Q: find out what kind of assimilation each word or sentence belongs to and then read them aloud. 1-“center * 2-“picked” * 3-“pubs” * 4-mutton 5- letter 6- What you want? Q: What the different between Progressive and Regressive tAssimilation Assimilation is concerned with one sound becoming phonetically similar to an adjacent sound. Sounds that belong to one word can cause changes in sounds belonging to other words. When a word's pronunciation is affected by sounds in a neighbouring word, we call this process assimilation. The simplest Definition of assimilation i: Two sounds come together to form a single sound .Thanks By Ghadeer AlL-ofaisan And Amjad AlL-muosaJeu:s/ (goose) > Jeu:zbari/ (gooseberry) Fiaiv/ (five) 2 Fiaifpans/ (five pence) [haev/ (have) > Jheftu/ (have to) Fiu:zd/ (used) > Jju:sttu/ (used to) Regressive assimilation can also be found in some words like: describe -> description receive -> reception, receipt twelve > twelfth five > fifth, fifteen, fiftyThe Summary of assimilation rules : 1-Total Assimilation In the word mutton = /matn/ the /t/ and /n/ have the same place of articulation * which is alveolar but are different in manner of articulation T is plosive and /n/ is nasal “winter” + w'> Tn) / tn) (meaning that /i/ becomes [n] in the environment after [n]). 2-Partial Assimilation; + ia S407 pl (ie. /d/ becomes [t] in the environment after [p].) 3+ Progressive (or left-to-right) Assimilation OF) fig) (the ending (sT is assimilated to [2] by the influence of the preceding voiced [g].) 4- Regressive, (or right-to-left) Assimilation: [mist] dst > (S1/_[j1. {the sound [s] in [mis] is changed to [S] by the assimilation of the following palatal glide [ j 1)Direction of change Ifa phoneme is affected by one than comes later in the sentence, the assimilation is * termed regressive. fa phoneme is affected by one that came earlier in the utterance, the assimilation is * termed progressive Phonemel = Phoneme 2 * Progressive ° egressive Regressive assimilation the sounds assimilated are influenced by the succeeding sound. eg /nju:z/ (news) > /nju:speipa/ (newspaper)5- Double “man”: + JA > [sl/[m] _ In] (The [A] in /mAn/ is nasalized by its preceding [m] and its following [n].) * The change from voiceless sounds to voiced as: catty = the dabble (tt) changed to (d) - /keedi/ as in American English * Sit down + /sidaun/ - letter= /leda/ - shut up / Jadap/ assimilation: When both sounds (the assimilating and the assimilated one) under go changes. Historically this has occurred in words like: Soldier, picture or fissure. where the reconstruct able earlier pronunciation /‘souldjar/, /‘piktu:r/, /‘fisju:r/ has become /'sauld3e/,/‘pikt{a/, /fifo/ In current colloquial English, similar assimilation occurs in phrases such as "What d’you want" /wtfewnt/ or Could you? /’kud3'1.5. Coalescence of place and manner of articulation In the case the two phonemes can fuse completely and give a * birth to a different one. This is called a coalescence. The result of consonant assimilation is usually a geminate consonant. Examples can be found as follows * fel + fil > [8/ What you want? /wotfu: wont/ » Jd] + Jif > Jef Would you? /wod3u:/ + /sf+ [if > If Incase you need it /1n kerfu: ni: tt/ * /ef+ if > [3/ Has your letter come? /heez9: leta kam/ *Progressive assimilation: the sounds assimilated are affected by * the pronunciation of the preceding sounds. This is often sen in the inflectional endings -s and —ed. If preceded by a voiced sound, they become voiced; if preceded by a voiceless one, they become voiceless. For example: Plural: Possessive: 3" person singular: Past tense and past participle: Voiceless Voiced students /-s/; books /-s/ _ girls /-2/; pictures /-2/ students’ books /-s/ girls’ pictures /-z/ He writes /-s/; He speaks /- She reads /-z/; She plays /- s/ 2/ worked /-t/; laughed /-t/ _ learned /-d/; played /-d/7-Identical assimilation : lone sound becomes the same as a neighboring sound /s/ in horseshoe is normally pronounced /J/ as horse shoe= /ho:fu:/ as in newspaper =/nju:speipa/ 8- Coalescence assimilation: is 2 sequence of two sounds coalesce and give place toa single new sound different from either of the original sounds e.g. JA] + ff > 123 Would you? /wadsu:/ 9- /8a/ and /8i/ :The- becomes/6a/ before consonant example (the man)/ 6a mzen/_ but "the" changes to /6i/ before vowels e.g. (the old woman) /di auld wuman/ 10- The change from alveolar consonant to bilabial as in put=/imput/_ or Saint Paul /smpo:l/ is a famous church in Rome . 