UNIT -1

1. OPERATING SYSTEM

 An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs

and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can
execute programs conveniently and efficiently.
 An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such
as memory, processors, devices, and information. The operating system
correspondingly includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic
controller, a scheduler, a memory management module, I/O programs, and a file
system.

Functions of operating system: Operating system performs four functions:

1. Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to use.

2. Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system resources to be used efficiently.
3. Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the
effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions at the same
time without interfering with service.
4. Throughput: An OS should be constructed so that it can give maximum throughput
(Number of tasks per unit time).

Major Functionalities of Operating System:

 Resource Management: When parallel accessing happens in the OS means when

multiple users are accessing the system the OS works as Resource Manager, Its
responsibility is to provide hardware to the user. It decreases the load in the system.
 Process Management: It includes various tasks like scheduling, termination of the
process. OS manages various tasks at a time. Here CPU Scheduling happens means
all the tasks would be done by the many algorithms that use for scheduling.
 Storage Management: The file system mechanism used for the management of the
storage. NIFS, CFS, CIFS, NFS, etc. are some file systems. All the data stores in
various tracks of Hard disks that all managed by the storage manager. It
included Hard Disk.
 Memory Management: Refers to the management of primary memory. The
operating system has to keep track, how much memory has been used and by whom.
It has to decide which process needs memory space and how much. OS also has to
allocate and deallocate the memory space.
 Security/Privacy Management: Privacy is also provided by the Operating system
by means of passwords so that unauthorized applications can’t access programs or
data. For example, Windows uses Kerberos authentication to prevent unauthorized
access to data.

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The process operating system as User Interface:
1. User
2. System and application programs
3. Operating system
4. Hardware
Every general-purpose computer consists of the hardware, operating system, system programs,
and application programs. The hardware consists of memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O devices,
peripheral devices, and storage devices. System program consists of compilers, loaders, editors,
OS, etc. The application program consists of business programs, database programs.

Fig1: Conceptual view of a computer system

Every computer must have an operating system to run other programs. The operating system
coordinates the use of the hardware among the various system programs and application
programs for various users. It simply provides an environment within which other programs can
do useful work.
The operating system is a set of special programs that run on a computer system that allows it to
work properly. It performs basic tasks such as recognizing input from the keyboard, keeping
track of files and directories on the disk, sending output to the display screen, and controlling
peripheral devices.
OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:

1. It controls the allocation and use of the computing System’s resources among the
various user and tasks.
2. It provides an interface between the computer hardware and the programmer that
simplifies and makes it feasible for coding, creation, debugging of application
programs.

Types of Operating Systems:

1. Batch Operating System –

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 This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an
operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches.
It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for the batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank Statements, etc.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets
the time of CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task
gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the

next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Fewer chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data
 Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.

3. Distributed Operating System –

These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer
technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, with a great pace.
Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These system’s
processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the
operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software
which are not actually present on his system but some other system connected within this

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 network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are
independent from each other
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
 Load on host computer reduces
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network
 Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
 To establish distributed systems the language which is used are not well defined yet
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only
that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.

4. Network Operating System –

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems
allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions
over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is
that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the
network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly
known as tightly coupled systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System:

 Highly stable centralized servers
 Security concerns are handled through servers
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system
 Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
 Servers are costly
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.

5. Real-Time Operating System –

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond
to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile
systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:

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  Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict and even
the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life
like automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to be readily available in case
of any accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
 Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.

Advantages of RTOS:
 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
 Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less.
For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to
another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in the queue.
 Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs
are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very
less on few applications to avoid errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and
they are expensive as well.
 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
 Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupts
signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less
prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical imaging
systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

2. BASICS COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS:

Windows is an essential part of a Computer. It’s the most commonly used Operating System
all around the world both individually and commercially. Since the beginning of the
creation of Windows, there are many versions of Windows like Windows XP, Vista, 8, 10,
etc.

Windows consists of the following components:

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• Desktop:

The desktop is the very first screen we see after windows start. Here, we can see folders like My
Computer, Documents, etc. It is the main working area of many of your computer operations. You
keep your special files on the desktop so you can access them easily and it gives access to other
important functionalities as well such as search bar, taskbar, and file explorer.

• Taskbar:

The taskbar is a simple row at the very bottom of the screen where all currently opened files or
applications are listed. It helps you select what you want to keep opened and what you want to
close.

• Start Menu:

By clicking the start menu, in the bottom left corner of the screen, a vertical window consisting of
the recently opened applications and saved locations will pop-up. Although the Start Menu was a
major component of Windows before Windows 8, It was removed from Windows 8 and then
brought back in Windows 10.

