1(A).

Describe briefly about the hazardous energy and the lockout Tagout
procedure.
{6 marks)
Energy sources including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other
sources in machines and equipment can be hazardous to workers.

During the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment, the unexpected startup or release
of stored energy can result in serious injury or death to workers.

Lockout/Tagout procedure prevents unexpected startup of the equipment or energy while servicing.

Lockout-tagout procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous
machines are properly shut off and not started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or
servicing work.

1(B). Discuss briefly about brushless alternator maintenance on ship. {10 marks)
Before starting any maintenance work on the alternator, all safety precaution should be taken and the
alternator should be shut and locked down. Also, post notice on relevant places and alternator heater
to be isolated.
-Clean the alternator ventilation passage and air filter
-Check the Insulation resistance of stator and rotor winding
-Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked
-Automatic Voltage Regulator to be checked and cleaned off oil and dust
- The lube oil level of pedestal bearing to be maintained and renewed as per planned
maintenance
-A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove dust accumulated in the inner parts of alternator
-All the connection in the terminal box to be tightened properly
- The terminal box cover gasket to be checked for proper oil and water tightness.
-Cable gland to be checked for integrity
-Forced Ventilation around alternator must be maintained all the time
-Check heater for proper operation
- The foundation bolts of the alternator to be checked for tightness.
After maintenance is performed, a no load test should be carried out and general condition such as
noise, temperature, voltage generated etc. of the alternator should be observed and noted.
2(A). Explain briefly about the Megger Testing with sketch. {8 marks}

When using a Meg-Ohm Meter you connect one lead to the winding, and the other lead to the frame
of the unit under test.
When you activate the Meg-Ohm Meter you are impressing 500, or 1000 volts of pressure against the
"Ground Wall Insulation".
If the motor windings are possible to disconnect, the insulation resistance between the windings
should be tested.
If your motor is connected to an "electronic drive", disconnect the wiring from the drive terminals
before doing your megger testing.

2(B). Discuss the servicing procedure for the motor which has been flooded with
sea water. {8 marks)

Servicing procedure for the motor

In case a motor has been flooded with seawater, the following steps must be taken:
- The salt contamination must be removed by thoroughly washing it down with warm and
clean fresh water.
-De-greasants must be used if it is found that there was ingress of oil, etc,
-Spirits or alcohol may be used to clean contacts and other sensitive parts.
-Dry the motor with dry air and use powerful lamps for heating. Keeping it's covers open to
permit moisture to escape.
-The windings can be heated by current-injection with a special injection transformer. The
injected currents must be well below the rated current of the motor's winding.
-After the insulation resistance get high enough, air-drying varnish may be applied to the
windings.
The motor must be started on less than full load if possible and its currents must be
monitored for a few hours to confirm its satisfactory operation.
3. Discuss the air circuit breaker maintenance. (16 marks)
Before working on circuit breakers, check the technical manual carefully and obtain the approval of
the Chief Engineer.

Be certain to remove all power to the circuit breaker before working on it. Tag the switch to ensure
that power is not accidentally applied while working on it.

Manually operate the circuit breaker several times to be sure that the operating mechanism works
smoothly.

For the low voltage system, Generator circuit breakers and other large circuit breakers (600-6000A)
on board a ship are usually of the air break type.
The ACB and its slide rails are usually mounted in a special cassette bolted into the switchboard
cubicle
and electrically connected to the bus bars.

-If repair work demands that the ACB be completely removed from its cassette, then usually
special hoisting equipment is required for large breakers.

-In most cases the action of withdrawing the breaker causes a safety shutter to cover the live
bus-bar contacts.

-Mechanical linkages in the circuit breaker are needed to be carried out maintenance and
lubrication as specified by the manufacturer.

- The arc-chutes confine and control the arc to accelerate extinction.

-These must be removed and inspected for broken parts and erosion of the steel splitter-plates.

-Inspect the contacts for pitting caused by arcing or corrosion.

- The main fixed and moving contacts are made of copper and silver-coated.

-Main contacts should not be scraped or filed. If the main contacts suffer severe burning, they
probably require realignment as specified by manufacture.

- Alignment of contacts is checked by removing the arc chutes on ACBs to expose the contact
assembly.

- Arcing contacts normally suffer burning ·and may be dressed by a smooth file as recommended
by the manufacturer.

-Emery paper should not be used -the hard particles can embed themselves in the soft copper.
4(A). Describe the effects of unbalance voltage upon the electric motor. {4
marks)

If the applied voltages are unbalanced, the motor may need to be de-rated.

Voltage imbalance that is more than five percent of the line-to-line voltage will greatly reduce
a motor's mechanical output and dramatically increase its internal heating .

4(B). Explain the possible causes of three phase motor drawing unbalance
current.

Check the applied voltage, to verify that the applied voltages are even. Motor voltage
unbalance should not exceed 5% of line voltage.

The voltage unbalance will significantly reduce the output capacity of a motor.

Current imbalance over the 5% range dictates that the motor's load be reduced .

If the line voltages are even and the current imbalance still exceeds 10%, the winding is
probably shorted and the motor should be repaired.
4(C). Tabulate the possible winding connections for two speeds1 consequent
pole induction motor. {8 marks)
5(A). State briefly about the actuator1 and then explain briefly about the IP
converter.
Actuators
The purpose of the valve actuator is to accurately locate the valve plug in a position dictated
by the control signal.

The actuator accepts a signal from the control system and moves the valve to a fully-open or
fullyclosed position, or a more open or a more closed position (depending on whether 'on I
off'· or 'continuous' control action is used).

There are several ways of providing this actuation.

-Pneumatic.
-Electric.

Other significant actuators include the hydraulic and the direct acting types .

