ANTIREFLECTION ENHANCEMENT OF SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE

BASED ON MULTI-TYPE OF NANOPARTICLES

SAHAR M. ABUIBAID1, HANA M. MOUSA1, MOHAMMED M. SHABAT2,*,

DANIEL M. SCHAADT3
1
Department of Physics, Al Azhar University, Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority
2
Department of Physics, School of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108,
Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority
*
Corresponding author email: shabatm@gmail.com, shabat@iugaza.edu.ps
3
Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology,
Leibnizstr. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
Received December 22, 2020

Abstract. We have investigated the antireflective effect of metal nanoparticles

on the surface of the solar cell. The antireflection coating on the surface of the solar
cell allows a reduction of the reflection losses and an increase of the current
generation leading to the increase of the efficiency of solar cells. The obtained results
show that the metal nanoparticles can be used to improve the efficiency of the solar
cell. The transmittance of the structure achieves about 100% and the reflectance tends
to be zero. However, the transverse magnetic mode has the transmittance higher than
that of the transverse electric mode due to plasmonic resonance.

Key words: metal nanoparticles, antireflection coatings, solar cells

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar cell has been considered a promising technology for generating electrical
power from the sun [1–5]. The energy demand has increased during the last
centuries, an issue that required the development of alternative energy systems.
Solar cells that are based on silicon are the most common of many different
existent types of solar cells. Due to weak silicon’s absorption coefficient for near
band gap photons, an efficient cell requires a thick absorbing layer, which has a
high cost of fabrication [1–5].
New researches of solar cells aim to improve the efficiency and reducing the
cost of their fabrication. Different techniques are introduced to improve photovoltaic
electricity such as antireflection coatings and nanostructures [6–18]. The antireflection
coatings are deposited on the front surfaces of the solar cells to get the highest
efficiency through the increasing the optical path length. Then the transmission
increases and the reflectance decreases. Plasmonic nanostructures have been recently
investigated as a possible way to improve the absorption of light in solar cells. The
strong interaction of small metal nanostructures with light allows control over the
propagation of light at the nanoscale and allows the design of ultrathin solar cells in
which light is trapped in the active layer and is efficiently absorbed [12, 13].

Romanian Journal of Physics 66, 602 (2021)

Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 2

Atwater and Polman [14] have embedded metal nanoparticles inside the solar
cell. This makes use of the strong local field enhancement around the metal nanoparticles
to increase absorption in the surrounding semiconductor material. This local field
generates charge carriers in the semiconductor and becomes particularly useful in
materials with small carrier diffusion lengths. Lastly, light can be converted into surface
plasmon polaritons, which are electromagnetic waves traveling along the interface
between a corrugated metal back contact and the semiconductor absorber layer. The
plasmon polaritons excited at this interface can trap light and guide it laterally into the
solar cell. Since the solar cell width is much greater than the thickness, the absorption
can be greatly increased especially among long-wavelength photons. Saylan et al. [15]
have investigated the use of multilayer antireflection coating on GaAs0.69P0.31/Si dual-
junction solar cells for achieving broadband reflection suppression.
In this paper, a triple-layer antireflection coating structure has embedded between
glass (cover) and silicon (substrate). The transmission and reflection coefficients are
derived by the transfer matrix method. A Maple program is implemented to plot the
transmittance and reflectance versus the incident wavelength for transverse electric
(TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations at different angles of incidence,
different fractions of metal nanoparticles, and different thicknesses of active layer. The
paper is structured as follows. In Sec. 2 we present the triple-layer antireflection
coating (TLARC) structure and the theoretical method used to calculate its reflectance
and transmittance for both TE and TM polarizations. We discuss in Sec. 3 the results of
numerical calculations for the reflectance and transmittance of the TLARC structure.
The summary and a brief discussion of the obtained results are given in Sec. 4.

2. THEORETICAL MODEL

The proposed solar cell structure used in the simulation is shown in Fig. 1.
The three layers are sandwiched between cover (glass) and substrate (silicon) in
order to get our structure molding of solar cell that consists of five layers.

Fig. 1 – The triple-layer antireflection coatings (TLARC) structure.