• Maximize/Minimize/Close Buttons:

These buttons are located at the top right corner of our opened documents, and the area used to
close, minimize or maximize the document window. They help us jump from one task to another
fast and let us decide either we want to close an application or resize it’s area on the screen or just
hide it for a few moments.

• My Computer:

When we double click on My Computer, We find ourselves looking at a window where we can
navigate between Computer Drives and Control Panel tools. It also gives us access to different
drives on our computer and the data which lies in those drives.

• My Computer Right Click Menu:

When we right-click on My Computer or any other file or folder, We get a menu where we can
look into different options related to that specific file, for example, Properties, etc.

• Recycle Bin:

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When we delete a file or folder, It goes into the Recycle Bin from where It can either be restored
or permanently deleted from the Computer. Once, a file or folder is deleted from the Recycle Bin,
It is very difficult to recover it again. Therefore, the utility of the recycle bin is very essential to
use properly if you deal with important documents and files on a day to day basis.

• Shortcut:

A shortcut creates a button or icon which typically is located on the Desktop. By clicking on this
Shortcut, We can quickly open the document or application of which it is a shortcut. It helps us
save the tedious task of going to the main directory again and again and saves our time.

• Mouse Functions:

The mouse is an input device which is essential in the working of a computer. It performs several
important functions on Windows like Scrolling, Right and Left Clicks, etc. It performs another
very important function of modern windows which is pointing towards different things and giving
special instructions whenever needed.

• Highlight:

When we have opened a document, we can easily highlight the required portion of our document
by using Mouse. It is essential for documents and helps keep track of useful information.

• Copy/Cut/Paste:

These options are one of the most essential components of Windows. The copy is used to copy a
portion of a document from one document to another or a file or folder from one location to
another. The paste is used to paste the copied item on the desired location. While Cut is used to
move an item to our desired location in the Computer.

• Toolbar:

The toolbar is a simple row where we can see different options to customize the look of our opened
window. It has two types, Formatting Toolbar, and Standard Toolbar. The standard toolbar consists
of options like new documents, save a document, etc. While Formatting Toolbar consists of options
like font size, font type, etc.

• Drag/Drop:

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Dragging an object means to move an object (file or folder) from one location to another and when
we reach our desired location, then we can drop the object to that location. It is one of the most
used features of windows as you have to move files from one location to another.

• File Extensions:

File extensions are used to define the type of the file. For example an image file will have an
extension of .jpg, .jpeg and a Word document will have an extension .docx, .xls, .txt etc. You could
have different types of extensions and these extensions help you decide the type of software that
will be used to access these files.

• Multitasking:

The term Multitasking means to run more than one file or application on Windows at the same
time. It is a very important component of Windows which saves our time as well as allow us to
perform more tasks at the same time.

• Virtual Keyboard:

A virtual keyboard is a software through which we can see a keyboard on our screen and use it by
our Mouse. It is mostly used in the cases when your keyboard is not working properly or you use
windows on a touch device.

• Disk Drives:

Disk Drives are drives used to store applications and files. Hard Drives and Floppy Drives are used
for this purpose. They are very important for your instructions as well as your hardware to work
properly.

3. ICONS AND ITS TYPES

Icons Icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file. When we double-click an icon,
the associated file or program will be opened. For example, if we were to double-click on the My
Computer icon, it would open Windows Explorer. Icons are a component of GUI operating
systems, including Apple macOS X and Microsoft Windows. Icons help users quickly identify the
type of file represented by the icon.

Types of Icons 

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 System Icons: System Icons are displayed along left edge of screen. These icons are created
automatically by windows during its installation. Example of some system icons are My Computer,
Recycle Bin, My Documents, Internet Explorer etc.

Shortcut Icons: These are the icons with small arrows in the lower left corner. A shortcut icons
provides easy access to some objects on our systems, such as a program, a document or a printer.
The shortcut icons only contain information about the location of the object but not the object
itself.

 Program folder and Document Icons: These are non-system icons without arrows and they
represent the actual objects they describe. So if we delete such an icon we are deleting the object
itself, from the hard disk.

4. TASKBAR

The taskbar is an element of an operating system located at the bottom of the screen. It lets you
locate and launch programs through Start and the Start menu or view any currently open program.
On the right side of the taskbar is the Notification Area that lets you check the date and time, items
running in the background. The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is
found in all subsequent versions of Windows.

The Windows taskbar has four main sections:

1. Start Button (labeled with "Start" and the Windows logo)

2. Quick Launch (allowing applications to be launched with a single click)
3. Running Programs (allowing easy access to running programs)
4. Notification Area (contains icons for small running programs such as the clock, calendar
and volume control)

In the Windows taskbar, similar running programs are grouped together when there are too many
for the taskbar to accommodate.