The I toP converter unit takes in an electrical control signal, typically 4- 20 rnA, and converts
it to a pneumatic control signal, typically 0.2 - 1 bar, which is then fed into the actuator, or to
the P to P positioner, as shown in Figure.
5(B). State the functions of following devices.
(i) Temperature Transmitter (ii) Pressure Transmitter (iii) Thermocouple
Amplifier
{8 marks)

Temperature Transmitter

The temperature transmitter can be used for converting the Pt lOO's ohm signal or the
thermocouple's mV signal to a 4-20 rnA signal

Pressure Transmitter

The pressure transmitter is designed for pressure measurement, even under harsh
environmental conditions. The pressure transmitter converts the pressure signal to analog 4-
20 rnA output signal for various pressure ranges, 0-6 bar, 0-10 bar, 0-SObar, etc. Some
application refers as PI converter.

Thermocouple Amplifier

Thermocouple amplifier is design to convert the mV signal from thermocouple temperature

sensor.
6(A). Explain briefly about linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). {8 marks)

The letters LVDT a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the
rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding
electrical signal.

The magnitude and phase of output depend upon the position of the core which is attached
to the moving part which to be detected.

LVDT linear position sensors are readily available that can measure movements as small as
a fewmillionths of an inch up to several inches

6(B). Explain briefly about the steering modes for a ship. {8 marks)
NAVI mode (FU Steering)
This mode enables track control. Interface with INS equipment such as ECD/S is required.

AUTO mode (FU Steering)

This mode automatically keeps the ship's heading to a preset course. A heading reference
signal from a gyrocompass is required.

HAND mode (FU Steering)

This mode manually controls ship's heading from the steering wheel on the front of control
stand.
Number of potentiometers mechanized in the steering wheel can be provided in coincidence
with the
number of steering control chains.
RC mode (FU Steering)
This mode manually controls the ship's heading, and the control can be done away from the
control stand. A dial remote controller or the like is required.

NFU steering
This mode directly drives the actuators of the steering gear. The rudder is driven when the
lever switch is moved to port or starboard, and stops moving when the lever switch is in
neutral.
7(A). Explain briefly about the inductive sensor. (10 marks)

The inductive sensor also called magnetic pickup sensor inductive effect sensor's coil is
producing the oscillating voltage.
When the trigger wheel with the teeth passes in enough close distance (G) to the pole pin of
the sensor, the magnetic field surrounding the coil is changed.
As the result of the magnetic field changes, a voltage is induced in the coil. The induced
voltage is proportional to the strength and rate of change of the magnetic field.
One complete oscillation is produced for each tooth that passes beside to the sensor pole
pin.
The electrical resistance of the coil is typically in the range between 500 ohms and 1.500
ohms. (In some cases 200 ohm - 2.500 ohms).

7(B). Describe the shutdown and alarming items that are found at auxiliary boiler
control system. {6 marks)
8(A). Discuss the possible causes of high condensing pressure and low
condensing pressure at refrigeration system on board.

High condensing pressure

Inlet water war
Air or non-condensable gas in the system
Insufficient water flowing through the condenser
Condenser tube clogged or scaled
Too much liquid in receiver
Condenser tube submerged in liquid refrigerant.

Low condensing Pressure

Too much water flow through the condenser
Water too cold
Leaking discharge valve
Low refrigerant in the system
Low cooling load at evaporator

8(B). Explain the operating principle of Hall Effect sensor. {10 marks)

The output signal from a Hall Effect sensor is not effected by the rate of change of the
magnetic field.
The produced output voltage typically is in the range of millivolts (mV) and is additionally
amplified by integrated electronics.

The final output voltage signal usually is in digital waveform pulses. The output signal of the
sensor can be either positive or negative with peak voltage usually up to 5 V,12 V, 24V
depending upon the type of the integrated electronics and requirements of the used system.

The amplitude of the output signal remains constant, only the frequency increases
proportionally with rpm. The Hall Effect sensors must be additionally supplied by external
voltage needed for integrated electronics. The usual supplying voltage (+Vcc) is 5 V, 12
V,24V.
9(A). Explain briefly the hydraulic locking system for steering gear system on
board. {10marks)

The steering gear is controlled by a steering control system. The given rudder order signal
provides thedisplacement of the steering gear pump (via control/ amplifier box, starter box).

The size of the pump displacement depends of the size of the signal. The signal will be
transformed by a proportional valve which is mounted at the hydraulic pump, from an
electrically signal into the mechanically displacement.

The signal of the rudder order will be monitored. The displacement will be monitored also,
via limit switches at the hydraulic pump.

The signal of the rudder order as reference value and the signal of the limit switches as
actual value.
These will be compared in the HLA transmitter box. In a case of a deviation the HL- alarm
would be appeared.
9(B). Explain briefly about the Echo Sounding System. {6 marks}

Echo sounding system

This instrument measures the depth based on the principle of reflection of an echo of waves
transmitted by a wave generator and the time is noted for the wave to return.
By using the velocity of the wave and the time to return back, it is possible to calculate the
distance traversed by the wave using the simple mathematical formula.
10. Discuss briefly about the operation modes of reefer container unit. (16
marks)
The operating modes are: Frozen, chilled, heating and defrost mode.
Frozen mode
In frozen mode the set point is compared to the return probe. This ensures that the
maximum temperature of the cargo is the set point temperature. Most units run in frozen
mode at set points below -10C (-5C).
The evaporator fans run at low speed due to the relatively low cooling demand of frozen
cargo (/ow temperature). The capacity control of the plant is ON I OFF as frozen cargo is
relatively insensitive to minor temperature variations.

Chilled mode
In chilled mode the set point is compared to the supply air probe. This ensures that the
lowest temperature of the air is the set point temperature.
The chilled commodities (e.g. vegetables) are very sensitive to chill temperature and even a
slight deviation of the supply air temperature below the set point will result in damaged
cargo.
Most units run in chilled mode at set points above -10C (-5C). Due to the relatively high
cooling demand of chilled cargoes the evaporator fans run at high speed.
The capacity control of the plant is done by gradually reducing the capacity of the
compressor either by cutting out cylinders or by inserting a solenoid modulation valve in the
suction line. This is very important because chilled commodities are very sensitive even to
minor temperature changes.

Heating mode
When transporting the container in very cold ambient temperatures the heating elements are
used to keep the desired temperatures inside the container.
Normally the heating elements are pulsed (turned on and off in intervals) to ascertain a
uniform supply air temperature.

