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Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae

Article in Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research · June 2019

DOI: 10.21608/ajar.2019.59750

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 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae

M. A. El-Fiki 1 , A. M. El-Taher 1, A. G. EL-Gendy 2 and M. I. Lila 1, 2,*

1 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2 National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
* Correspondence: mahmoudlila83@azhar.edu.eg (M. Lila)

ABSTRACT
Apocynaceae is one of the important families that is present all over the world. The aim of this study is to provide
some anatomical features of 7 species that represent 7 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies (Apocynoideae,
Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae and Rauvolfioideae) related to Apocynaceae. The species samples were collected from
different areas in Egypt. The study was focus on the morphological and anatomical characters of stems and leaves. The
results were recorded in the form of comparison between the examined plants. Most of these plants are perennial herbs
as in Cynanchum acutum L. but some are shrubs as in Carissa spinarum L. and trees as in Alstoniascholar is R.Br. The stem
is woody in some of the investigated plants as in Alstoniascholaris R.Br. and succulent in some plants as in Pachypodium
lamerei. The leaves are simple, spirally, opposite and opposite decussate. Leaves shape are ovate, elliptic, oblong-
lanceolate or cordate with entire margin. The vascular bundles in all of the examined plants are bicollateral. From the
analysis of all the available data by using the Multi Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) Program it could be stated that
Apocynaceaeand Asclepiadaceae are very similar to each other which could be ranked in one large family Apocynaceae.
In conclusion, we emphasize the previous recommendations to merge both Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae families
in one large family, that is Apocynaceae.
Keywords: Morphology; Anatomy; Asclepiadoideae; Periplocoideae; Rauvolfioideae; Apocynaceae.