5. ACTIVATING WINDOWS

To activate Windows, you need a digital license or a product key. If you're ready to activate,
select Open Activation in Settings. Click Change product key to enter a Windows product key.
If Windows was previously activated on your device, your copy of Windows 10 or Windows 11
should be activated automatically.

Activation helps verify that your copy of Windows is genuine and hasn’t been used on more
devices than the Microsoft Software License Terms allow.

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Checking your activation status

You'll first want to find out if your Windows 10 is activated and linked to your Microsoft account.

It is essential that you link your Microsoft account to the Windows 10 license on your device.
Linking your Microsoft account with your digital license enables you to reactivate Windows using
the Activation troubleshooter whenever you make a significant hardware change.

Methods of activation

Depending on how you got your copy of Windows 10, you'll need either a digital license or a 25-
character product key to activate it. Without one of these, you won't be able to activate your device.

 A digital license (called a digital entitlement in Windows 10, Version 1511) is a

method of activation in Windows 10 that doesn't require you to enter a product key.
 A product key is a 25-character code used to activate Windows. What you'll see is
PRODUCT KEY: XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX.

After determining which activation method you use, follow the steps in the corresponding Activate
using a digital license or Activate using a product key

6. USING DESKTOP
Desktop is a computer display area that represents the kinds of objects one might find on
top of a physical desk, including documents, phone books, telephones, reference sources,
writing and drawing tools, and project folders.

When referring to an operating system or GUI (graphical user interface), the desktop is a
system of organization of icons on a screen. The Microsoft Windows desktop was first
introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and included with every version of Windows since
then.

What icons and items are found on the Windows desktop?

Some of the most common icons on the desktop include those for My Computer, Recycle Bin,
your Internet browser (e.g., Internet Explorer), and My Documents. On the Windows desktop, you
can find the Windows Start menu through the Start on the taskbar, and the Windows Notification
Area.

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The history of desktops
It is tempting to think of the desktop as being synonymous with the Windows graphical user
interface (GUI), but the concept of a desktop has existed for longer than the Windows operating
system.

Tandy released a text-based desktop called DeskMate in 1984. Like modern desktops, users could
work with DeskMate to open applications and documents and to browse disk contents. Microsoft
released Windows 1.0 near the end of 1985.

Windows has included a graphical desktop ever since the release of Windows 1.0.
Although Windows 10 still bears some similarities to Microsoft's early desktops, the Windows
desktop has evolved considerably over the years. As Windows matured, for example, the desktop
included higher video resolution and color depth.

One of the more significant changes Microsoft made to the Windows desktop was the introduction
of Active Desktop. The company introduced Active Desktop along with Internet Explorer 4.0 in
1997. It was first intended for use on Windows 95, but was eventually supported by Windows 98
and Vista before the company eventually discontinued it. The Active Desktop feature
displayed HTML content directly on the Windows desktop.

In Windows 8, Microsoft broke away from using the traditional desktop layout. The release
eliminated the Start menu and introduced a new interface called Metro, which Microsoft designed
to compete with mobile operating systems, such as Apple iOS.

Windows XP virtual desktop

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Although Windows 8 included a desktop layout, it forced users to toggle back and forth between
the desktop interface and the Metro interface depending on which application they were using. The
hallmark of the Metro interface was live tiles, which were tiles that could display application data,
such as weather information or stock market reports, as opposed to acting as static desktop icons.

In Windows 10, Microsoft brought back the Start menu, and it merged Metro and the legacy
Windows desktop into a single, blended desktop interface.

Other GUI desktops

Although Microsoft is largely credited with the introduction and evolution of the GUI desktop,
nearly all modern desktop operating systems include a GUI desktop. This is true of Windows,
Apple macOS and Linux.

7. TITLE BAR

The title bar at the top of a window displays an application-defined icon and line of text. The
text specifies the name of the application and indicates the purpose of the window. The title bar
also makes it possible for the user to move the window using a mouse or other pointing device

For example, in the picture below, the title bar displays the program name "TextPad" and the
document name "Document1" that is currently being edited.

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Besides giving a description of the open program or window, the title bar may also contain other
useful features that depend on the operating system and program showing the title bar .

8. RUNNING APPLICATION

In Windows, to run a program, double-click the executable file or double-click the shortcut
icon pointing to the executable file. If you have a hard time double-clicking an icon, you can
click the icon once to highlight it and then press the Enter key on the keyboard.