Defrost mode
A defrost is performed to remove ice from the evaporator coil and is initiated by one or more
of below mentioned factors:
-Number of compressor running hours
-A fixed timer during pull down
-Temperature difference between evaporator coil sensor and return air

During a defrost the compressor is turned off and the evaporator fans are stopped to avoid
hot air entering the cargo space.
The defrost mode is terminated by one or more of below mentioned factors:
-Evaporator coil temperature sensor
-Timer

Most units are equipped with a safety cut out switch that stops the defrost cycle in the event
of the temperature in the evaporator compartment reaches around 50°C.
Manual defrost cycle can be activated by pushing a button or toggling a switch.
11(A). Explain briefly about the Voyage Data Recorder, and then list the type of
information which is recorded in the VDR system. (8 marks)

Voyage data recorder is an instrument safely installed on a ship to continuously record vital
information related to the operation of a vessel. .
It contains a voice recording system for a period of at least last 12 hours. This recording is
recovered and made use of for investigation in events of accidents.
There are various sensors placed on bridge of the ship and on prominent location from
which the required data is continuously collected.
This collected data which comprises of voices, various parameters, ships location etc. are
then fed to a storage unit where the whole input is recorded and saved for at least12 hours.

11(B). Explain briefly about Doppler Speed Log system. (8 marks)

The Doppler speed log measures ship's speed by using the Doppler Effect, which is
observed as a frequency shift resulting from relative motion between a transmitter and
receiver or reflector of acoustic or electromagnetic energy.

A pair-beam, one directed in the fore direction and the other in the aft direction, which emits
ultrasonic waves at an angle of 8 to the waterline towards ship's fore and aft directions.
The frequency of the received signal is then compared with that of the transmitted frequency
to measure Doppler shift to calculate ship's speed.
The relative motion causes the Doppler shift and the ultrasonic waves reflected from water
mass are received at the frequency of
fr =fo + fd
where fd is the number of frequency shifts counted at the receiver circuit. To calculate ship's
speed, the following formula is used.
V = fd/fo • c/2sin8 (c: Underwater velocity)
12(A). Explain briefly about the Intrinsic Safety for hazardous area. (8 marks)
Intrinsic safety (IS) is a protection technique for safe operation of electrical equipment in
hazardous areas by limiting the energy available for ignition. Signal and control circuit can
operate with low currents and voltages.

Most applications require a signal to be sent out of or into the hazardous area. The
equipment mounted in the hazardous area must first be approved for use in an intrinsically
safe system.

The barriers designed to protect the system must be mounted outside of the hazardous
area.
12(B). Explain briefly about the Bridge radar system of a ship. {8 marks)

The radars can be connected to an Ethernet network for a variety of user requirements.
SOLAS Chapter V as amended requires X- and S-band radars for ships 3000 GT and over.

Each of X- and S-band radars can be inter-switched without using an extra option. Up to four
radars can be interchanged in the network; In addition, the essential navigational information
including the electronic chart, L/L, COG, SOG, STW, etc. can be shared in the network.
X-band is widely used because of the ability to utilize smaller antennas and to provide better
target resolution.
S-band radars are often used for specialized applications, such as seeing through heavy
weather or precipitation and for long-range bird detection. S-band antennas are larger
13(A). Explain the earth fault monitoring lamps which are installed at main
switch
board. {6 marks)

Earth indication lamps in a 3-phase a.c. system are arranged as shown in Fig. When the
system is healthy (no earth faults) then the lamps glow with equal half brilliance.
If an earth fault occurs on one line, the lamp connected to that line goes dim or extinguished.
The other lamps experience an increased voltage so will glow brighter than before.
Earth indication lamps have been the most common method used, being an inexpensive
installation which is easy to understand. Their major disadvantage is that they are not very
sensitive and will fail to indicate the presence of a high impedance earth fault.

13(B). Describe the feature of on/off control and proportional control system.
(4 marks)

On-Off Control
1. High Sensitivity
2. Provides satisfactory control in certain applications.
3. No difficulty with load change conditions.

Proportional Control
1. Reduced sensitivity to eliminate cycling.
2. Difficulty encountered with load change conditions
3. The Controller output change is Proportional to measurement change (output) only.
4. It Provides stability eliminates hunting or cycling.
5. Units for expressing amount-Proportional, Gain, Sensitivity.

13(C). Explain briefly about the rotary encoders and their usage. {6 marks)
A rotary encoder, also called a shaft encoder, is an electro-mechanical device that converts
the angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to an analog or digital code.

There are two main types: absolute and incremental (relative). The output of absolute
encoders indicates the current position of the shaft, making them angle transducers.

The output of incremental encoders provides information about the motion of the shaft,
which is typically further processed into information such as speed, distance and position.

Rotary encoders are used in many applications that require precise shaft unlimited rotation,
industrial controls, Engine shaft position transmitter, fuel rack position detection, wind
direction indicator, crane hoisting limit control, radar scanner position detectors etc.
14(A). Summarize brief about hoisting limit switches of a crane. (4 marks)

Hoisting
The up and down movement of the hook from the jib by means of running wire; the hoisting
limit switch works when It is mainly provided to avoid the damage during a heaving up or
down
operation. The hoisting motor will be stopped when limit switch are activated.
1.Hoisting upper limit (High hook, full drum)
2. Hoisting slow down limit switch
3. Hoisting lower limit (empty drum, 3 turns left)
4. lowing slow down limit switch

14(B). Summarize brief about luffing limit switches of a crane. (6 marks)

Luffing
In the movement of jib up and down, the limit switch works when Jib is limited to certain
angle of inclination. The movement of the jib above this limit is prevented by luffing limit
switch this stops the motor and luffing drum.
1. Jib upper limit (minimum radius,3 mtr)switch
2. luffing up slow down limit switch
3. luffing lower limit switch(maximum radius)
4. luffing down slow down limit switch
5 .Jib parking limit switch
6. Empty drum (3 turns left) limit switch
14(C). Write a brief explanation about the dead man alarm system. (6 marks)
The dead man alarm system is designed to any type of vessel where a one-man watch in
the Engine Room. The system is intended for presence supervision and monitoring. A
person on duty should adjust the countdown {3 -27min) of the dead man alarm for his safety
before the entry into the engine room.