hypodermal collenchyma of thick-walled

INTRODUCTION followed by slightly thick-walled parenchyma (8-
16 rows) containing cluster crystals of calcium
Apocynaceae is one of the important families
oxalate. (Al-Massarani, 2011). The palisade
that is present all over the world. It includes five
parenchyma is 3-layered at the adaxial side and
important sub families; Apocynoideae,
1-layered at the abaxial side of the lamina. The
Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae, Rauvolfioideae
spongy parenchyma is 10-13 layered, with long
and Secamonoideae (Endress and Bruyns 2000).
armed cells. The vascular system is bicollateral.
It is considered one of the medium sized families
(Formiga et al., 2011).
of the flowering plants as it includes 215 genera
The aim of this study is to provide some
including 1900 species that spread all over the
anatomical features of some species of family
world. Also, Asclepiadaceae is an important
Apocynaceae.
family. It includes 315 genera including 2900
species that spread all over the world (Boulos, MATERIALS AND METHODS
2000). Some authors consider them as two
distinct families: Apocynaceae and Morphological studies
Asclepiadaceae (Dahlgren, 1980; Cronquist, 1981; Sample of plants
Takhtajan, 1987; Rosatti, 1989). Others still
consider them as one large family Apocynaceae This work was carried out in the Department of
(Judd et al., 1994; Struwe et al., 1994; Sennblad and Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar
Bremer, 1996; Endress and Bruyns 2000). University, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt. Seven species
Apocynaceous plants are herbs, shrubs or trees belonging to 7 genera of Apocynaceae were collected
and perennial or very rarely annual (Muschler, from three different places: Al–Azhar University (Az),
1912; Bailey, 1949; Boulos, 2000; Koyuncu, 2012; El- Orman Garden (Or) and flower exhibition (Fl).
Venkateshwar et al., 2013). The stem was erect, Identification
climbing or twining and trete or 4 angled (Bolos,
2000; Rodda and Simonsson, 2011; Sidney, 2012). Identification of the collected plants was
The leaves are simple, alternate, opposite or achieved by comparing their morphological
whorled. Leaves shapes are ovate, obovate, characters with the characters of the previously
oblong, linear, lanceolate or elliptic and their identificated plants as published by (Tächolm,
margin are entire or undulate with acute apex. 1974; Migahid and Hammouda, 1974; Boulos,
The leaf is petiolate or sessile (Hutchinson 1973; 2005).
Jafri 1966; Migahid and Hammouda 1974; El-
Gazzar and Hamza 1980; Boulos, 2000; Kidyoo,
2014; Bibi et al., 2015). The cortex is consisting of
136
Anatomical studies plants as in Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. Similar
In laboratory, from young parts of the plant, results are reported by (Hutchinson, 1973;
samples of 1 cm long from the middle part of the Boulos, 2000; Sidney, 2012; El-Kashef et al., 2015)
technical length of the stem and 1 cm2 from leaf who observed that the stem of Apoynaceae was
was taken. Samples were dehydrated in a series erect or twining, trete or 4 angled and glabrous or
of solutions of ascending concentrations of ethyl hairy.
alcohol varying from 50% to 100% ethyl alcohol.
Leaves
The samples then embedded in paraffin wax
[m.p. 58–61 °C] using xylol as a solvent. By using The leaves are present in all the examined
rotary microtome, sections were cut at the plants. Leaves are simple and cauline in all the
thickness of 15 μm and then mounted on slides plants (Fig. 1H). All the investigated plants are
with the aid of egg albumin as an adhesive. Wax exstipulate except Carissa spinarum L. which is
dissolved in xylol and the slides were passed stipulate (Fig.1 D). Leaves are petiolate in all the
through descending series of ethyl alcohol plants (Fig. 1E). The leaf base is epulvinate in all
solutions varying from 100% to 50% ethyl alcohol the plants except in Cryptostegia grandiflora R Br.
concentrations in descending order. The sections they are pulvinate. The leaves arrangement is