3 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

The effective medium theory is used to determine the refractive index of a

medium with multiple particles based on the volume fraction of each material. The
effective medium theory is valid only when the particle size is much smaller than
the wavelength of the incident light.
The refractive index of the effective medium n1 is determined by [16–20]:
2
  n a2  1   n b2  1   n c2  1 
1  2 fa  2   2 fb  2   2 fc  2 
n1    na  2   nb  2   nc  2  , (1)
  na  1 
2
 nb  1 
2
 n c2  1  
 1  fa  2   fb  2   fc  2  
  na  2   nb  2   nc  2  

where, fa, fb and fc are the volume fractions of Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), and
Aluminum (Al), respectively, na, nb and nc are the refractive indices of Gold (Au),
Silver (Ag) , and Aluminum (Al), respectively.
The refractive index is the square root of the dielectric function, where the
dielectric function of each material can be determined as a function of frequency
from the Drude-Lorentz (DL) model [19–22]:

 p2   L2
 DL        2 . (2)
   i D     L2  i L

Here the second term is the Drude model and the third term is the Lorentz
model, ε∞ is the relative permittivity for high frequencies, ωp is the plasma angular
frequency, ωL is the plasma frequency that is associated with intra-band transitions,
Δε is the oscillator strength, γD and γL are the damping coefficients, and i is the pure
imaginary number.
In Table 1 we give the values of the parameters in the DL model equation (2)
for three noble metals: Gold, Silver, and Aluminium.

Table 1
Fitting of Palik data [21] for gold (Au), silver (Ag), and aluminum (Al)
by the combination of DL models [19]

εDL Silver Gold Aluminum

parameters (Ag) (Au) (Al)
ε∞ 0.114773 6.90939 0.0864080
ωP (rad/s) 1.32589 × 1016 1.38147 × 1016 3.91780 × 1016
γD (rad/s) 7.05499 × 1015 1.75628 × 1015 4.75280 × 1015
Δε 3.62762 2.31858 –3814.53
ωL (rad/s) 1.58116 × 1016 4.68266 × 1015 5.67222 × 1014
γL (rad/s) 1.04632 × 1014 3.60439 × 1014 2.76612 × 1015
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 4

The reflection and transmission coefficients for TLARC in both transverse

electric (TE) polarization and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization are derived by
employing the transfer matrix method.
The numerical results are obtained for different values of the incident angle,
the thickness of effective layers, and the fraction of each metal nanoparticle in
effective medium and are plotted by using the Maple program.
For the TE polarization case, the electric field is parallel to the interface
between two media and the magnetic field lies in the plane of incidence. As shown
JG
in Fig. 2, the electric field has only one component E  (0, E y ,0) and the magnetic
JG
field has two components B  ( Bx ,0, Bz ) .

Fig. 2 – The light propagation in the triple-layer antireflection coating structure in the TE mode.

By applying the usual boundary conditions at the interfaces for the parallel
electric field and the parallel components of the magnetic field [16, 23–24], we get:

E a  E 0  E r 1  Et 1  Ei 1 (3)

E b  E i 2  E r 2  E t 2  Ei 2 (4)

Ec  Ei 3  Er 3  Et 3  Ei 3 (5)
5 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

E d  E i 4  E r 4  Et 4 (6)

and Bn  nn  0 0 En :

Ba  B0 cos( 0 )  Br1 cos( 0 )  Bt1 cos(1 )  Bi1 cos(1 ) (7)

Bb  Bi 2 cos(1 )  Br 2 cos(1 )  Bt 2 cos( 2 )  Bi 2 cos( 2 ) (8)

Bc  Bi 3 cos( 2 )  Br 3 cos( 2 )  Bt 3 cos( 3 )  Bi 3 cos( 3 ) (9)

Bd  Bi 4 cos( 3 )  Br 4 cos(3 )  Bt 4 cos( 4 ) (10)

Ei1  Er 2 e i1  Er 2  Ei1ei1 (11)

Ei 2  Et1e i1 (12a)

Ei 2  Er 3e  i 2  Er 3  Ei 2 ei 2 (12b)

In the same way we have

Ei 3  Et 2 e i 2 (13a)