If Reset is not pressed until the end of preset time limit, a pre-warning signal is activated on
the engine room. If Reset is not pressed after the end of first stage, a second stage timer {3-
30min) starts a countdown. In the end of the countdown, the Alarm Remote Station on the
Bridge Console Position is activated.

Resetting can only be done from the Engine Room. The Dead Man's Alarm System
automatically switches on whenever an alarm of the Engine room is activated. The Base
Timer can be reset only after the Engine Room Alarm is acknowledged. An Emergency Call
function is available to call for immediate assistance.

15(A). State the types of protection of electrical equipment working in hazards

area to prevent explosion. {6 marks)

Explosion protection equipment is identified by EX follow by the letter indication the type of
protection.
There are four basic approaches which can be adopted to prevent uncontrolled ignitions of
gas, vapor or mist and air clouds.

1. The gas, vapour or mist/air cloud can be excluded by mechanical barriers or other
equivalent means.
(Ex-o, m and p)

2. The components of the electrical circuits can be prevented from sparking or becoming
sufficiently hot to ignite the gas, vapour or mist/air cloud. (Ex-e)

3. The gas, vapour or mist/air cloud can be permitted to enter the equipment enclosure and
ignited,but the ensuing propagation of the explosion outside the enclosure can be prevented
by some form of quenching. (Ex-d and q)

4. The electrical components within the enclosure can be permitted to spark, but the energy
fed to the enclosure will be limited to a level which is not capable of igniting the gas, vapour
or mist/air cloud.
(Ex-i)

5. Special protection (Ex-s)

15(B). State the running checks to be carried out at regular interval for
refrigeration system on board. {4 marks)

• Check the lubricating oil level in the crankcase.

• Check the moisture indicators on the gas flow system.
• Check the suction and discharge pressure and temperature. Any unusual variations should
be investigated.
• Check all the room temperatures and evaporation coils for any sign of frosting.
• Check for leaks if the level of gas in the system appears to have fallen.

15(C). State the Procedure for stopping the refrigeration. {6 marks)

For a Short Period

1. Close the liquid supply line valve to the evaporator for 5 minutes before stopping the
plant.

2. When the compressor stops on the low pressure cut-out, press STOP on the control
panel.

3. When the compressor has stopped, close the suction and discharge stop valves.

4. Turn on the crankcase heater.:.

For a long period
l. Close the main stop valve after the condenser. Evacuate the evaporators.

2. Allow the temperature to rise in the evaporators, repeat after evacuation.

3. When the suction pressure is slightly over atmospheric, stop the compressor and
closes the suction and discharge stop valves. The liquid refrigerant gas will be stored in
the condenser.
16(A). Estimate the starting current of the 3 phase, 440V, 15kW induction
motor with different starting methods. (Assume auto transformer output is
65%} {10 marks)

Estimated full load ampere= 600 x H.P/V

= 804 x kW/V = 804 x 15/440 = 27.4 Amp
For DOL starter
Starting current= 5 x full load current
= 5 x 27.4 = 137 Amp
For Y-deltastarter
Starting current= Starting current of DOL x 1/3
= 137 x 1/3= 45.66 Amp
For Auto transformer starter
Starting current= Starting current of DOL x voltage ratio of auto transformer2
= 137 x 0.652 = 57.8 Amp
For Soft starter
Assumed that Setting are:max current setting= 2 x motor rated Ampere, ramp up/down
time=10 sec,
starting voltage= 60% of Un
Starting current= 2 x 27.4 = 54.8 Amp
ForVFD
Assumed that setting are: RPM (min)=lO rpm, RPM(max)= 1750,Frequency(max)=60,
Frequency (min)10 Hz, Rated Voltage=440V, Start time=15 sec, stop time= 15 sec, Rated
current=27.4 Amp, control
mode=V/Hz
Starting current= very low1 very smooth
16(B). Explain why the current transformer secondary connected with a relay
or ampere meter is not so dangerous? {4 marks)

A current transformer secondary is dangerous due to a high volt during open circuit because
while the primary is carrying load, the secondary terminal will try to saturate the primary
potential.

Since the secondary insulation is usually rated for 600V this condition will probably result in
an electrical fire. If you are touching the secondary wires when they are opened up, you will
most likely get shocked/burned and you could be electrocuted.

17(A). Describe pre-use inspection of Portable Electric Equipment? {4 marks}

To using portable electrical equipment the user must first perform a safety inspection. This
inspection consists of looking for external defects and for evidence of possible internal
damage.

Pre-use inspection includes inspection of the tool casing for cracks, dents contamination (oil,
moisture,dirt, corrosion). See Electric cords, below for inspection of cords and plug.

If there is a defect or evidence of damage, that might expose to employee and may get
injury. The defective or damaged equipment shall be removed from service and no
employee may use it unit necessary repairs and tests render the equipment safe for use.

17(B). How does radar measure the distance? {4 marks)

Radio waves travel at an almost constant speed, so the time between a pulse being
transmitted and its echo being received gives an indication of distance.

Radio waves travel at approximately 300 meters per microsecond. If a pulse is received 100
milliseconds after it was transmitted, it must have travelled 30,000 metres (30 kilometres).

This is the distance from the radar to the object and back, so the object must be 1 5
kilometres (about 8 nautical miles) away.
17(C). Discuss briefly about overload relay trip or blown fuse when motor start.
{8 marks)
A starting current that is too high, or lasts too long, will causes tripping of the overload relay
or blow fuses. Motor starting currents that don't diminish quickly will be too high to be
sustained by normal overload protection. The motor and its associated load must accelerate
quickly. If .acceleration is delayed due to increased load nuisance, tripping can be the result.

Grounded windings

Test all windings for ground failure using the mega ohm meter. Any grounded windings must
be repaired before power is applied to the motor.

Mechanical/ problems with the motor or driven equipment

Mechanical problems such as worn bearings or other problems with the motor or machine
could cause a mechanical overload. Determine if the problem is in the motor itself or in the
driven equipment.
Uncouple the motor and turn the rotor by hand. Check for bad bearings or other mechanical
binding.