were stained with safranin and light green, and spirally in some plants as in Pachypodium lamerei
then the colored sections were kept as permanent Drake. (Fig. 1C), opposite in some plants as in C.
preparations on the slides with Canada balsam as spinarum L. (Fig. 1I) and opposite decussate in
mounting medium (Nassar and Sahhar, 1998). some plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall.
All photographs were prepared by Nikon (Fig. 1J). The leaf shape is cordate in Cynanchum
Camera on a Carl Zeiss Jena microscope acutum L. only (Fig. 1E), elliptic in Alstonia
photographs. scholaris R.Br. only (Fig. 1G), oblong lanceolate in
Multi Variate Statistical Package Programme Pachypodium lamerei Drake. only (Fig. 1F) and
(MVSP) was used to analyse the morphological ovate in some plants as in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig.
and anatomical data (Sneath and Sokal 1973). 1D). The shape of leaf apex is acuminate in some
of the plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Fig.1 H), obtuse in Stephanotis floribunda Brongn
only, caudate in Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (Fig.
Morphological observation habit 1F) only and mucoronta in Cynanchum acutum L.
All the investigated plants of family only (Fig. 1E). The shape of leaf base is acute in
Apocynaceae are perennial and evergreen except some of the plants as in Pachypodium lamerei
the plants of Pachypodium lamerei Drake. Which Drake. (Fig. 1F), rounded in some of the plants as
are deciduous. Some of the examined plants are in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig. 1D) and cordate in C.
herbs as in Cynanchum acutum L. (Fig. 1A), few acutum L. only (Fig. 1E). The venation of the leaf
plants are trees as in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and is pinnate reticulate in all the plants (Fig. 1G)
shrubs in Carissa spinarum L. only. These results except in C. acutum L., it is palmate reticulate (Fig.
are in agreement with those obtained by (El- 1E). The color of leaf midrip is white in some of
Gazzar and Hammouda, 2006; Bibi et al., 2015) the plants as in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (Fig. 1G)
who recorded that Apocynaceae plants were and green in some of the plants as in Beaumontia
herbs, shrubs or trees and perennial. grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 1H). The lateral venation of
the leaf is distinict in some of the studied plants
Stem as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 1J) and
The stem is aerial and long in all the examined indistinict in some of the plants as in Carissa
plants. It is woody in some of the investigated spinarum L. (Fig. 1I). The margin of the leaves is
plants as in Carissa spinarum L., herbaceous in entire in all the examined plants. These results are
some of the plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. and in harmony with the findings of (Hutchinson,
succulent in Pachypodium lamerei Drake. only (Fig. 1973; Migahid and Hammouda, 1974; El-Gazzar
1C). It is erect in most of the examined plants as and Hamza, 1980; Gabr et al., 2015) who
in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and weak in some plants mentioned that the leaves of Apocynaceaeas
as in Cynanchum acutum L. (Fig. 1B) The texture were opposite, alternate, opposite decussate or
of stem is smooth in all the plants, except whorled. The leaf was sub sessile or petiolate.
Pachypodium lamerei Drake. are spiny (Fig. 1C). The leaf shapes were elliptic, ovate, linear or
All the plants are monopodial branching, except cordate. The blade apex was acute, apiculate,
Pachypodium lamerei Drake. which isapicale. The obtuse or acuminate. The blade texture was
monopodial branching is uni-lateral in some glabrous or tomentose.
plants as in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and bi-lateral
in some plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora wall.
The stem is solid in most of the plants as in
Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. And hollow in some
 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Anatomical observation polyhedral elongated cells followed by slightly

