Master of Energy Management (MEM)

DMX9208
Combined Energy Systems for Efficient Energy Use
Thanushka Peiris, CEng MSc

2021-Semester 2-Lecture 8
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka
Contents For The Lecture
• Power plant technologies (Last Sessions) – Thermodynamic Calculations
• Gas Turbine Cycle
• Otto Cycle
• Diesel Cycle
• Combined Cycle Power Generation
• Co-generation and Trigeneration
• Emerging thermal power generation technologies

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Today’s Learning Outcome
• Conduct basic thermodynamic calculations in Gas Turbine Cycle.
• Thermodynamic background of derived power generation
technologies.
• Familiarising main components of power generation technologies.
• Understanding novel trends in thermal power generation
technologies.

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Review: Gas Turbine Cycle (Brayton Cycle)
• Open-Cycle Gas Turbine Engine • Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Engine
For Easiness of Calculations.
By utilizing the air-standard
assumptions

4
Review: Gas Turbine Cycle (Brayton Cycle)

5
Review: Ideal Brayton Cycle
• Energy Balance:
• Heat Supplied:
• Heat emitted to the surrounding:
• Thermal Efficiency:

• Isentropic Processes (Process 1-2 & 3-4):

k – specific heat ratio

• Pressure Ratio, rp = P2/P1 = P3/P4

• Back Work Ratio, rbw = Wcomp,in/Wturb,out
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Review: Modifications on the Brayton Cycle - I
• The temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine is usually
higher than the temperature of the air leaving the compressor.
• The compressed air leaving the compressor can be heated by
transferring heat to it from the hot exhaust gases in a heat-exchanger
(counter-flow arrangement), => regenerator or a recuperator.
• The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases due to
transferring a part of energy of the exhaust to pre-heat the air before
the combustion chamber.
• Mandatory Condition:
• Turbine Exhaust Temperature > Compressor Exit Temperature

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Review: Modifications on the Brayton Cycle - I

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Review: Modifications on the Brayton Cycle - II
• The net work output of the Brayton cycle can be increased by
decreasing the compressor work or increasing the turbine work, or
both.
• The work required to compress a gas between two specified pressures can be
decreased by carrying out the compression process in stages and cooling the
gas in between => using multi-stage compression with intercooling.
• the work output of a turbine operating between two pressure levels can be
increased by expanding the gas in stages and reheating it in between =>
utilizing multistage expansion with reheating.

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Review: Modifications on the Brayton Cycle - II

10
Review: Terms – Reciprocating Engines
• Related Terms: TDC, BDC, Stroke, Bore, Intake Valve, Exhaust Valve,
Clearance Volume, Displacement Volume, Compression Ratio, Mean
Effective Pressure (MEP)

11
Review: Otto Cycle
• Otto Cycle => Spark Ignition (SI) Engines
• rc – compression ratio limits on the Octane Number of air-fuel mixture
(typically rc , 10:1 for Gasoline Engines)

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Review: Otto Cycle – Thermodynamic Equations

No work is involved during the two heat transfer

processes since both take place at constant volume

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and v2 = v3 and v4 = v1.

13
Review: Diesel Cycle
• Diesel Cycle => Compression Ignition (CI) Engines
• r – compression ratio, α - expansion ratio

P – Const.
Heat
addition

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Review: Diesel Cycle – Thermodynamic Equations
The amount of heat transferred to the working fluid at constant pressure
and rejected from it at constant volume

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Problem 01 – Gas Turbines – Home Work
A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle with
air as the working fluid and delivers 32 MW of power. The minimum
and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 900 K, and the
pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the value at the
compressor inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent for
the compressor and 86 percent for the turbine, determine the mass
flow rate of air through the cycle. Account for the variation of specific
heats with temperature.

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Problem 02 – Otto Cycle – Home Work
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 17°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is
transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature,
determine
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle,
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency,
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
(e) determine the power output from the cycle, in kW, for an engine speed
of 4000 rpm (rev/min). Assume that this cycle is operated on an engine that
has four cylinders with a total displacement volume of 1.6 L.

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Problem 03 – Diesel Cycle – Home Work
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff
ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa
and 27°C. Accounting for the variation of specific heats with
temperature, determine
(a) the temperature after the heat-addition process,
(b) the thermal efficiency,
(c) the mean effective pressure.

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(4) Combined Cycle Power Generation

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What is the Combined Cycle Power (CCP) Generation
• Conventional power plant systems have high potentials of utilizing
waste heat.
• From the last lecture
• To utilize waste heat, it is required to modify those cycles.
• The most popular modification is combining the gas power cycle with
the vapor power cycle.