Shorted windings

If the rotor turns freely, attempt a restart and check the no load currents in comparison to the
amperage guidelines. If the motor starts and runs within those limits, the problem is most
likely in the driven equipment and not in the motor.
18(A). Explain briefly about the shut trip with molded case circuit breakers.
(8marks)

A shunt trip device is an optional accessory in a circuit breaker that mechanically trips the
breaker when power is applied to the shunt trip terminals. The power for the shunt trip does
not come from within the breaker, so it must be supplied from an external source. Check the
specific breaker type for available ac or de shunt trip voltage ratings and for the method of
installation.

The Shunt trip circuit breakers shut off electrical power during emergencies to prevent injury
to people and damage to equipment. The shunt trip--a safety feature added to a regular
circuit breaker--allows a location or appliance outside of the main breaker to also trigger a
power shut-off.

The shunt coil operates by momentary energization (lasting very short time) and trip the
MCCB by activating the Mechanical Latch. The shunt trip coil is connected in series with NO
(normally open contact), both of which are installed on the MCCB. During the shunt trip
operation, the control power supply is disconnected immediately after tripping. Shunt release
is used for "remote opening of the switching device. Shunt trip coil does not provide the
feature of tripping the MCCB upon power supply failure or voltage dips.

18(B). What happen if a motor is operated in star instead of delta at star/delta

starter.{4 marks)

If the motor is designed to be operated in delta connection, then operating continuously in

star cancause damage to the motor. When a delta motor is connected in star, the voltage is
reduced by the square root of three resulting in reduced flux in the iron. This will reduce the
magnetizing current and will also reduce the torque capacity of the motor.

If you operate at light loads there will be no problem however if you operate at high loads,
the slip of the motor will be increased dramatically and it may stall. The increase slip will
result in a dramatic increase in the power dissipated in the rotor. If the motor begins to stall,
the stator will also suffer excess heating causing a motor failure
18(C). Describe the most common areas covered by water mist system. {4
marks)

Following are the most common areas covered by water mist system:
Incinerator room
Auxiliary boiler room
Auxiliary generators
Main engine cylinder head platform
Purifier room
Inert gas generator room
Steering gear room

19. Describe the 13 common causes of electric motor failure and then
summarize
Any 8 topics of 13. {16 marks)
1. - Transient voltage,
2 - Voltage imbalance,
3 - Harmonic distortion,
4 - Reflections on drive output PWM signals,
5- Operational overloads,
6- Misalignment,
7 - Shaft imbalance,
8- Shaft looseness,
9 - Bearing wear,
1.0 - Shaft voltage,
1.1.- Moisture,
1.2- Over cycling,
1.3- Improper Ventilation
Winding insulation breakdown and bearing wear are the two most common causes of motor failure,
but those conditions arise for many different reasons.
1. - Transient voltage
Adjacent high power loads turning on or off, power factor correction capacitor banks or switch on/off
generator ACB can generate transient voltages on distribution systems. These transients, which vary
in amplitude and frequency, can cause insulation breakdown in motor windings.
2 - Voltage imbalance
Faults· may be in the cabling to the motor, the terminations at the motor, circuit breaker, fuses,
thermal overload relay and the windings themselves. This imbalance can lead to stresses in each of
the phase circuits. All three phases of voltage should always have the same magnitude. Voltage
Imbalance creates excessive current flow in one or more phases that then increases operating
temperaturesleading to insulation breakdown.
3 - Harmonic distortion
Harmonics are any unwanted additional source of high frequency AC voltages or currents supplying
energy to the motor windings. This additional energy is not used to turn the motor shaft but circulates
in the windings and ultimately contributes to internal energy losses. These losses dissipate in the form
of heat, which will deteriorate the insulation capability of the windings. This will decrease in motor
efficiency and an increase in operating temperatures.
4 - Reflections on drive output PWM signals
Variable frequency drives employ a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to control the output
voltage and frequency to a motor. Reflections are generated when there is an impedance mismatch
between the source and load. Impedance mismatches can occur as a result of improper installation,
improper component selection or equipment degradation over time. That will cause Motor winding
insulation breakdown.
5- Operational overloads
Motor overload occurs when a motor is under excessive load. The primary symptoms that accompany
a motor overload are excessive current draw and overheating. Excessive motor heat is a major cause
of motor failure.
6- Misalignment
A flexible coupling eliminates and compensates for misalignment, but a flexible coupling only protects
the coupling from misalignment. A misaligned shaft will transmit cyclical forces along the shaft and
into the motor, leading to excess wear and may feed vibration into both the load and the motor drive
shaft.
7 - Shaft imbalance
Shaft imbalance can be caused by numerous factors, including: Dirt accumulation, Missing balance
weights, uneven mass in rotating windings and other wears. Wear in mechanical drive components
that lead to failures.
8- Shaft looseness
Rotating looseness is caused by excessive clearance between rotating and stationary elements of the
machine, such as in a bearing. Non-rotating looseness happens between two normally stationary
parts, such as a foot and a foundation, or a bearing housing and a machine. Wear in mechanical drive
a component that leads to be failure.
9 - Bearing wear
A failed bearing has increased drag, emits more heat, and has lower efficiency because of a
mechanical, lubrication, or wear problem. Bearing failure can be caused by several things:
A heavier load than designed for
Inadequate or incorrect lubrication
Ineffective bearing sealing
Shaft misalignment
Incorrect fit
Normal wear
Induced shaft voltages

10- Shaft voltage (Motor Interior Shaft Current)

