1. What is data warehouse?

( 4 keyword definition)

2. what is data mining (3 keywords)

3. What are the benefits of data warehouse?

4. What is the difference between OLTP and OLAP?

5. What is data mart?

6. What is dimension?

7. What is Fact?

8. Give examples of fact-less fact tables and its types

9. Briefly state different between data ware house & data mart?

10. Difference /what is largely changing dimension and slowly changing dimension

11. SCD types with examples

12. What is the difference between dependent data warehouse and independent data
warehouse?

13. What are the storage models of OLAP?

o ROLAP, MOLAP and HOLAP difference

o PPT

14. What are CUBES?

15. Explain how to mine an OLAP cube.

o A data mining extension can be used to slice the data the source cube in the order
as discovered by data mining. When a cube is mined the case table is a dimension.

16. Explain how to use DMQL -the data mining query language.
17. Define Rollup and cube.

o Custom rollup operators provide a simple way of controlling the process of rolling
up a member to its parents values.The rollup uses the contents of the column as
custom rollup operator for each member and is used to evaluate the value of the
member’s parents.
If a cube has multiple custom rollup formulas and custom rollup members, then
the formulas are resolved in the order in which the dimensions have been added
to the cube.

18. Differentiate between Data Mining and Data warehousing.

o Data warehousing is merely extracting data from different sources, cleaning the
data and storing it in the warehouse. Where as data mining aims to examine or
explore the data using queries. These queries can be fired on the data warehouse.
Explore the data in data mining helps in reporting, planning strategies, finding
meaningful patterns etc.
E.g. a data warehouse of a company stores all the relevant information of projects
and employees. Using Data mining, one can use this data to generate different
reports like profits generated etc.

19. What is Discrete and Continuous data in Data mining world?

o Discreet data can be considered as defined or finite data. E.g. Mobile numbers,
gender. Continuous data can be considered as data which changes continuously
and in an ordered fashion. E.g. age, height, wt, temp

20. What is a Decision Tree Algorithm?

21. What is Naïve Bayes Algorithm?

22. Explain clustering algorithm.

o Clustering algorithm is used to group sets of data with similar characteristics also
called as clusters. These clusters help in making faster decisions, and exploring
data. The algorithm first identifies relationships in a dataset following which it
 generates a series of clusters based on the relationships. The process of creating
clusters is iterative. The algorithm redefines the groupings to create clusters that
better represent the data.

23. Explain Association algorithm in Data mining?

o Association algorithm is used for recommendation engine that is based on a

market based analysis. This engine suggests products to customers based on what
they bought earlier. The model is built on a dataset containing identifiers. These
identifiers are both for individual cases and for the items that cases contain. These
groups of items in a data set are called as an item set. The algorithm traverses a
data set to find items that appear in a case. MINIMUM_SUPPORT parameter is
used any associated items that appear into an item set.

o PPT –STEPS IN DETAIL

24. What are the goals of data mining?

o Prediction, identification, classification and optimization

25. Is data mining independent subject?

o No, it is interdisciplinary subject. includes, database technology, visualization,

machine learning, pattern recognition, algorithm etc.

26. What are different types of database?

o Relational database, data warehouse and transactional database.

27. What are data mining functionality?

o Mining frequent pattern, association rules, classification and prediction, clustering,

evolution analysis and outlier Analyze

28. What are issues in data mining?

 o Issues in mining methodology, performance issues, user interactive issues,
different source of data types issues etc.

29. List some applications of data mining.

o Agriculture, biological data analysis, call record analysis, DSS, Business intelligence
system etc

30. What do you mean by interesting pattern?

o A pattern is said to be interesting if it is 1. easily understood by human 2. valid 3.

potentially useful 4. novel

31. Why do we pre-process the data?

o To ensure the data quality. [accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness,

believability, interpret-ability]

32. What are the steps involved in data pre-processing?

o Data cleaning, data integration, data reduction, data transformation.

33. What is distributed data warehouse?

o Distributed data warehouse shares data across multiple data repositories for the
purpose of OLAP operation.

34. Define virtual data warehouse.

o A virtual data warehouse provides a compact view of the data inventory. It

contains meta data and uses middle-ware to establish connection between
different data sources.