Ei 3  Er 4 e  i 3  Er 4  Ei 3ei3 (13b)

and

Ei 4  Et 3e i3 (14)

Here δ is the phase difference, which is equal to the product of the optical
2
path length with the wavenumber as  n  nn d n cos( n ) , where n = 0,1,2,3, with
0
0 being the incident wavelength.
By solving the above equations, the following matrix equation is obtained:

 i sin(1 )   i sin( 2 ) 
 Ea   cos(1 ) cos( 2 )
B    1   2 
 a  i sin( )  
 1 1 cos(1 )  i 2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 ) 
(15)
 i sin( 3 ) 
 cos( 3 ) E 
 3   d ,
   Bd 
i 3 sin( 3 ) cos( 3 ) 
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 6

where

 Ea   Ed 
 B   M 12 M 23 M 34  B  . (16)
 a  d

For triple layers, the total transfer matrix M T is given by

 Ea   m11 m12   Ed 
 B   m   . (17)
 a   21 m22   Bd 

Then

 ( E0  Er1 )   m11 m12   Et 4 

 ( E  E )    m  . (18)
 0 0 r1   21 m22   4 Et 4 

Equation (18) is equivalent to the following two equations:

E0  Er1  m11 Et 4  m12 4 Et 4 (19)

 0 E0   0 Er1  m21Et 4  m22 4 Et 4 (20)

Dividing Eq. (19) and Eq. (20) by E0 and using the reflection and transmission
E E
amplitudes rs  r 4 and ts  t 4 , then the transmission and reflection amplitudes
E0 E0
are given by:

2 0
ts  (21)
 0m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22

 0 m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22

rs  (22)
 0 m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22

For the TM polarization case, the magnetic field is parallel to the interface
between two media and the electric field lies in the plane of incidence. By using the
same mathematical method as that for the TE polarization, we obtain the transmission
and the reflection amplitudes as:

2 4
tp  (23)
 0m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22
7 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

 0m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22

rp  (24)
 0m11   0 4 m12  m21   4 m22

The reflectance and the transmittance coefficients are given by:

2
R r (25)

0n4 cos( 4 ) 2
T t , for TE polarization (26)
4 n0 cos(0 ) s

 0n4 cos( 4 ) 2
T t , for TM polarization (27)
 4 n0 cos( 0 ) p

So, the absorption coefficient A(λ) is given by applying the law of conservation
of energy as:

A( )  1  R( )  T ( ) (28)

3. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Eqs. (25), (26), and (27) have numerically been solved to find out the
reflectance and transmittance for both TE and TM polarizations versus the incident
wavelength for different incident angles, the thicknesses of effective layers, and the
fraction of each metal’s nanoparticle in the effective medium.

3.1. NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS FOR TE POLARIZATION

Figure 3 displays the reflectance and the transmittance for TE polarization

versus the incident wavelength for different incident angles of values (0°, 30°, 50°).
An increase in the reflectance with the increase in angles of incidence can be
noticed in the wavelength range of (300–1200) nm. At wavelength range of values
(350–600) nm, the maximum reflectance of values (0.035, 0.05, 0.08) is obtained at
the previous incident angles values, respectively. The minimum value of reflectance
and the maximum value of transmittance are achieved at θ0 = 0, where the
reflectance decays to about 0 and the transmittance increases to about one in the
spectral range of (600–1200) nm. It is worth noting that θ0 = 0 is the preferred
angle for the antireflection coating (ARC) process.
The reflectance and transmittance for TE polarization are plotted versus the
wavelength at normal incident for differents fraction of each metal nanoparticles in
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 8

the effective medium layer. In Fig. 4 we plot the reflectance and transmittance for
different gold fractions fa of values (0.05, 0.15, 0.25). We observe that the reflectance
increases as fa decreases. In the wavelength range of values λ = (350 – 600) nm, the
reflectance increases to the value of about (0.12, 0.07, 0.04) for the previous fa
range, respectively. It is obvious that at fa = 0.25 in the wavelength range of
λ = (600 – 1200) nm, the reflectance drops to zero and the transmittance jumps to
one. The values of reflectance and transmittance for Silver fraction fb of values
(0.05, 0.15, 0.25) are presented in Fig. 5. The maximum reflectance increases to the
values of (0.005, 0.05, 0.16) with the increase of the silver fraction fb to the
previous values, at the wavelength range λ = (600 – 1200) nm, while the maximum
transmittance of about one is achieved at fb = 0.05.