When motor shaft voltages exceed the insulating capability of the bearing grease, flashover currents
to the outer bearing will occur, thereby causing pitting and grooving to the bearing races. The first
signs
of this problem will be noise and overheating and increase bearing friction. This can lead to damage
the bearing within a few months of motor operation.
11- Moisture
Moisture causes metal parts to rust and motor coil insulation to lose some of its insulating properties.
operate every day will heat enough to remove any moisture inside the motor. Moisture is usually a
problem for a motor that is seldom operated or is shut down for a period of time.
Any electric motor that is not operated on a regular basis should contain a heating element to keep
the
motor dry.
12- Over cycling
Over cycling is the process of turning an electric motor on and off repeatedly. Electric Motor starting
current is usually five to six times the full-load running current of the motor. Most motors are not
designed to start more than ten times per hour. Over cycling will increase the temperature of the
motor, destroying the motor insulation.
1.3- Improper Ventilation
All electric motors produce heat as they convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. This heat
must be removed or it will destroy the motor insulation, and consequently the motor Anything that
restricts airflow through the motor causes the motor to operate at a higher temperature. Airflow may
be restricted by the accumulation of dirt, dust, rust, etc. Overheating can also occur if the electric
motor is placed in an enclosed area.
20(A). List the equipment for Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, and
then draw
the sketch of electrical power system of GMDSS radio station. (8 marks)
1. VHF radio with Digital Selective Call (DSC),
2. VHF hand-held radio,
3. MF/HF SSB communication equipment with DSC capability,
4. Satellite communication equipment for INMARSAT-B or -C,
5. EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) to participate in the COSPAS-
SARSAT Search
and Rescue (SAR) system,
6. Search-and-Rescue Radar transponder (SART),
7. NAVTEX receiver for weather information and navigational warnings by telex over radio.
20(B). Explain briefly about the under voltage trip with molded case circuit
breakers. {6marks}

An undervoltage trip device is an optional accessory in a circuit breaker that mechanically

trips the breaker when voltage to the terminals drops below a threshhold level. The power for
the undervoltage trip does not come from within the breaker, so it must be supplied from an
external source.

An undervoltage trip device is an optional accessory in a circuit breaker that mechanically

trips the breaker when voltage to the terminals drops below a threshhold level. The power for
the undervoltage trip does not come from within the breaker, so it must be supplied from an
external source. Some circuit breakers allow field installation of a undervoltage trip kit.
Check the specific breaker type for available ac or de voltage ratings and for the method of
installation.

21(A). Describes the principle of power management with specific reference to

automatic three-step disconnection of non-essential power consumers. {6
marks)

If the current on a running generator exceeds 100% of the generator rating for a period
exceeding, typically, 5 seconds, the PMS will initiate the release of the 1st stage preferential
tripping, thereby providing protection against the overcurrent which would otherwise trip the
ACB.

If the current on a running generator exceeds 100% of the generator rating for a further 5
seconds, the PMS will initiate the release of the 2nd stage preferential tripping.

If the current on a running generator exceeds 100% of the generator rating for a further 5
seconds, the PMS will initiate the release of the 3rd stage preferential tripping.

When a preferential trip is activated, a corresponding alarm lamp (1st or 2nd) is illuminated
on the main switchboard synchronization panel. When normal conditions resume, the
breakers must be manually reset
21(B). Explain briefly about the parts of the RADAR set. (10 marks)

1. The main part of the transmitter is a special electronic valve called a magnetron, which
produces short pulses of microwaves. Each pulse lasts (pulse width is) less than a
microsecond, and they are repeated several hundred times a second.

2. The TR Cell (transmit receive cell) allows pulses to travel from the transmitter to the
antenna or from the antenna to the receiver, but does not allow the powerful pulses from the
transmitter to reach the sensitive receiver.

3. The antenna focuses the microwaves into a fairly tight beam. It also catches the returning
echoes, and passes them to the receiver.

4. The receiver receives the very weak echoes received, and amplifies them. Echoes from
nearby objects are generally stronger than those from distant ones, so it amplifies the late-
returning echoes more than those that arrive soon after the pulse was transmitted.

5. The display converts the range and bearing data from the scanner and receiver into a
form that a human operator can understand- usually a plan view that is sometimes called a
Plan Position Indicator or PPI.

6. The trigger signal tells the display when each pulse is transmitted, so that it can be
compared with the amplified echoes arriving from the receiver.

7. The heading mark signal and rotation signal tell the display which way the antenna is
pointing.
22(A). Summarize the basic digital logic gates. (4 marks}

An AND gate produces a 1 output if and only if all of its inputs are 1.
An OR gate produces a 1 if and only if one or more of its inputs are 1.
A NOT gate, usually called an Inverter, produces an output value that is the opposite of its
input value.

22(B). What are the functions of a RADAR. {4 marks}

Radio Detecting And Ranging

The radars are used to detect the presence of an aim (as object of detection) and to
determine its location.

The radar antenna illuminates the target with a microwave signal, which is then reflected and
picked up by a receiving device.

The electrical signal picked up by the receiving antenna is called echo or return. The radar
signal is generated by a powerful transmitter and received by a highly sensitive receiver.

Modern radars are also used to measure range and angle.

22(C). Draw a sketch of traction elevator and explain briefly about inspection
service
mode. (8 marks}

Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoist way and car top for inspection
and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics.

It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection',
'Car Top','Access Enable'.

When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be
canceled.

The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches and allow
to move the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit)
landings.
The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the
hoist way door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating
speed on most controllers.
23(A). Draw the circuit diagrams of rotary encoder's typical output type. {8
marks)

23(B). Describe the contents which are included in a permit to work form. {8
marks)

The following list provides guidance on items that may be included in a Permit to Work form.
1. Type of permit.
2. Number of permit.
3. Supporting documents- e.g. details of isolations
4. Location of work.
5. Description of work.
6. Hazard identification.
7. Precautions necessary.
8. Protective equipment to be used.
9. Authorization for the work including duration, endorsement by the master or department head.
10. Acceptance by those performing the work.
11. Management of changes, to workforce or conditions.
12. Declaration of completion.
13. Cancellation.
14. The ongoing implementation of the requirements of the permit, and the identification of any
deviations from the specified controls or expected conditions, are essential in safely completing the
task. The system should also identify any conflicts between tasks being carried out simultaneously
onboard.
24(A). Discuss briefly about Intrinsic Safety (IS) method for instrumentation. {8
marks)

Intrinsic safety (IS) is a protection technique for safe operation of electrical equipment in
hazardous areas (Areas with dangerous concentrations of flammable gases or dust) by
limiting the energy available for ignition. In signal and control circuits that can operate with
low currents and voltages.It is an application of inherent safety in instrumentation. High-
power circuits such as electric motors or lighting cannot use intrinsic safety methods for
protection.