35. What is are different data warehouse model?

 o Enterprise data ware house

o Data marts

o Virtual Data warehouse

36. List few roles of data warehouse manager.

o Creation of data marts, handling users, concurrency control, updating etc,

37. What are different types of cuboids?

o 0-D cuboids are called as apex cuboids

o n-D cuboids are called base cuboids

o Middle cuboids

38. What are the forms of multidimensional model?

o Star schema-example

o Snow flake schema

o Fact constellation Schema

39. What are frequent pattern?

o A set of items that appear frequently together in a transaction data set.

o eg milk, bread, sugar

40. What are the issues regarding classification and prediction?

o Preparing data for classification and prediction

o Comparing classification and prediction

41. Define model over fitting.

o A model that fits training data well can have generalization errors. Such situation is
called as model over fitting.

42. What are the methods to remove model over fitting?

o Pruning [Pre-pruning and post pruning)

o Constraint in the size of decision tree

o Making stopping criteria more flexible

43. What is regression?

o Regression can be used to model the relationship between one or more

independent and dependent variables.

o Linear regression and non-linear regression

44. Compare K-mean and K-mediods algorithm.

o K-mediods is more robust than k-mean in presence of noise and outliers. K-

Mediods can be computationally costly.

o ADVANTAGES AND DISADV.

45. What is K-nearest neighbor algorithm?

o It is one of the lazy learner algorithm used in classification. It finds the k-nearest
neighbor of the point of interest.

46. What is Baye's Theorem?

o P(H/X) = P(X/H)* P(H)/P(X)

47. What is concept Hierarchy?

 o It defines a sequence of mapping from a set of low level concepts to higher -level,
more general concepts.

48. What are the causes of model over fitting?

o Due to presence of noise

o Due to lack of representative samples

o Due to multiple comparison procedure

49. What is decision tree classifier?

o A decision tree is an hierarchically based classifier which compares data with a

range of properly selected features.

50. If there are n dimensions, how many cuboids are there?

o There would be 2^n cuboids.

o level formula -ppt

51. What is spatial data mining?

o Spatial data mining is the process of discovering interesting, useful, non-trivial

patterns from large spatial datasets.

Spatial Data Mining = Mining Spatial Data Sets (i.e. Data Mining + Geographic Information Systems)

52. What is multimedia data mining?

o Multimedia Data Mining is a subfield of data mining that deals with an extraction
of implicit knowledge, multimedia data relationships, or other patterns not
explicitly stored in multimedia databases

53. What are different types of multimedia data?

 o image, video, audio

54. What is text mining?

o Text mining is the procedure of synthesizing information, by analyzing relations,

patterns, and rules among textual data. These procedures contains text
summarization, text categorization, and text clustering.

55. List some application of text mining.

o Customer profile analysis

o patent analysis

o Information dissemination

o Company resource planning

56. What do you mean by web content mining?

o Web content mining refers to the discovery of useful information from Web
contents, including text, images, audio, video, etc.

57. Define web structure mining and web usage mining.

o Web structure mining studies the model underlying the link structures of the Web.
It has been used for search engine result ranking and other Web applications.

Web usage mining focuses on using data mining techniques to analyze search logs to find interesting
patterns. One of the main applications of Web usage mining is its use to learn user profiles.

58. What is data warehouse?

o A data warehouse is a electronic storage of an Organization's historical data for the

purpose of reporting, analysis and data mining or knowledge discovery.
 59. What are frequent patterns?

o These are the patterns that appear frequently in a data set.

o item-set, sub sequence, etc

60. What is data warehouse?

o A data warehouse is a electronic storage of an Organization's historical data for the

purpose of reporting, analysis and data mining or knowledge discovery.

61. What is data characterization?

o Data Characterization is s summarization of the general features of a target class of

data. Example, analyzing software product with sales increased by 10%

62. What is data discrimination?

o Data discrimination is the comparison of the general features of the target class
objects against one or more contrasting objects.

63. What can business analysts gain from having a data warehouse?

o First, having a data warehouse may provide a competitive advantage by

presenting relevant information from which to measure performance and make
critical adjustments in order to help win over competitors.

Second, a data warehouse can enhance business productivity because it is able to quickly and efficiently
gather information that accurately describes the organization.

Third, a data warehouse facilitates customer relationship management because it provides a consistent
view of customers and item across all lines of business, all departments and all markets.