The Run command on an operating system such as Microsoft Windows and Unix-like systems
is used to directly open an application or document whose path is known.

9. EXPLORING COMPUTER

1. Start Menu
In the lower left-hand corner of the windows screen is the Start button. When you click on the
button, the Start menu will appear. Using the start menu, you can start any application.

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2.Taskbar

At the bottom of the screen is a horizontal bar called the taskbar. This bar contains (from left to
right) the Start button, shortcuts to various programs, minimized programs and in the extreme right
corner you can see the system tray which consist of volume control, network, date and time etc.
Next to the Start button is the quick Launch Toolbar which contains task for frequently used
applications.

3. Computer Icon
By clicking this icon, the user can see the disk drivers mounted in the system. In windows XP,
Vista, this icon is called "My computer" in Windows 8 and 10, it is called "This PC". The
functionality of computer icon reamins the same in all versions of windows as shown in Figure
5.14.

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4. Starting and Closing Applications
Most of the applications installed on your computer are available through the start menu.
Depending on the system setup, the applications in the Start menu varies. To start an application:
1. Click the Start button and then point to All Programs. The Program menu appears. (Figure 5.15)

2. Point to the group that contains the application you want to start, and then click the application
name.
3. You can also open an application by clicking Run on the Start menu, and the name of the
application. (Figure 5.16)

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4. To quit a application, click the Close button in the upper right corner of the application window.
(Figure 5.17)

4. You can also quit an application by clicking on File → Exit and File → Close option in
Windows 7. (Figure 5.17)

10. MANAGING FILES AND FOLDERS

File and Folder Management

Every Windows folder provides easy access to common file and folder management tasks. When
you open any folder on your computer, a list of hyperlinked tasks is displayed next to the folder
contents. You can select a file or folder, and then click a task to rename, copy, move, or delete it.
You can also send a file in e-mail or publish it to the Web.

In addition to the basic file and folder tasks provided in all Windows folders, there are several
folders that provide links to specialized tasks. My Pictures and My Music folders provide task
links that can help you manage your picture and music files.

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In the My Computer folder, you can view and select the drives on your computer, the devices with
removable storage, and the files stored on your computer. You can use the task links in this folder
to view information about your computer, change system settings using Control Panel, and perform
other system management tasks.

Use the Recycle Bin tasks to empty the Recycle Bin or restore deleted files and folders to their
original locations. The Recycle Bin is displayed on your desktop

To create a new folder:

1. Open My Documents

2. Under File and Folder Tasks, click Make a new folder.

A new folder is displayed with the default name, New Folder, selected.

3. Type a name for the new folder, and then press ENTER.

To move a file or folder:

1.Open My DocumentsIf the file or folder you want to move is not located in My Documents or its subfolders,
Search to find it. To open Search, clickStart, and then click Search.
2.Click the file or folder you want to move.
3.Under File and Folder Tasks, click Move this file or Move this folder.
4.In Move Items, click the new location for the file or folder, and then click Move.

To copy a file or folder:

1.Open My DocumentsIf the file or folder you want to copy is not located in My Documents or its subfolders,
Search to find it. To open Search, clickStart, and then click Search.
2.Click the file or folder you want to copy.
3.Under File and Folder Tasks, click Copy this file or Copy this folder.
4.In Copy Items, select the drive or folder you want to copy to, and then click Copy.

To delete a file or folder:

1.Open My DocumentsIf the file or folder you want to delete is not located in My Documents or its subfolders,
Search to find it. To open Search, click Start, and then click Search.
2.Click the file or folder you want to delete.

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3.Under File and Folder Tasks, click Delete this file or Delete this folder.

11.CONTROL PANEL

The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to view and
change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or removing hardware
and software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and accessing networking
settings.

Sections of the Windows Control Panel:

There are eight main areas on the Control Panel, containing different tools designed to optimize
your computer.

 System and Security - A section to check your computer's status, backup and restore, and
others.
 Network and Internet - View network status.
 Hardware and Sound - View which devices are on your computer and add devices.
 Programs - Uninstall programs.
 User Accounts - Change user accessibility.
 Appearance and Personalization - Change desktop options, like fonts and screen readers.
 Clock and Region - Change date and time.
 Ease of access - Optimize your display settings.

The evolution of the Windows Control Panel

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Microsoft Windows 7 Control Panel

Microsoft Windows XP Control Panel

Microsoft Windows 98 Control Panel

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ADDING AND REMOVING SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

In the search box on the taskbar, type Control Panel and select it from the results. Select Programs
> Programs and Features. Press and hold (or right-click) on the program you want to remove and
select Uninstall or Uninstall/Change. Then follow the directions on the screen.