Most applications require a signal to be sent out of or into the hazardous area. The
equipment mounted in the hazardous area must first be approved for use in an intrinsically
safe system. The barriers designed to protect the system must be mounted outside of the
hazardous.

Equipment which has been designed for and is available for use in hazardous areas with
intrinsically safe barriers includes:
• 4-20 rnA de Two Wire Transmitters
• Thermocouples
• RTDs
• Strain Gages
• Pressure, Flow, & Level Switches
• 1/P Converters
• Solenoid Valves
• Proximity Switches
• Potentiometers
• LED Indicating Lights
• Magnetic Pickup Flowmeters
24(B). Describe the daily and monthly routine check for ship steering gear. {8
marks)

Daily Checks

• Check the oil level in the pump tanks and refill as necessary. The level should not exceed
¾ of the glass at the normal working temperature.

• Check the system pipework and valves for leakage.

• Check the lubrication system and replenish the grease injection pump tank as required.

• Note the temperature of the oil in the hydraulic system.

• Visually check the components such as the indicators and linkage arms.

• Check the gauges for any abnormal readings.

• Check for abnormal noise when the rudder is moving.

Monthly Checks

• Check the tightness of all coupling bolts and pipe connections.

• Check the settings of the limit switches.

• Carry out a function test on the entire alarm system (see operating manual).

• Check that the rudder indicator is functioning correctly.

Hydraulic oil Samples of the hydraulic oil used should be sent for analysis on a regular basis.
Theresults can give early indication of material failure allowing remedial action to be taken
before major problems occur.
25.Discuss briefly about jib crane. {16 marks)
Jib cranes crane has three separate drives that provide the principal movements:
1. A hoisting motor for lifting the load.
2. A luffing motor for raising or lowering the jib.
3. A slewing motor for rotating the crane.
The operating medium for deck crane motors may be hydraulic or electrically operated.

Luffing
In the movement of jib up and down, the limit switch works when:
-Jib is limited to certain angle of inclination.
-The movement of the jib above this limit is prevented by luffing limit switch; this stops the
motor and luffing drum.

Hoisting
The up and down movement of the hook from the jib by means of running wire; the hoisting
limit switch works when:
-It is mainly provided to avoid the damage occurred to the base plate fitted on the cargo hold
where the hook lands during a heaving up operation.
-The hoisting motor will stop at a distance before the hook block touches the base plate.

Slewing
The rotation movement of whole crane through 360o with all the machinery; the aft most
crane near to the accommodation can be rotated only 180o and it is provided with a slewing
limit switch.

Slack wire limit

If the operators by mistake pay more wire rope, which is lowering, the wire gets slack. Then
the slack wire limit switches activate and stop the lowering operation by stopping the hoisting
motor and drum.
This is to avoid winding of the wire irregular in the drum while heaving and causes damage
to the drum, supporting brackets, and other parts related to the hoisting.
Using Two Cranes Together
The crane is usually mounted on the pedestal to offer adequate visibility to the operators.
For occasional heavy loads arrangements, two cranes are made to work together, i.e.
twinning. This can be done with a single operator using a master and slave control system in
the two cranes. A common revolving platform will be necessary for this arrangement.

26(A). Describe the emergency steering system and operation procedure. {8

marks)

Emergency Steering
This involves the local control of one of the pumps by means of either operating the servo
controller handle manually or control of the torque motor from the direction push buttons on
the starter panel.Instructions must be transmitted to the steering gear room from the bridge
by telephone.

As the pumps are controlled individually by hand, it is not possible to ensure that control of
two pumps will take place at exactly the same time, therefore only one pump unit may be
operating when in emergency control from the steering gear room.

To operate the emergency steering system the MANUAL/AUTO switch must be in the
MANUAL position. The starting and stopping of the pumps will then take place in the
steering gear compartment.

Operation from the Steering Compartment via the Torque Motor

1. Contact the bridge by telephone and follow the instructions regarding rudder
movement.
2. On the control panel transfer the control from the AUTO position to the MANU
position.
3. Start a pump if not already running (only one pump to be in operation).
4. Press the port or starboard pushbuttons as directed by the bridge, the buttons are
colour coded red and green. This system is termed as non-follow up.
26(B).Summarize about manual operation of burner unit for auxiliary boiler.(8
marks)

The manual operation system allows for firing of the boiler, in the event of faults in the
automatic sequence control or components of safety monitoring equipment.

Procedure for Changing to Manual Operation

1. On the control panel turn the detachable key switch to EMERGENCY OPERATION. If the
safety parameters are in order the fan and burner motor will start.
2. Manually set the compound regulator to the maximum position and purge the furnace for
at least 60 seconds.
3. Return the compound regulator to the minimum position.
(It is essential that the boiler furnace be purged correctly in order to reduce the risk of
furnace explosion).
4. Check that the boiler fuel oil pressure and temperature are correct.

5. On the manual operating panel press the IGNITION pushbutton and hold it down.

6. On the manual operating panel press the OIL VALVE pushbutton and hold it down until a

visual verification of the ignition flame has been carried out.

7. If there is a good ignition flame, the oil valves will open and oil flows to the burner and is
ignited. The FLAME indicator lamp will be illuminated.

8. The pushbuttons should only be depressed for a maximum period of 5 seconds.

9. Release both pushbuttons, a steady flame should now be established. The burner
remains firing with the flame supervised by flame scanner. The burner modulation may be
selected as AUTO or MANUAL.

10. If no flame has been established when the ignition and oil valve pushbuttons are
released
the startup sequence including purging of the furnace must be repeated.
11. In the event of flame failure the oil valve will shut and the FLAME indicator lamp on the
manual panel extinguished.

In Manual Operation mode the safety interlocks are reduced to:

• Too low water level
• High steam pressure
• Burner swing out
• Overload of combustion air fan and burner motors
27(A). Discuss briefly about the marine battery maintenance. {10 marks}

The following are necessary:

-Battery securing arrangements must be properly tightened.