Finally, a data warehouse may bring about cost reduction by tracking trends, patterns, and exceptions
over long periods in a consistent and reliable manner.

64. Why is association rule necessary?

 o In data mining, association rule learning is a popular and well researched method
for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases.

o It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in database using different

measures of interesting.

65. What are two types of data mining tasks?

o Descriptive task

o Predictive task

66. Define classification.

o Classification is the process of finding a model (or function) that describes and
distinguishes data classes or concepts.

67. What are outliers?

o A database may contain data objects that do not comply with the general behavior
or model of the data. These data objects are called outliers.

68. What do you mean by evolution analysis?

o Data evolution analysis describes and models regularities or trends for objects
whose behavior change over time.

Although this may include characterization, discrimination, association and correlation analysis,
classification, prediction, or clustering of time related data.

Distinct features of such as analysis include time-series data analysis, sequence or periodicity pattern
matching, and similarity-based data analysis.

69. Define KDD.

o The process of finding useful information and patterns in data.

 70. What are the components of data mining?

 Database, Data Warehouse, World Wide Web, or other information repository

ØDatabase or Data Warehouse Server

ØKnowledge Based

ØData Mining Engine

ØPattern Evaluation Module

ØUser Interface

71. Define metadata.

o A database that describes various aspects of data in the warehouse is called

metadata.

72. What are the usage of metadata?

o ØMap source system data to data warehouse tables

ØGenerate data extract, transform, and load procedures for import jobs

ØHelp users discover what data are in the data warehouse

ØHelp users structure queries to access data they need

73. List the demerits of distributed data warehouse.

o ØThere is no metadata, no summary data or no individual DSS (Decision Support

System) integration or history. All queries must be repeated, causing additional
burden on the system.

ØSince compete with production data transactions, performance can be degraded.

ØThere is no refreshing process, causing the queries to be very complex.

74. Define HOLAP.

 The hybrid OLAP approach combines ROLAP and MOLAP technology.

75. What are data mining techniques?

o Association rules

o Classification and prediction

o Clustering

o Deviation detection

o Similarity search

o Sequence Mining

76. List different data mining tools.

o Traditional data mining tools

o Dashboards

o Text mining tools

77. Define sub sequence.

o A subsequence, such as buying first a PC, the a digital camera, and then a memory
card, if it occurs frequently in a shopping history database, is a (frequent)
sequential pattern.

78. What is data warehouse?

o A data warehouse is a electronic storage of an Organization's historical data for the

purpose of reporting, analysis and data mining or knowledge discovery.

79. What is the main goal of data mining?

o Prediction
 80. List the typical OLAP operations.

o Roll UP

o DRILL DOWN

o ROTATE

o SLICE AND DICE

o DRILL trough and drill across

81. If there are 3 dimensions, how many cuboids are there in cube?

o 2^3 = 8 cuboids

82. Differentiate between star schema and snowflake schema.

• Star Schema is a multi-dimension model where each of its disjoint dimension is represented in
single table.

•Snow-flake is normalized multi-dimension schema when each of disjoint dimension is represent in

multiple tables.

•Star schema can become a snow-flake

•Both star and snowflake schemas are dimensional models; the difference is in their physical
implementations.

•Snowflake schemas support ease of dimension maintenance because they are more normalized.

•Star schemas are easier for direct user access and often support simpler and more efficient queries.

•It may be better to create a star version of the snowflaked dimension for presentation to the users

83. List the advantages of star schema.

o •Star Schema is very easy to understand, even for non technical business manager.

•Star Schema provides better performance and smaller query times

•Star Schema is easily extensible and will handle future changes easily
 84. What are the characteristics of data warehouse?

o Integrated

o Non-volatile

o Subject oriented

o Time varient

85. Define support and confidence.

o The support for a rule R is the ratio of the number of occurrences of R, given all
occurrences of all rules.

The confidence of a rule X->Y, is the ratio of the number of occurrences of Y given X, among all other
occurrences given X

86. What are the criteria on the basic of which classification and prediction can be compared?

o speed, accuracy, robustness, scalability, goodness of rules, interpret-ability

87. What is Data purging?

o The process of cleaning junk data is termed as data purging. Purging data would
mean getting rid of unnecessary NULL values of columns. This usually happens
when the size of the database gets too large.

PL refer all assignments, PPT

Pl refer all algorithms and post lab questions