11- The change from alveolar to velar consonant like:synchronous /sinkranas/ - or monkey /manki/ or- we can go= / wikeen gau/ 12-alveolar +and+ bilabial: Bread and butter = /bred am bata/ alveolar/n/ in the word ( and }+ bilabial /b/ in the word( butter) produce a different sound +/m//bred am bata/Progressive assimilation is relatively uncommon. It may occur whena * plosive is followed by a syllabic nasal and the nasal undergoes assimilation to the same place of articulation as the preceding plosive, @.g. Jnf > [en after /p, b/, bread and butter- one more + /nf > /o/ after /k, g/ in second chance bank-sing _ inn-keeper * Regressive assimilation is commonly seen in some prefixes, such as in- * (before /t, d, s, n/), im- (before /p, b, m/); il- (before /I/); ir- (before /r/). Foe * example: in- + indirect, insane, . im- > impolite, imbalance, immoral . il- > illegal o ir- > irregular :1.4 Assimilation of manner of articulation Assimilation of manner is typical of the most rapid and casual speech, * in which case one sound changes the manner of its articulation to become similar in manner to a neighbouring sound. An example scan be a rapid pronunciation of “Get some of that * soup”, where instead of the expected /get sam av dat su:p/ an English speaker says /ges sam v das su:p/, with /s/ replacing /t/ in * two words. It is thus possible to find cases where a final plosive becomes a * fricative or nasal (e.g. ‘good night’ /gun nait/ ), but most unlikely that a final fricative or nasal would become a plosiveTypes of assimilation: Depending on the type of feature that spreads from one segment to another we - can observe several major types of assimilation such as assimilative processes involving voicing, manner of articulation, place of articulation and coalescence of place and manner of articulation . 1.2 Assimilation of voicing + This may refer to assimilation involving the feature [+/- voice]. In a certain + environment we can consequently observe the voicing or devoicing of a segment. If we examine the pronunciation of the voiced labiodental fricative in the sequence give books /grv buks/, and we compare it with the Se give peace pi:s/ we will easily notice that while in the first case /v/ is fully voiced, in the second it is rather pronounced as some kind of /f/. However, word boundary final voiceless consonants in English do not show * tendencies to assimilate to their voiced counterparts; thus the pronunciation of nice boy /narz bai/ will sound foreign to English ears -1.3 Assimilation of place of articulation The most common phonemic changes at word boundaries concern changes of * place of articulation, particularly involving de-alveolarization. A well-known case is that of English word-final alveolar consonants such as /t, d, n/: if a word ending in one of these consonants is followed by a word whose initial consonant begins with a bilabial, a velar or a dental, the word-final alveolar consonant is likely to change its place of articulation to match that at the beginning of the second word. Thus the word ‘that’ /6at/ may be followed by ‘boy’ /bar/ and become /6ap/, or it may be followed by ‘girl’ and become /6ak/, namely: that boy —» /8ap bas/ , that girl —» Jak g3:l/ good pen —» /gub pen/ , good concert + [qua konsat/ ten players > item pleraz/, ten cups — /ten kaps/ that thing =» (8at_Omnf get those — Assimilation of place is noticeablg.in the regressive assimilation of alveolar consonants.