Stem anatomy thick walled parenchyma (8-16 rows) and
containing cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. The
The stem varies in the external shape. It is endodermis was formed of elongated cells. Latex
rounded in some of the examined plants as in tubes were present in the cortex region.
Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. (Fig. 2A) and ovate
in some of the plants as in Cryptostegia grandiflora Pericycle
R.Br. (Fig. 2B). Parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells
Epidermis are noticed in most of the plants as in Beaumontia
grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 2H). Rosette are crystals
The epidermal cells are covered by cuticle observed in some of the taxa as in Beaumontia
layer. The cuticle layer is thin in some of the grandiflora Wall. Similar results were reported by
examined plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. (Fig. (Al-Massarani, 2011; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011;
2D) and thick in most of the plants as in Carissa El-Kashef et al., 2015) who reported that the
spinarum L. (Fig. 2C). The multiepidermis is pericycle of Apocynaceae plants was formed of
present in few plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. Parenchymatous cells.
(Fig.2 D) but it is simple in most of the plants as
in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig. 2C). The cork and Vascular bundles
lenticels are observed in most of the plants as in Vascular bundles of all the examined plants
Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (Fig.2F) and Alstonia are bicollateral and present in complete ring in
scholaris R.Br. (Fig. 2G) respectively. Similar most of the plants as in Cryptoste giagrandiflora
results were reported by (Akyalcin et al.,2006; R.Br. or in group in Pachypodium lamerei Drake.
Poornima et al., 2009; Al-Massarani, 2011; El- only. The vessels are shown in chains in all of the
Kashef et al., 2015) who found that the epidermis plants (Fig. 3O) except Pachypodium lamerei
of Apocynaceae was semi-circular in cross Drake. which isclusters (Fig.3 P). Tyloses are
section with one or two epidermal layers. The observed in some plants as in Cynanchum acutum
cork was formed of 2-3 layers of thin walled cells. L. (Fig. 3Q). These results are in agreement with
Cortex those obtained by (Akyalcin et al., 2006; Al-
Massarani, 2011; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011; El-
The cortex consists of aerenchymatous tissuein Kashef et al., 2015) who recorded that the vascular
some of the examined plants as in Alstonia bundles of Apocynaceae plants were bicollateral
scholaris R.Br. also storage parenchymatous tissue bundles.
is observed in most of the plants as in
Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (Fig. 2E). Xylem
Collenchymatous cells are shown in most of the Rosette crystals are noticed in some plants as
plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 2H), in Cynanchum acutum L. Resin canals are present
sclerenchymatous cells are observed in Alstonia in few of the plants as in Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
scholaris R.Br. only and the water storage cells are (Table 3). Anatomical observation of medulary
noticed in Pachypodium lamerei Drake. only (Fig. rays revealed the presence of sclerenchyma
2I). Cortical vascular bundles are present in tissues in most of the plants as in Alstonia scholaris
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. only (Fig. 3J). Rosette R.Br. and collenchyma tissues in few of the plants
crystals are noticed in most of the studied plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Table3).
as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 3K), Rosette crystals are recorded in Cynanchum
prismatic crystals are shown in most of the plants acutum L. and Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. only
as in Carissa spinarum L.; sandy crystals are also (Table 3). Resin canals and secretory cells present
noticed in few of the plants as in Alstonia scholaris in some plants as in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Similar
R.Br. Resin canals are observed in most of the results were reported by (Poornima et al., 2009;
plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. (Fig. 3L). Al-Massarani, 2011; El-Kashef et al., 2015) who
Laticifers canals are shown in few of the plants as found that the xylem of Apocynaceae plants was
in Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (Fig. 3M). Secretory formed of thick walled elements consisting of
cells and canals are noticed in some of the plants vessels, fibres, tracheids and xylem parenchyma
as in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig. 2C) and secretory and separated by 2-9 rows of medullary rays. The
cavities are observed in few plants as in medullary rays were uni or multi-seriate and
Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (Fig. 3N). These formed of polygonal, thick walled cells
results are in harmony with the findings of
Phloem
(Akyalcin et al., 2006; Poornima et al., 2009; Al-
Massarani, 2011; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011; Bibi et Rosette crystals are observed in some of the
al., 2015; El-Kashef et al., 2015) who stated that the examined plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. and
cortex of the stem of Apocynaceae plants was sandy crystals are noticed in Alstonia scholaris
consisted of collenchyma of thick walled R.Br. only (Table3). Resin canals are present in
138
most of the plants as in Cynanchum acutum L. is separated in some of the plants as in
Secretory cells are noticed in few plants as in Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. The palisade tissue is
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. These results were in monolateral in all plants. Mucilage cells are
agreement with (Al-Massarani, 2011; El-Kashef et noticed in few plants as in Carissa spinarum L.
al., 2015) who recorded that the phloem of (Fig. 4T). Rosette crystals are observed in most
Apocynaceae plants was narrow and composed taxa as in Carissa spinarum L. Resin canals are
of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem present in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. only. Laticifers
parenchyma. The phloem parenchyma cells were and secretory cells are present in some of the
polygonal in shape. The medullary rays were plants as in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig. 4T), secretory