-The cell tops must be clean and dry.

-Battery connections must be checked and cleaned.

-Check the tightness of terminal nuts and apply a smear of petroleum jelly to connections in
order to prevent corrosion.

-Be careful when handling the battery electrolyte; use protective rubber gloves and goggles.

-Check electrolyte densities with a hydrometer, and keep a record of the result.

-Battery room should be well ventilated, clean and dry.

-Insulated spanners should be used to prevent accidental short-circuiting of the battery's

terminals that can cause the cell being seriously damaged..

-Batteries generate hydrogen gas during charging, so smoking and naked flames must be
prohibited in the vicinity of the batteries.

-Steelwork and decks adjacent to lead acid batteries should be covered with acid- resisting
paint and alkali resisting paint used near Ni-cad cells.

-Acid cells must never be placed near alkaline ones otherwise rapid electrolytic corrosion to
metalwork and damage to both.
27(B). Describe briefly about sound power telephone. (6 marks)

Sound power telephone is used for communicating with the wheel house, the engine control
room, the steering gear room and the emergency generator room in case of emergency and
for communicating between the rooms or areas when necessary.
Being independent from power supply of vessel, this system allows for emergency
communicating at critical spots in the vessel even in case of power failure. This battery less
telephone(sound power telephone) uses charged power in capacitor by magnetic generator
for approximately 30 minutes.
28(A). Write a short note about refrigerant charging to a refrigeration system.
{6 marks}

Before charging a refrigeration unit, charging lines must be purged with the refrigerant which
must be same type as system refrigerant. The amount of refrigerant charge must be
sufficient to maintain a liquid seal between the condensing and evaporating side of system.

When compressor stops under normal operation conditions, the receiver of properly charged
system is about 85% full of refrigerant. The proper charge for a specific system or unit can
be found in the manufacturer's technical manual. A refrigerant system must have an
adequate charge of refrigerant at all times, otherwise its efficiency and capacity will be
impaired.

Low side passive charging of a refrigeration system may be speeded up by warming the
service cylinder with hot water to help boil off the liquid. The safest and quickest method of
adding refrigerant to a refrigeration system is to add refrigerant through the charging valve
as a liquid.

A refrigeration system should not be charged if there are leaks or if there is reason .to
believe that there is a leak in the system. The leaks must be found and corrected. A system
should be checked for leaks immediately following or during the process of charging.
28(B). Compare the VFD with soft starter. {10 marks}

VFD (frequency changing}

Variable frequency drives are semiconductor devices mainly used for motor torque-speed
control and protection. It can start and stop a motor smoothly. Speed torque characteristics
of a motor can be controlled throughout its operation based on the application by using a
VFD. Speed of the motor can be controlled from 0 to its rated speed (sometimes above the
rated speed) by varying the frequency of the motor supply.
Soft starter (no frequency change)

Soft starters are also semiconductor devices used to start or stop a motor. It offers a smooth
start and smooth stop. Usually, soft starters are bypassed by a contactor-overload circuit as
the motor graduallyreaches its full-speed and gets back into action when the motor stops.
Soft start and stop are achieved by temporarily lowering the motor terminal voltage.
29(A). Draw the electrical symbol for following items. {8 marks)
29(B). Describe the possible causes of motor failure and then explain the
effects of heat on an electric motor. (8 marks)

Electric Motor failure occurs due to overheating, phase unbalance, voltage unbalance,
single-phasing,surge voltages, poor ventilation, lack of lubrication, overloads, over cycling,
excessive moisture,improper belt tension, misalignment and vibration, loose connections,
pests, etc. Incorrect Electric motor selection for the application and motor defects can also
cause motor failure.
Heat
Excessive heat is a major cause of Electric motor failure and a sign of other motor problems.
Heat degrades motor insulation. When motor insulation is degraded, the windings are
shorted, and the electric motor is no longer functional.

As the heat in an electric motor increases beyond the temperature rating of the insulation,
the life of the insulation is shortened. The higher the temperature, the sooner the insulation
will fail. The temperature rating of electric motor insulation is listed as the insulation class.
'
The insulation class is given in Celsius (centigrade) (•C) and/or Fahrenheit (•F).

Heat buildup in a motor can be caused by several factors, including the following:

• Incorrect motor type or size for the application

• Improper cooling, usually from dirt buildup
• Excessive load, usually from improper use
• Excessive friction, usually from misalignment or vibration
• Electrical problems, typically voltage unbalance, phase loss, or surge voltages
30(A)(i). Explain briefly about ship calling system for hospital and refrigeration
room.{8 marks)

Calling system is designed for using on board ships, primary for calling from hospital and/or
refrigerating room, but it can be used for any type of call.

The alarm will be present and visible until someone checks why and from where the call was
done.

"ACCEPT" push button, audio signalization goes off, but visual signalization remains,
untii"RESET" push button is pressed.

30(A)(ii). Write a short note for the following electrical terms. {4 marks}

(a}High Voltage (b) Low Voltage (c) Electrical Safe Work Condition

High Voltage-Specifically covering installation and equipment greater than 600 (1000) Volts
nominal.
Low Voltage-Specifically covering installation and equipment less than or equal to 600
(1000)Volts nominal.
Electrical Safe Work Condition- A state in which the conductor or circuit part to be worked
on or near has been disconnected from energized parts, locked/tagged in accordance with
the lockout/tagout policy, tested to ensure the absence of voltage, and grounded if
determined necessary.
30(B)(i). Why should the secondary winding of a control transformer be
earthed?
(4 marks)

Primarily it is safety: to minimize the potential difference to ground and provide a return path
to ground for a secondary line fault within the control equipment, other than a human body.

Then the secondary overcurrent protection (fuse, breaker, crowbar) will trip to protect
human. Due to ground fault on control equipment, high current flows back to its secondary
source via earth wire.

30(B)(ii). Describe automatic synchronization. (4 marks}

The auto - synchronizing equipment uses electronic circuit to monitor the magnitude of
voltage, frequency and phase angle difference and then acts to regulate them until they are
equal to existing parameters of bus bar, then initiates a circuit breaker 'close' signal at the
correct instant.