The Brayton Cycle => Topping Cycle

The Rankine Cycle => Bottom Cycle

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Why do the CCP Required?
• The gas exits the gas turbine at relatively high temperature ≈ 500 oC
or higher.
• The exhaust has a high waste energy which can be used.
• As discussed, regeneration process can be used for harnessing a portion of
this energy, But the development is limited.
• Proposed Solution: Use high temperature exhaust of the gas turbine
cycle as the energy source for a bottoming cycle.
• Can use several cycles as the bottoming cycle. E.g. Steam Rankine cycle and
Organic Rankine cycle.
• The most economical attractive combination for the CCP is Gas-Steam
cycles.
• Natural Gas is the most popular fuel for the Gas Turbine cycle.
• Possible to adapt solid fuels through the gasification technology.
• Thermal efficiency ≈ 50% or higher.
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Categorization of Combined Cycles
Source: M. P. Petrov, ‘Biomass and Natural Gas Hybrid Combined Cycles’, Kungl. Tekniska högskolan (KTH), Stockholm, 2003 .

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How CCP Works? (Ideal Cycles)
How A Combined Cycle Power Plant Works
https://youtu.be/KVjtFXWe9Eo

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Energy Flow in CCP
Fuel Input
100%

Radiation Losses Gas Turbine Output

Gas Turbine Cycle
0.5% 38%

Energy in
Exhaust
61.5%
Stack Radiation Losses
10% 0.3%

Radiation Losses Steam Turbine Output

Steam Turbine Cycle
0.2% 21%

Condenser 24
30%
Energy Transfer in CCP (Typical HRSG in a Com. Cy.)

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Source: Boyce, 2002
Problem 04
The combined gas–steam power cycle shown in the below Figure. The
topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air
enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1300 K. The
isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, and that of the
gas turbine is 85 percent. The bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Rankine
cycle operating between the pressure limits of 7 MPa and 5 kPa. Steam
is heated in a heat exchanger by the exhaust gases to a temperature of
500°C. The exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 450 K. Determine
a) The ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and the combustion gases.
b) The thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.

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Problem 04

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Sri Lankan CCP Plants
CC Power Plant Installed Capacity (MW)

Kelanithissa CCP 165 MW (110 MW GT + 55 MW ST)

Sojitz Kelanithissa 172 MW (115 MW GT + 57 MW ST)

Yugadanavi 300 MW (100X2 MW GT + 100 MW ST)

Kerawalapitiya (Proposed) 300 MW

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 Continuation
from the last
lecture

(5) Cogeneration and (CHP) 1

Trigeneration (CCHP) 2

1CHP:Combined Heat and Power

2CCHP: Combined Cooling, Heat and Power 29
Why Cogeneration Requires?
• Some industries require energy input as a form of heat => Process Heat.

• Chemical Industries
• Pulp and Paper Industries
• Oil Production and refineries By Steam
• Steel Making Industries P = 5-7 atm
• Food Processing Industries T = 150 -200 oC
• Textile Industries
• District Heating Systems
• To produce large amount of heat, require huge amount
Usually Steam is
of fossil fuel and the electricity power. This situation is generated by burning
not economical and not efficient due to distributed fossil fuel in a furnace

nature.
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Why Cogeneration Requires?
• Conventional power plant systems (also in existing power plants) have
opportunity to utilize waste heat power.
• Power plants can be modified to produce electricity while generating
process heat requirements of certain industrial processes.

“Cogeneration is the production of more than one useful form of energy

(such as process heat and electric power) from the same energy source”

• A steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle or a gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle or even

a combined cycle can be used as the power cycle in a cogeneration
plant.
• Cogeneration plants are economically attractive => Thermal efficiency ≈
100%
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Cogeneration Plant Layouts
Possible Co-
Gen plants
layouts are not
limited to
these

Ideal case is
not practical!
Can’t adjust
power or
process heat
loads

Ideal Cogeneration Plant A Cogeneration Plant with adjustable loads

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Problem 05
- Last Lecture Cogeneration Problem (Lecture 02) -
The cogeneration plant shown in the below figure. Steam enters the turbine at
7 MPa and 500°C. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 500 kPa for process
heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to 5 kPa. Steam is then
condensed at constant pressure and pumped to the boiler pressure of 7 MPa. At
times of high demand for process heat, some steam leaving the boiler is throttled
to 500 kPa and is routed to the process heater. The extraction fractions are adjusted
so that steam leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 500 kPa. It is
subsequently pumped to 7 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is
15 kg/s. Disregarding any pressure drops and heat losses in the piping and
assuming the turbine and the pump to be isentropic. Determine
a) The maximum rate at which process heat can be supplied,
b) The power produced and the utilization factor when no process heat is supplied, and
c) The rate of process heat supply when 10 percent of the steam is extracted before it enters
the turbine and 70 percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 500 kpa for
process heating.