uniseriate or biseriate and consisting of elongated canals are noticed in Stephanotis floribunda
parenchyma. Brongn. only.
Spongy tissue is noticed in all the examined
Pith
plants. Aerenchymatous cells and armed
Pith is solid in most of the studied plants as in parenchymatous cells are noticed in most of the
Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. and hollow in few plants as in Carissa spinarum L. (Fig. 4T and 4U).
plants as in Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. Rosette crystals and resin canals are recorded in
Aerenchymais observed in most of the plants as some of the plants as in Beaumontia grandiflora
in Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. Also, storage Wall. (Fig. 4V). Secretory cells are showed in few
parenchyma noticed in Pachypodium lamerei of the plants as in Carissa spinarum L. These
Drake. only (Table3). Sclerenchymatous cells are results were in harmony with the findings of
recorded in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. only (Table 3). (Poornima et al., 2009; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011;
Rosette crystals are noticed in some of the plants Formiga et al., 2011; Bibi et al., 2015) who
as in Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. (Table 3), observed that the mesophyllic tissue was
prismatic crystals are shown in some plants as in consisted of palisade and spongyin Apocynaceae
A. scholaris R.Br. (Table 3). Secretory cells and plants.
canals are noticed in few plants as in Alstonia
Midrib region
scholaris R.Br. and secretory cavities are present
in P. lamerei Drake. only (Table 3). These results Midrib regionis convex in the lower surface of
were in harmony with the findings of (Poornima the leaf in most of the studied plants as in
et al., 2009; Al-Massarani, 2011; Duarte and Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Fig. 4W) but straight
Larrosa 2011) who mentioned that the pith of in Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. only (Fig. 4X).
stem of Apocynaceae was formed of large Midrib regionis convex in the upper surface of
rounded, water storing cells, thin walled the leaf in Cynanchum acutum L. (Fig. 4Y), straight
parenchymal cells containing numerous starch in few of the examined plants as in Cryptostegia
granules and prisms of calcium oxalate. grandiflora R.Br. (Fig. 4X) and concave in Carissa
spinarum L. only (Fig. 4Z). Aerenchymatous cells
Leaf anatomy
are noticed in some plants as in Carissa spinarum
Epidermis L., palisade is present in some of the plants as in
The upper epidermal cells are covered by C. spinarum L. and collenchymatous cells are
cuticle layer. The cuticle layer is thin in most of observed in most of the plants as in Cynanchum
the examined plants as in Cryptostegia grandiflora acutum L. (Table 3). Rosette crystals are noticed in
R.Br. (Fig. 4S), and thick in some plants as in most of the taxa as in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall.
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (Fig. 4R). Resin canals are Resin canals are present in most of the plants as
observed in few plants as in Alstonia scholaris in Pachypodium lamerei Drake. Secretory cells are
R.Br. The lower epidermal cells are covered by noticed in some plants as in Carissa spinarum L.
cuticle layer. The cuticle layer is thin and smooth Vascular bundles
in all of the examined plants. Similar results were
reported by (Poornima et al., 2009; Albert et al., Vascular bundles are bicollateral in all
2011; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011) who cited that examined plants. The shape of vascular bundles
the epidermis was single layered in Apocynaceae is crescent in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (Fig.
plants. 4W), straight in Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. (Fig.
4X) and semi ring in Alstonia scholaris R.Br. only
Mesophyllic tissue (Fig. 4a).
The mesophylic tissue consists of spongy and Phloem
palisade in all the examined plants. The palisade
Rosette crystals and resin canals are noticed in
tissue is one row in most of the studied plants as
some of the examined plants as in Cynanchum
in Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. and more than
acutum L. and Alstonia scholaris R.Br. respectively.
one row in some of the plants as in Carissa
Similar results were reported by (Inamdae et al.,
spinarum L. The palisade tissue is continuous in
1975; Albert et al., 2011; Duarte and Larrosa, 2011;
most of the plants as in Carissa spinarum L. but it
 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Formiga et al., 2011) who cited that the vascular stem of Pachypodium lamerei Drake, family
Apocynaceae, cultivated in Egypt. J. Pharmacogn.
bundles were bicollateral in Apocynaceae plants. Phytochem. 3 (5), 25-31.
It is obvious from the dendrogram that the Endress, M.E., Bruyns, P.V., 2000. A revised classification of
studied species were divided in to four clusters Apocynaceae sl. Bot. Rev. 66, 1-56.
Formiga, A.T., Soares, G.L.G., Isaias, R.M.S., 2011. Responses
based on the similarity between them. The first of the host plant tissues to gall induction in
cluster contains two species Beaumontia Aspidosperma spruceanum Müell. Arg. (Apocynaceae).
grandiflora Wall. and Pachypodium lamerei Drake. Am. J. Plant Sci. 2, 823-834.
Gabr, D.G., Khafagi, A.A.F., Mohamed, A.H., Mohamed, F.S.,
at similarity (23.062). The second cluster included 2015. The significance of leaf morphological
two species Cynanchum acutum L. and Stephanotis characters in the identification of some species of
floribunda Brongn. at similarity (26.425). Both Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. J. Am. Sci. 11 (6),
61-70.
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Alstonia scholaris R.Br. and Carissa spinarum L. at Inamdar, J.A., Patel, R.C., Gangadhara, M., Balakrishna, A.,
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species Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. This cluster (Austria). 17, 151-158.
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El-Gazzar, A., Hammouda, A.A., 2006. Nine revived records Nauka.
to the flora of Egypt. Egypt. J. Biol. 8, 74-80. Venkateshwar, C., Rao, S.G., Kumar, R.S., 2013. Epidermal
El-Kashef, D.F., Hamed, A.N.E., Khalil, H.E., Kamel, M.S., study of medicinal plants with special reference to
2015. Morphological and anatomical studies of the identification, adulteration and authentification of
crude leaf drugs. Ann. Phytomed. 2 (1), 115-125.