Fig. 3 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TE polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of θ0 for d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.

Fig 4 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TE polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fa for θ0 = 0°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.
9 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

Fig. 5 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TE polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fb for θ0 = 0°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, and fc = 0.15.

Figure 6 displays the reflectance and transmittance versus the incident

wavelength, respectively, for different Aluminum fractions fc of values (0.05, 0.15,
0.25). The reflectance decreases to the values of (0.08, 0.04, 0.035) when fc
increases to the previous values, at the wavelength range of λ = (350 – 600) nm. It
is obvious that at fc = 0.15, the reflectance drops to 0.005 and the maximum
transmittance of about 0.995 has been achieved in the wavelength range of
λ = (600 – 1200) nm. As a conclusion, if fa, fb, fc are held at values (0.25, 0.05,
0.15), then the refractive index of the active layer n1 is matched to the quarter-
wavelength principle ( n1  4 n03n4 ) and the reflectance becomes zero.

Fig. 6 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TE polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fc for θ0 = 0°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, and fb = 0.05.

Figure 7 illustrates the reflectance and transmittance versus the incident

wavelength in TE polarization at normal incidence θ0 = 0° for different thicknesses
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 10

of the effective medium d1 of values (90, 150, 250) nm. The maximum reflectance
values (0.038, 0.06, 0.048) are obtained in the wavelength range of λ = (350 – 600) nm
at the previous thickness values, respectively. The minimum value of reflectance
and the maximum value transmittance are achieved at d1 = 90 nm, where the
reflectance decays to about zero and the transmittance heightens to about one in the
wavelength range of λ = (600 – 1200) nm. It is worth stressing that d1 = 90 nm is
very suitable for the TLARC process.

Fig. 7 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TE polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of d1 for θ0 = 0°, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.

3.2. NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS FOR TM POLARIZATION

The reflectance and the transmittance for TM polarization are plotted versus
the incident wavelength for different incident angles of values (0°, 30°, 50°) in
Fig. 8. At wavelength range of value λ = (350 – 600) nm, a maximum reflectance of
values (0.038, 0.027, 0.013) is obtained at the previous incident angles, respectively,
and minimum values of reflectance are achieved at θ0 = 30, where the reflectance
approximately decays to about 0.005 in the spectral range of λ = (600 – 900) nm.
The transmittance attains a maximum of 1 and a minimum of 0.975 in a wide
wavelength range of λ = (300 – 1200) nm. It is worth noting that θ0 = 30 is the
preferred angle for the ARC process.
Figure 9 illustrates the reflectance and transmittance for TM polarization
versus the wavelength for different gold fractions fa of values (0.25, 0.15, 0.05).
We observe that the reflectance increases as fa is decreasing. In the wavelength
range of values λ = (350 – 600) nm, the reflectance increases to values close to
(0.028, 0.045, 0.07) for the previous fa range, respectively. It is obvious that at
fa = 0.25, in the wavelength range of λ = (600 – 1000) nm, the reflectance drops to
about zero while the transmittance jumps to one.
11 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

Fig. 8 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TM polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of θ0 for d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.

Fig. 9 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance of TM polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fa for θ0 = 30°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.

Fig. 10 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TM polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fb for θ0 = 30°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, and fc = 0.15.
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 12

The variation of reflectance and transmittance versus the change in the Silver
fraction fb of values (0.05, 0.15, 0.25) is presented in Fig. 10. This figure shows an
increase of maximum reflectance to the values of (0.005, 0.035, 0.12) with the increase
of fb for the previous values, at the wavelength range λ = (600 – 1200) nm. We see that
fb = 0.05 leads to an optimum transmittance nearly to one hundred percent.
Figure 11 displays the reflectance and transmittance versus the incident
wavelength at the Aluminum fraction fc of values (0.05, 0.15, 0.25). It is obvious
that the reflectance increases to the values of (0.055, 0.028, 0.02) for the previous
values of the Aluminium fraction, at the wavelength range λ = (400 – 600) nm. The
reflectance drops to 0.005 and the transmittance jumps to 0.995, which has been
achieved at fc = 0.15 through the wavelength range of λ = (600 – 1000) nm.

