JOHN REYMERL D. PLOGIO 2.

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1. What is database

A database is a structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a way that allows for
efficient retrieval, management, and manipulation of information. It serves as a central
repository for storing and managing data, making it easier to access, update, and analyze that
data.

2. What is the purpose of database system?

The purpose of a database system is to efficiently and effectively manage and organize data. It
serves as a central repository for storing and retrieving data in a structured and secure manner.

3. What is management system?

A management system is a structured framework or set of processes and tools designed to help
organizations or individuals efficiently and effectively manage various aspects of their
operations, resources, and activities. These systems provide a structured approach to decision-
making, planning, execution, monitoring, and improvement in a particular area or domain.
There are various types of management systems, each tailored to address specific needs.

4. What is the view of data in DBMS?

In a Database Management System (DBMS), a "view" is a virtual table that does not contain the
actual data but presents data from one or more underlying tables in a way that appears as a real
table to users. Views are defined based on queries and can be used for various purposes.

5. What are the Advantage and Disadvantages of Database Systems?

Advantages
-Data Centralization: Data is stored in one central location, making it easier to manage and
access.
-Data Integrity: Database systems enforce data integrity constraints, ensuring data accuracy
and consistency.
-Data Security: Access control mechanisms restrict unauthorized access to sensitive data.
-Efficient Data Retrieval: Queries and indexing enable fast data retrieval, even from large
datasets.
-Concurrency Control: Database systems handle multiple users simultaneously without data
conflicts.

Disadvantage
-Complexity: Database systems can be complex to design, implement, and maintain.
-Cost: The cost of implementing and maintaining a database system, including hardware and
software, can be significant.
-Performance Overhead: Database operations can introduce performance overhead,
especially in high-transaction environments.
-Learning Curve: Learning and mastering database concepts and SQL can take time.
-Data Privacy Concerns: If not properly secured, databases can be vulnerable to data
breaches.

6. What is the purpose of building a DBMS system?

The purpose of building a Database Management System (DBMS) system is to provide a

structured and efficient way to manage, organize, and access data.

7. Explain the history of Database system

The history of database systems reflects the ongoing need to manage data efficiently, securely,
and at scale. The field continues to evolve as technologies like NoSQL, NewSQL, and
distributed databases adapt to changing data requirements and use cases. Today, databases are a
fundamental component of nearly every software application and play a pivotal role in data-
driven decision-making across various industries.

8. What is the database system? Explain it with its advantages and disadvantages

A database system is a software system designed to efficiently manage and organize data. It
serves as a centralized repository for storing, retrieving, and managing data in a structured way.

Advantages
-Data Integrity: Database systems enforce data integrity rules, such as constraints and
validations, ensuring data accuracy and consistency.
-Data Security: Access control mechanisms restrict unauthorized access to sensitive data,
protecting it from unauthorized users.
-Efficient Data Retrieval: Queries and indexing enable fast data retrieval, even from large
datasets, improving performance.
-Concurrency Control: Database systems handle multiple users accessing and modifying
data simultaneously without data conflicts.
-Data Redundancy Reduction: Data normalization minimizes data duplication, improving
efficiency and reducing storage requirements.

Disadvantage
-Learning Curve: Learning and mastering database concepts and SQL can take time and
resources.
-Data Privacy Concerns: If not properly secured, databases can be vulnerable to data
breaches and privacy violations.
-Data Migration Challenges: Moving data between different database systems or versions
can be challenging.
-Limited Flexibility: Changes to the database schema can be complex and may require
downtime.
-Resource Intensive: Database systems can consume significant system resources, including
CPU and memory.

9. Compare between File systems and database systems

database systems offer several advantages over traditional file systems, especially in terms of
data organization, integrity, retrieval, and security. They are well-suited for applications that
require structured data, complex queries, and data integrity enforcement. File systems, on the
other hand, are simpler and may be sufficient for storing unstructured or small amounts of data,
but they lack the robust features of database systems. The choice between the two depends on
the specific data management

10. What are the limitations of File processing systems? How that can be solved by using
Database system?

database systems address the limitations of file processing systems by providing a structured,
efficient, and secure way to manage data. They offer advanced features for data organization,
retrieval, and integrity, making them essential for modern data management in applications and
organizations of all sizes.

11. Explain the various role of SQL

SQL is a versatile language that fulfills various roles in data management and analysis, making it
a fundamental tool for interacting with relational databases. Its capabilities are
essential for a wide range of applications and industries, from business to research and beyond.

12. Explain how to create and modify the relations of RDBMS

To create a new table (relation) in an RDBMS, you use the CREATE TABLE statement. You
define the table's structure, including column names, data types, and constraints.

-CREATE TABLE is the SQL command to create a table.

-Employees is the name of the table.
-Column names (employee_id, first_name, last_name, hire_date) are specified along with their data
types (INT, VARCHAR, DATE).
-PRIMARY KEY enforces a unique identifier for each row, ensuring data integrity.

To modify an existing table, you can use SQL statements like ALTER TABLE.

-Adding a Column: This statement adds a new column named email to the Employees table.
-Dropping a Column: This statement removes the hire_date column from the Employees table.
-Changing Data Type: This statement changes the data type of the employee_id column to
BIGINT.
-Adding Constraints: You can also add constraints like UNIQUE, CHECK, or FOREIGN KEY to
the table.

13. Explain the various advantages of SQL.

SQL (Structured Query Language) offers numerous advantages for managing and manipulating
data in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

14. What is the level of database architecture? Explain each level.

Database architecture typically consists of multiple levels or tiers that define how a database
system is organized and structured.

-External Level (or View Level):

● This is the highest level of database architecture.
● It deals with how end-users, applications, or different user groups perceive the
database.
● At this level, users define their specific data requirements and views.
 ● It allows for data abstraction, meaning that users can interact with a simplified and
customized view of the data without needing to know the underlying data structures.
● For example, different departments in an organization might have their own
external views of a database, showing only the data relevant to their operations.

-Conceptual Level (or Logical Level):

● The conceptual level focuses on the overall logical design of the database.
● It defines the structure of the entire database, including tables, relationships, and data
constraints.
● This level is independent of any specific database management system (DBMS) and
serves as a high-level blueprint.
● It is often described using Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) or other
modeling techniques.
● Changes made at this level typically impact the entire database schema.

-Internal Level (or Physical Level):

● The internal level deals with how data is stored and accessed physically within the
DBMS.
● It specifies details like storage mechanisms, indexing methods, and data
organization on the storage devices.
● It is highly dependent on the specific DBMS in use, as different systems may
implement physical storage differently.
● Optimization for performance and storage efficiency occurs at this level.
● DBAs (Database Administrators) often work at this level to configure and tune the
database for optimal performance.

15. What is clasification of database?

Databases can be classified in various ways based on different criteria.

● Based on Data Model

● Based on Deployment
● Based on Use Case
● Based on Structure
● Based on Access Pattern
● Based on Licensing
● Based on Accessibility
● Based on Data Consistency