140
Table 1. Scientific names and collected sites of species of family Apocynaceae.
No. Family: Apocynaceae Collected sites
Sub family: Apocynoideae
1 Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. Or
2 Pachypodium lamerei Drake. Fl
Sub family: Asclepiadoideae
3 Cynanchum acutum L. Az
4 Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. Fl
Sub family: Rauvolfioideae
5 Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Or
6 Carissa spinarum L. Or
Sub family: Periplocoideae
7 Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. Or

Table 2. List of 86 characters and character states recorded for 7 species representing 7 genera belonging
to family Apocynaceae.
A Qualitative characters
Morphological characters Character states
Habit
1 Habit Evergreen (+) Deciduous (–)
Stem
2 Growth habit Erect (+) Weak (–)
3 Texture Smooth (+) Spiny (–)
4 Stem anatomy Solid (+) Hollow (–)
5 Branching Monopodial (+) Apical (–)
6 Branching status Uni-lateral (+) Bi-lateral (–)
Leaf
7 Stipules Stipulate (+) Exstipulate (–)
8 Base Pulvinate (+) Epulvinate (–)
9 Venation pinnate (+) palmate (–).
10 Midrip color White (+) green (–).
11 Lateral venation Distinict (+) indistinict (–).
Anatomical characters

Stem anatomy
Epidermis
12 Cuticle layer thick (+) thin (–).
13 Epidermal layer Simple (+) multiple (–).
14 Cork present (+) absent (–).
15 Lenticels present (+) absent (–).
Cortex
16 Aerenchyma tissue Present (+) absent (–).

17 Storage parenchyma tissue present (+) absent (–).

18 Collenchyma tissue Present (+) absent (–).

19 Sclerenchyma tissue present (+) absent (–).

20 Water storage cells present (+) absent (–).
21 Cortical vascular bundles present (+) absent (–).
22 Rosette crystals present (+) absent (–).
23 Prismatic crystals present (+) absent (–).
24 Sandy crystals present (+) absent (–).
25 Resin canals present (+) absent (–).
26 Laticifer tissue present (+) absent (–).
27 Secretory cells present (+) absent (–).
28 Secretory canals present (+) absent (–).
29 Secretory cavities present (+) absent (–).
Pericycle
30 Collenchyma tissue present (+) absent (–).
31 Rosette crystals present (+) absent (–).
Vascular bundle
32 Vascular bundles complete ring (+) groups (–).
 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Table 2. continues
Anatomical characters Character states
33 Vessels chains (+) clusters (–).
34 Tylosis present (+) absent (–).
Xylem
35 Rosette crystals present (+) absent (–).
36 Resin canals present (+) absent (–).
Medullary rays:
37 Collenchymal tissue present (+) absent (–).
38 Sclerenchymal tissue present (+) absent (–).

39 Rosette crystals present (+) absent (–).

40 Resin canals present (+) absent (–).

41 Secretory cells present (+) absent (–).
Phloem
42 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
43 Sandy crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
44 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).
45 Secretory cells Present (+) Absent (–).
Pith:
46 Pith Solid (+) Hollow (–).
47 Aerenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
48 Storage parenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
49 Sclerenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
50 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).

51 Prismatic crystals Present (+) Absent (–).

52 Secretory cells Present (+) Absent (–).

53 Secretory canals Present (+) Absent (–).
54 Secretory cavities Present (+) Absent (–).
Leaf anatomy
Upper epidermis :
55 Cuticle layer Thick (+) Thin (–).
56 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).

Mesophylic tissue
Palisade tissue
57 Palisade tissue One row (+) More than (–).
58 ,, ,, Continuous (+) Separated (–).
59 Mucilage cells Present (+) Absent (–).
60 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
61 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).
62 Laticifer tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
63 Secretory cells Present (+) Absent (–).
64 Secretory canals Present (+) Absent (–).
Spongy tissue :
65 Aerenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
66 Armed Parenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
Anatomical characters Character States
67 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
68 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).
69 Secretory cells Present (+) Absent (–).
Midrib region
70 Midripconcave lower surface (+) Straight Lower Surface (–).
71 Aerenchymal tissue Present (+) Absent (–).
72 Palisade tissue Continuous (+) Separated (–).
73 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
74 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).
75 Secretory cells Present (+) Absent (–).
Phloem
76 Rosette crystals Present (+) Absent (–).
77 Resin canals Present (+) Absent (–).