Fig 11 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TM polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of fc for θ0 = 30°, d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05.

Figure 12 illustrates the reflectance and the transmittance versus the incident
wavelength at θ0 = 30° for different thicknesses of effective medium d1 of values
(90, 150, 250) nm.

Fig. 12 – (a) Reflectance; (b) Transmittance for TM polarization versus the wavelength λ for different
values of d1 for θ0 = 30°, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, and fc = 0.15.
13 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

The maximum reflectance of values (0.027, 0.04, 0.028) is obtained in the

wavelength range of λ = (350 – 600) nm at previous thickness values, respectively.
At d1 = 90 nm, the minimum values of reflectance and the maximum values of
transmittance are achieved, where the reflectance decays to about zero and the
transmittance heightens to about one in the spectral range of λ = (600 – 1000) nm.
It is worth stressing that d1 = 90 nm is a very suitable option for the TLARC
process.

3.3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE TE AND TM REFLECTANCES

AND OF AVERAGE REFLECTANCE

Figure 13 displays the reflectance for TE and TM polarizations, and the

average of reflectance as a function of incident wavelength for different incident
angles θ0 of values (0°, 30°, 50°).
As shown in Fig. 13(a), at θ0 = 0°, there is no deviation between TE and TM
modes leading to identical features. The deviation between TE and TM modes
increases as the incident angle increases. The reflectance for TE mode increases as
the incident angle increases in contrast to the reflectance for TM mode, as is clearly
shown in Figs. 13(a), 13(b), and 13(c).
Figure 14 displays the TE transmittance, TM transmittance, and the average
transmittance versus the wavelength for different values of the incidence angle:
(0°, 30°, 50°).
As shown in Fig. 14(a), the TE transmittance, the TM transmittance, and the
average transmittance curves are completely identical and there is no deviation
observed.
From Fig. 14(b) and Fig. 14(c), it can be noticed that the TM transmittance
is higher than the TE transmittance because a dipole plasmon resonance is
generated at the surface of nanoparticles in the case of the TM mode. The
interaction between the surface plasmons oscillation and the incident light creates
polarization charges. The scattering of incident light increases and this leads to
an increase in the optical path length of the incident light, and as a result the
transmittance increases.

4. CONCLUSIONS

We have presented a design of the triple-layer antireflection coating (TLARC)

of solar cells by using the transfer matrix method. We have observed that the
maximum transmittance and the minimum reflectance is achieved at the normal
incident of light θ0 = 0° for the TE polarization and at θ0 = 30° for the TM
polarization.
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 14

Fig. 13 – TE reflectance, TM reflectance, and average reflectance Rav plotted versus the wavelength
λ at d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, fc = 0.15
for (a) θ0 = 0°, (b) θ0 = 30°, (c) θ0 = 50°.
15 Antireflection enhancement of solar cell structure Article no. 602

Fig. 14 – TE transmittance, TM transmittance, and average transmittance Tav plotted versus

the wavelength λ at d1 = 90 nm, d2 = 50 nm, d3 = 40 nm, fa = 0.25, fb = 0.05, fc = 0.15 for
(a) θ0 = 0°, (b) θ0 = 30°, (c) θ0 = 50°.
Article no. 602 S. M. Abuibaid et al. 16

The optimum refractive indices of the TLARC have been obtained by tuning
the fa, fb, fc values to match some reasonable value of n1 with the quarter-
wavelength principle 4 n03n4 , which is leading to a minimum reflectance. At normal
incidence, the reflectance and transmittance for both TE and TM polarizations are
completely identical. We believe that the TLARC is a very efficient technique to
enhance the performance of solar cells.

Acknowledgements. One of the authors (M. M. Shabat) acknowledges financial support from
Al-Quds Academy for Scientific Research, Palestine.

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