and is organized into cells with unique addresses. Software consists of programs that allow solving problems by providing instruction lists. Programming languages have evolved from machine language to higher-level languages like assembly and languages resembling English to simplify programming.

Uploaded by

mohammaddraz22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Fundamentals of Computing

Chapter 1: Overview of Computers and Programming


Prepared by:

Eng. Malek Al-Louzi


School of Computing and Informatics– Al Hussein Technical University
Outlines

Computers Overview

Hardware

Memory

Software

Computer Languages

Page 2
Computers

Machines which receive, store, process, and output information


can deal with data of all kinds: numbers, text, images, graphics, and
sound.

Page 3
The elements of a computer system

Hardware is the equipment used to perform the necessary


computations which includes: the central processing unit
(CPU),Memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and speakers.

 Software consists of the programs that enable us to solve


problems with a computer by providing it with lists of instructions to
perform.

Page 4
Hardware
Components of a Computer

Page 6
Memory
Essential component in any computer
Ordered sequence of storage locations called memory cells, To store
and access information.
Each memory cell has a unique address that indicates its relative
position in memory.
Communication with memory is done using three Buses:
Data Bus (To read/write the actual data).
Address Bus (to identify the exact memory cell to read or write).
Control Bus (to control if I want to read or write).
The data stored in a memory cell are called the contents of the cell.
Page 7
Memory
 1000 memory Cells.
 A memory cell is a grouping of smaller units called bytes
 A byte is composed of even smaller units of storage called
bits.
 The term bit , derived from the words binary digit , is the
smallest element a computer can deal with.

Page 8
Numbering System
A numbering system is a systematic method for representing
numbers using a particular set of symbols.

Binary System.

Decimal System.

 Octal System.

Hexadecimal System.

Page 9
Binary System

Binary refers to a number system based on two numbers, 0 and 1, so


a bit is either a 0 or a 1

Generally, there are 8 bits to a byte.

Page 10
Storage Capacity

Page 11
Main Memory

Stores programs, data, and results.


Two types of main memory:
 Random access memory (RAM):
Temporary storage of programs and data.
Usually volatile memory , which means that everything in RAM will be
lost when the computer is switched off.
 Read-only memory (ROM):
Stores programs or data permanently.
 Not volatile, the data stored there do not disappear when the computer
is switched off.
Page 12
Central Processing Unit
central processing unit (CPU) has two roles:
coordinating all computer operations.
performing arithmetic and logical operations on data.
Follows the instructions contained in a computer program to determine
which operations should be carried out and in what order.
CPU retrieves each instruction in sequence (called fetching an
instruction ).
 CPU’s current instruction and data values are stored temporarily inside
the CPU in special high-speed memory locations called registers.

Page 13
Page 14
Software
Operating System

It is the software that is responsible for directing all computer


operations and managing all computer resources.
We will use Ubuntu OS for this class.

Page 16
Computer Languages
Developing new software requires writing lists of instructions for a
computer to execute.
The Computer only understand machine language.
Machine language is a collection of binary numbers.
Software developers rarely write in the machine language.
Another drawback of machine language is that it is not standardized.
There is a different machine language for every type of CPU.
Assembly language is more readable.

Page 17
Machine Language Program Fragment
and its Assembly Language Equivalent

Page 18
Assembly language

A language in which computer operations are represented by mnemonic


codes rather than binary numbers.

Variables can be given names rather than binary memory addresses.

Each assembly language instruction corresponds to exactly one machine


instruction.

Page 19
High-level languages
 To write programs that are independent of the CPU.
 Combine algebraic expressions and symbols taken from English.
 Example: a = a + b;
 It is easier to express problem solutions in high-level languages.
 Remains the problem that computers do NOT understand these languages.
 Thus, before a high-level language program can be executed, it must first be translated
into the target computer’s machine language.
 The program that does this translation is called a compiler.

Page 20
Levels of Programming Language Example
High-level
Low-level assembly
Machine binary language

Page 21
Any Questions???…

Page 22

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