142
 Table 2. continues
B- Multistate characters
Morphological characters
78 Habit 3 categories: Herbs 1 shrubs 2 trees 3.
79 Stem3 categories: herbaceous 1 woody 2 succulent 3.
80 Leaf shapes 4 categories: cordate 1 elliptic 2 oblong lanceolate 3 ovate 4.
81 Leaf arrangement : 3 categories: spirally 1 opposite 2 opposite decussate 3

82 Leaf apex shape 4 categories: acuminate 1 obtuse 2 caudate3 Mucoronta4

83 Leaf base shapes3 categories acute 1 rounded 2 cordate 3.

Anatomical characters
Stem anatomy
84 outline shapes3 categories : rounded 1 tetragonal 2 ovate 3.
Leaf anatomy

85 Midrib region shapes3 categories : convex 1 concave 2 straight 3.

Vascular bundle

86 Vascular bundle shapes3 categories crescent 1 semi ring 2 straight3.

Table 3. Data matrix of observed characters for the examined plants. List of 86 characters recorded
comparatively for 7 species representing 7 genera belonging to Apocynaceae.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 + + + + + - - - + - + - + - - + - + - - - + + - - - + - - +
2 - + - + - + - - + - - - + + - + + - - + - - - - + + - - + -
3 + - + - + - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - + - - + - - - - +
4 + - + - + + - - + + - - - + + - - + - - - + + - + - + + + +
5 + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + - - + - + - + + + + + - - -
6 + + + + + + + - + - - + + - - + - - - - - + + + - - + + - +
7 + - + + + - - + + + + + + + - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - +

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
1 + + + - + - + - - - - + - + + + + - - - - - - - + - + +
2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - + - - + +
3 + + + + + - - + + + - + - + - - + - - + - - - - - - - -
4 + + + - + - - + + + + + - + - - + - - + + - + - - - + +
5 - + + + - + + + - - + - + + + + + - + - + + - - + + + +
6 - + + + - - - + - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - - + - - +
7 + + + - - + - + - + - - - + - + + - - + + - + - - - + -

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
1 - + - - - - - - + + - + - + + + - - + 3 2 4 3 1 2 1 3 1
2 - + - + - - + - - - - + + - + + - - - 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 1
3 - + - + - - + + + - - + + + + - + + - 1 1 1 2 4 3 3 1 1
4 - + - - - + + + + - - + - - + + + - - 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 1
5 + - + - - - - + - + + + - - - + + - + 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
6 + + - + + - + + + - + + + + + + + - - 2 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 1
7 - - - + - - - + - - - - - - - + - - + 1 1 4 2 1 2 3 3 3

Table 4. Symbols used in this study.

Aerenchyma…………………………………………….. AE phloem………………………...……………………………..…. PH
Armed parenchyma………………................................ AR Pith………………………………….………………………..…. PI
Collenchymatous cells………………………………….. CN Resin canals………………….…………………………………. RE
Cork……………………………………………………... CK Rosette crystalss…………….……..………………………..….. RC
Cortex…………………………………………………… CO Sclerenchyma tissue………………...………………………..…. SC
Cuticular layer……………………………………...…… CL Secretory canals ……………………………………………..… SN
Cortical vascular bundles …………………………….... CV Secretorycavitie……………………………………………..…. SV
Midrib region …………………………………………… MR Secretory cells………………………………………………..…. SE
Epidermis……………………………………………….. EP Spongy tissue………….…………………………………..……. SS
Laticifer tissue…………………………………..………. LA Storage parenchymal tissue………..………………………..…. SP
Lenticels…………………………………………………. LS Tyloses……………………………………………………..…… TY
Lower epidermis………………………………..…….… LE Upper epidermis……………………………………………..….. UE
Mucilage cells…………………………………………… MU Vascular bundle…………….……….………………………..…. VB
Multiepidermis……………………………..…………… ME Water storage cells …………………………………………..…. WS
palisade tissue……………………………………..……. PS Xylem………………………………….……………………….. XY

Table 5. Similarity matrix of 7 species of Apocynaceae.

Distance matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0.000
2 23.062 0.000
3 32.190 36.995 0.000
4 33.632 35.554 26.425 0.000
5 35.073 41.799 53.811 43.721 0.000
6 30.749 32.671 34.112 38.436 36.995 0.000
7 23.542 31.229 30.749 30.269 42.280 40.839 0.000
 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Fig. 1. Types of stem and leaf.

A. Herbaceous plants Cynanchum acutum L.; B. Weak stem C. acutum L.; C. Succulentin Pachypodium lamerei Drak. D. Stipulate leaf in
Carissa spinarum L.; E. Cordate leaf in Cynanchum acutum L.; F. Oblong lanceolate leaf in P. lamerei Drak.; G. Elliptic leaf in Alstonia
scholaris R.Br.; H. Acuminate in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall; I. Opposite leaf in C. spinarum L.; J. Opposite decussate leaf in B. grandiflora
Wall.