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Problem Solving – 3: Homework

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Why Trigeneration Requires?
• Trigeneration is the concurrent process of cooling, heating and power
generation from only one fuel input.
• An alternative design to increase the efficiency in the thermal and
electric generation.
• Achieve higher efficiency with a smaller environmental impact compared with
the Cogeneration technology.
• 50% higher system efficiency increase at the trigeneration than the same size of
the cogeneration plant.
• Trigeneration usually calls as “a cogeneration plant that has added
absorption chillers”.

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Trigeneration Plant Layout

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Source: Hernández-Santoyo, & Sánchez-Cifuentes, 2003
Emerging Thermal Power Generation
Technologies

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Organic Rankine Cycle
• A significant quantity of waste heat is produced by industrial
processes at temperature range of 200-600 oC.
• From sensible heat of gas flows.
• From vapor condensation
“Unsuitable for generating steam due to thermodynamics and financial
reasons”
• Some of renewable energy sources can’t be utilize to produce steam
due to their lower temperature range.
• Geothermal resources
• Some solar thermal technologies
“The solution for the above situation is using a working fluid other than
steam” => ORGANIC FLUIDS
Thermodynamic Cycle => Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
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 Organic Rankine Cycle

Source: Gaia M (2012) Thirty years of organic Rankine cycle development. In: First international seminar on
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ORC power systems, Delft TU-Technical University, The Netherlands, September 22–23 (Key-note presentation)
Organic Rankine Cycle

Typical Layout for an Organic Rankine Cycle

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Source: Invernizzi, 2013
Organic Rankine Cycle
• Characteristics Requirements of ORC fluids;
• To be thermodynamically and thermo-physically stable within the selected
temperature levels of the cycle works.
• To be compatible with materials in the power plant.
• To be comply with health and safety requirements.
• The fluid(s) shall be available with a reasonable cost.

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Organic Rankine Cycle
• Possible ORC Fluids

Source: Invernizzi, 2013 42

Organic Rankine Cycle
• ORC Plants

Source: Öhman, 2012 43

Multigeneration (Polygeneration)
• Multigeneration (Polygeneration) systems are integrated systems that
combine various cycles and processes to convert diverse energy
sources into multiple useful commodities.
• Cogeneration and trigeneration systems can be categorized under this
category.
• The number of useful outputs is increased, the systems become more
complicated but also possibly more efficient.

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Multigeneration

Multigeneration Systems for Production of Multiple Commodities 45

Source: Dincer, I., & Bicer, Y., 2020
 Multigeneration

System Layout of A Multigeneration System Including Desalination, Electrolyzer, Heat Engine, Absorption Coolers And
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Heat
Recovery System. Source: Dincer, I., & Bicer, Y., 2020
Solar Thermal Power Generation
• Various Types of Concentrated Solar Power Generation methods
available.

Working of central receiver solar

thermal power plant
Source: Ramli et al., 2017

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Hints for the Individual Assignment - 2021
• Overall: Should thoroughly understand the contents of lecture
contents and calculation examples.
• For Q3:
• The knowledge on the Rankine Cycle and its’ derivatives.
• Ability of find thermodynamic parameters by using thermodynamic property
tables.
• Concepts of Efficiencies of Turbines and Pumps and their calculations.
• Concepts of calculation of Energy balances through,
• OFWH
• CFWH
• Mixing Chambers
And Their calculations.

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Individual Assignment – Hints

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Individual Assignment – Hints

50
Individual Assignment – Hints

51
Individual Assignment – Hints

52
References
• Boyce, M. P., 2002. Handbook for Cogeneration and Combined Cycle Power Plants.
ASME Press. https://books.google.lk/books?id=k-xSAAAAMAAJ
• Çengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. (2019). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 9th
Editon (SI Units). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
• Dincer, I., & Bicer, Y. (2020). Chapter 3 - System integration for multigeneration. In I.
Dincer & Y. Bicer (Eds.), Integrated Energy Systems for Multigeneration (pp. 85-
142). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809943-8.00003-0 .
• Henrik Öhman (2012). Lecture Notes of MJ2405- Sustainable Power Generation
Course: Organic Rankine Cycles. KTH, Sweden.
• Hernández-Santoyo, J. and Sánchez-Cifuentes, A., 2003. Trigeneration: an
alternative for energy savings. Applied Energy, 76(1-3), pp.219-227.
• Invernizzi, C. M. (2013). Closed Power Cycles: Thermodynamic Fundamentals and
Applications. Springer London. https://books.google.lk/books?id=RV9DAAAAQBAJ
• Ramli, M.A.M.; Twaha, S.; Al-hamouz, Z. (2017). Analyzing the potential and
progress of distributed generation applications in Saudi Arabia: The case of solar
and wind resources. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 70, 287–297.
• M. P. Petrov, ‘Biomass and Natural Gas Hybrid Combined Cycles’, Kungl. Tekniska
högskolan (KTH), Stockholm, 2003. 53
 Thank You
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