The Add or Remove Programs is a feature in Microsoft Windows that lets a user uninstall and
manage the software installed on their computer. This feature was introduced in Windows
98 as Add/Remove Programs, later renamed Programs and Features in Windows Vista and
Windows 7, and then Apps & features in Windows 10.

How to open Add or Remove Programs in Windows 10

1. Press the Windows key, type Apps & features or Add or Remove Programs,
and press Enter.

2. A window similar to the picture below should appear.

3. From this window, you'll be able to manage how Windows installs programs and
also uninstall any programs that were installed.

or

1. Open the Control Panel

2. Click Programs and Features or under the Programs section click Uninstall a
program.

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 3. From this window, you'll be able to manage how Windows installs programs and
also uninstall any programs that were installed.

SETTING DATE AND TIME IN COMPUTER

How to set or change a computer's date and time

1. Right-click on the time in the bottom-right of the screen and select Adjust Date/Time.

2. A window will open. On the left side of the window select the Date & time tab. Then,
under "Change date and time" click Change

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 Note: Both Set time automatically and Set time zone automatically must be Off to
make this change.

3. Enter the time and press Change

4. The system time has been updated.

SCREENSAVER
A screen saver or screensaver is a software program that becomes activated after the computer is
inactive for a specified amount of time. Screensavers were originally designed to help
prevent images or text from being burned into older monitors.

The monitors and flat-panel displays used today no longer suffer from burn-in issues found with
older CRT monitors. However, screen savers are still used for their aesthetic value and to password
protect a computer when the user is away from the keyboard.

APPEARANCE

The Appearance and Personalization category is the sixth one in the Control Panel and contains
all the tools that you'll use to change the appearance of desktop items, apply various desktop
themes and screen savers, customize the Start menu or Taskbar, and more.

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12.USING WINDOW ACCESSORIES

Window Accessories Group is a very important part of the window, very important tools are
available inside Window Accessories, which we can use according to our need. Inside the Window
Accessories Group, a list of many facilities is displayed so that we can do Simple Type. Can apply
some special characters, can calculate Mathematics, can manage the performance of your
computer, although there are many tools inside the Window Accessories Group, but some
important tools are as follows.

 Character Map
 Calculator
 Notepad
 word pad
 Remote Desktop Connection
 Paint
 Math input panel
 snipping tool
 disk clean up
 disk defragment

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Character Map:-

There is such a facility in Character Map Window Accessories, using which we can know which
key or key combination has been determined in which font. It contains all those keys/fonts which
are not given on the keyboard. With whose help we can make our text even better.

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ Character Map

Calculator:-

We use this tool available in Window Accessories to do arithmetic and scientific calculations. To
run the calculator, a normal calculator is displayed on the screen, which we run with the help of a
mouse so that we can do Mathematical Sums very easily. This is an important tool of our Windows

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ calculator

Note Pad:-

Note Pad is the Window’s Text Editor Program, we use it to create a text file in the window, the
extension (.txt) of the file created inside it is that there is some limit to the text in this text editor,
in this we are in some limited size. This is a very important tool for Windows accessories. Click
Here to more Info

Start button→ All programs→ Window accessories→ notepad

Word Pad:-

Word Pad is also called a Word Processor, it is also a text editor program, it is an advanced form
of note pad. You can change the size of the font in it, we can fix the date and time, it is an important
tool of Window Accessories. Click Here to More Info for Wordpad

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ word pad

Remote Desktop Connection:-

Remote Desktop Connection In this, we can get help by connecting remotely to the person sitting
far away, that is, the person sitting far away can operate our computer, in this, we can connect
from one computer to another computer and take any help or help anyone. Is

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ remote desktop connection

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Paint:-

The Paint Tool present in the Window Accessories Group is very important, with the help of this
tool we can make pictures, sketches and maps etc. In this, with the help of many tools, we can
paint a good type.

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ paint

Snipping Tool:-

Snipping tool is also an important tool of Window Accessories, with the help of this we can take
Screen short (SS) of any object of the screen, with the help of this tool we can take Screen short in
the same way as we take in our phone.

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ snipping tool

Disk cleanup:-

Disk cleanup is one of the most important tools of window accessories, with the help of this we
can clean many things like junk files, cookies from our PC, due to this the performance of our
computer becomes faster.

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ System tool→ disk cleanup

Disk defragment:-

Disk defragment is a tool of window accessories, it is used to arrange the saved file or folder in
the hard disk, it is used to eliminate the free space on the disk drive and organize the file & folder.

Start button→ All program→ Window accessories→ System tool→ defragment

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