Fig. 2. Cross sections in stem of different studied species.

A. Stephanotis floribunda Brongn. (X47); B. Cryptostegia grandi flora R.Br. (X47); C. Carissa spinarum L. (X70); D. Cynanchum acutum L. (X70);
E. Pachypodium lamerei Drake. (X70); F. P. lamerei Drak. (X140); G. Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (X70); H. Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. (X70); I. P.
lamerei Drak. (X140).
144
Fig. 3. Cross sections in stems of different studied species.
J . A. scholaris R.Br. (X70); K. B. grandiflora Wall. (X70); L. C. acutum L. (X140); M. P. lamerei Drak. (X70); N. P. lamerei Drak. (X70); O. B.
grandiflora Wall. (X140); P. P. lamerei Drak. (X140); Q. C. acutum L. (X140).

Fig. 4. Vertical sections in leaf of different studied species.

R. A. scholaris R.Br. (X70); S. C. grandiflora R. Br. (X70); T. C. spinarum L. (X70); U. C. spinarum L. (X70); V. B. grandiflora Wall. (X140); W.
B. grandiflora Wall. (X70); X. C. grandiflora R. Br. (X70); Y. C. acutum L. (X70); Z C. spinarum L. (X70); a. A. scholaris R.Br. (X70).
 Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019) 136-147 El-Fiki et al.

Fig. 5. Dendrogram represented the similarity and dissimilarity between 7 species belonging to
Apocynaceae.

146
 ‫)‪Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research V. (44) No. (1) June (2019‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬

‫دراسات مورفولوجيا وترشحيية عىل بعض نبااتت الفصيةل ادلفلية‬

‫‪2 ،1‬‬ ‫محمود عبد الفتاح الفقي ‪ ،1‬أمحد محمد الطاهر ‪ ،1‬عبد النارص جابر اجلندي ‪ ،2‬محمود ابراهمي عبد العظمي ليهل‬
‫‪ 1‬قسم النبات الزراعي‪ ،‬لكية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة الزهر‪ ،‬القاهرة‪ ،‬مرص‬
‫‪ 2‬املركزالقويم للبحوث‪ ،‬ادليق‪ ،‬اجلزية‪ ،‬مرص‬

‫امللخص العريب‬
‫أجريت هذه ادلراسة عىل ‪ 7‬أجناس تتبع الفصيةل الابوس ينية مت جتميع عينات الاجناس من مناطق خمتلفة يف مرص‪ .‬اجريت ادلراسة عىل الصفات املورفولوجية للس يقان والوراق‪ .‬كام درست الصفات الترشحيية للك من الس يقان والوراق‪.‬‬
‫وقد جسلت النتاجئ بطريقة مقارنة بني النبااتت حمل ادلراسة‪ .‬وأظهرت النتاجئ أن بعض النبااتت حمل ادلراسة اكنت اعشاب معمرة كام ىف ‪ Cynanchum acutum L.‬أو جشريات كام يف الاكريسا أو اجشار كام يف ألس تونيا وجدت الس يقان اخلشبية‬
‫يف معظم النبااتت املدروسة يف حني وجدت الس يقان العصريية كام يف ‪ Pachypodium lamerei Drake.‬الوراق بس يطة ىف لك النبااتت حمل ادلراسة واكنت مرتبة حلزون أو متقابةل أومتقابةل متصالبة واحلافة اكمةل والاوراق غري مؤذنة ماعدا‬
‫الاكريسا‪ .‬وأوحضت ادلراسة الترشحيية ان احلزمة الوعائية ىف لك النبااتت املدروسة حزمة وعائية مفتوحة ذات جانبني‪ .‬من حتليل النتاجئ املتحصل علهيا من ادلراسة ابس تخدام برانمج)‪ .(MVSP‬نس تخلص أنه ميكن مض الك من الفصيةل العشارية‬
‫والابوس ينية يف فصيةل واحدة ويه الفصيةل الابوس ينية‪.‬‬

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