NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 5.

Facilitate Information Dissemination

 Communication is a process of sharing and  To convey information and provide
conveying messages or information from awareness.
one person to another within and across
channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
(McCornack, 2014) PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
 Communication is a process. It takes place
when two or more people exchange ideas
either through written or spoken words SPEAKER creates and idea and goes through a
(verbal) or actions (nonverbal). Both verbal process called ENCODING where he or she
and nonverbal can be used at the same time. converts this idea into words or actions (whether it
is verbal or nonverbal) to form the MESSAGE.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
After, the speaker will then send this message
through a chosen CHANNEL or medium to the
1. A Form of Control/Regulation destination or the RECEIVER. For face-to-face
conversation, the five senses are the most common
 Helps regulate actions and behavior.
channels of communication. Technology has also
 Can be used to regulate the nature and
paved its way. For distant communication,
number of activities people engage in.
cellphones, televisions, written media forms, and
 Example: A traffic enforcer calling you,
radio can be use.
parents & teachers impose rules &
regulations to follow and bide to.

Once the message is sent to the destination or the

receiver, the receiver them performs the process
2. Allow Social Interaction
called DECODING where he or she interprets the
 Meant for sharing and conveying message based on the CONTEXT.
messages, expressions, and information.
 Allows people to interact with others to
develop bonds or intimacy. And all these considerations affect how the receiver
 Allows individuals to express desires, decodes the message to make the appropriate
encouragement, needs, and decision or to FEEDBACK or response.
give and get information.
 Examples: When you talk to your family
members, friends, discuss lessons with your NOISE is unavoidable. In fact, noise is always
teacher. present. It comes in different forms namely:

3. Provide Motivation Physical Noise

 Sharing positive words in order to provide  The most common of all these types.
encouragement.  Common sounds that distract the
communication situation.
 Examples: Honking of cars along the
4. Help Emotional Expression streets, the buzzing of the electric fan or the
loud voices of people in your surroundings.
 To express feelings and emotions.
Physiological Noise
 Stems from the body and may tend to
distract the people involved to properly
perform the encoding and the decoding
processes in communication since they are
not feeling well.
 Examples: body aches and sickness
FIVE ELEMENTS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION
Psychological Noise
 Can come in the form of worries, problems,
and anxieties. Speaker
 You may not be able to concentrate on the  A person or individual who tasked to
message thereby affecting the entire deliver a message or to persuade the
communication process. audience through speech.

Semantic Noise Speech

 Comes from the language used in the  Message that the speaker is delivering to the
communication process. audience.
 If a language used is not familiar to either
of the people involved in the process, the
communication may likely fail. Occasion
 Example: a foreigner asking for directions
from you & both of you don’t understand  Situation or context responsible for
each other’s language. bringing people together and reason why
communication occur.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Audience
 A person who passively listen to the
The Aristotle’s Model (300 BC) message/speech as it is delivered by the
 A linear model of communication. speaker.
 Speaker-centered since the audience
remains passive. The audience’s role
therefore is mere receiver of the speech. Effect
They are also influenced or persuaded by the  Positive or negative consequences/results
speech. of the speech that depends on the
 The speaker should then be prepared persuasiveness of the speaker.
beforehand by analyzing the audience and
the situations (occasion) to where the speech
be delivered to achieve the purpose (effect). Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
 More focused on public speaking then
interpersonal communication.  1948 Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an
article “A Mathematical Theory of
 Communication” together with Warren  Exchange of messages between
Weaver. communicators where each takes turns to
 The communication process was developed send model includes participants who are
to improve the technical communication. simultaneously senders or receive
 More technological than other linear messages.
models.  In which communicators generate social
realities within social, relational, and
cultural context.

FIVE ELEMENTS OF SHANNON-WEAVER’S

MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
It is believed that successful communication can
be achieved by considering not only the
Source communicators themselves but also external
influences in a communication encounter.
 Where the message was organized.

TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES

Transmitter
 Convert the message into signals to be
submitted. Social Context
 Refers to rules or norms in a society that
influence the communication process.
Channel  Also includes values, laws, and other
 The medium used to send a message. restrictions of a society to communicate
within a specific limit.
 Examples: ways to greet, thanks, or
Receiver apologize to a person.

 Decodes the delivered message. The one

who translates the message. Cultural Context
 Refers encompasses identity aspects like
Destination race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, class, and ability.
 The receiving end of the decoded message  Effective communication often occurs
from the source. within the same cultural context, but
conflicts may arise when one group
perceives their identity as dominant that
Transactional Model of Communication the others.
 are language difference, no clarity in speech,
using jargons, not being specific.
Relational Context
3. Socio-Psychological Barriers
 The relationship between the sender and
receiver(s) of a message.  Refer to the combined impact of social and
 Examples: father-son, friend-friend, etc. psychological factors that prevent the
smooth and meaningful exchange of ideas
and emotions between individuals or groups.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
 Defined as the aspects or conditions that
4. Cross-Cultural Barriers
interfere with effective exchange of ideas
or thoughts.  Are concepts, ideas, cultures, or behaviors
that are unfamiliar from one cultural to
another.
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN  Can cause a misunderstanding and a rise in
tension.
 Defined as a failure to exchange  Examples: language, values, social relation,
information, resulting in a lack of concept of time, concept of space and
communication. gestures.

TYPES OF BARRIERS 5. Organizational Barriers

 “Internal factors within an organization
1. Physical Barriers that hinder the exchange of information
and ideas.”
 Barriers to communication that are  Including factors like ineffective
distractive to our senses, maybe our sense communication channels, lack of clarity in
of sight, hearing, or others. messages, or limited opportunities for
 Examples: faulty organizational structure, feedback.
noise, time and distance, and information
overload.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

2. Semantic and Language Barriers 1. Listening actively

 SEMANTICS is defined as the study of 2. Selecting the appropriate channel for the
meaning signs and symbols used for message.
communication. And any alteration therein 3. Making a special effort to understand each
could cause blockage to the flow. other’s perspective.
 Examples: Homophones (similar sounding
words), Homographs (words that have 4. Practicing MBWA (Management by Walking
multiple pronunciations), Homonyms Around) by those in managerial position.
(words that have multiple meaning), and
Denotation (literal) and Connotation
(figurative) For Physical Barriers
 LANGUAGE also impact the delivery of
 Plant appropriate seating arrangement.
the message. Some of its common factors
 Ensure visibility and audibility.
  Attain environmental comfort. memorizing dialogue in a play, criticizing
 Minimize visual/oral distractions. oneself for forgetting one’s homework,
writing a diary or blog which nobody else
could read, writing a post and it notes to
For Semantic and Language Barriers remind us of the activities to done, and
repeating song heard while looking at the
 Use of simple language. mirror.
 Maximize symbols and charts.  Examples: Daydreaming, contemplating, or
 Practice active listening meditating, and mental planning.
 Constructive feedback

2. Interpersonal Communication
For Socio-Psychological Barriers
 Involves more than one person. This type
 Call attention and motivate. of speech communication can be
 Artist and sympathize. differentiated by its purpose adhering to the
concept that communication is always
intentional.
For Cross-Cultural Barriers  Examples: Talking with a friend, a teacher,
 Understand traditions and customs. a classmate.
 Be informed of all sides of culture.

TWO TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL

For Organizational Barriers COMMUNICATION

 Adopt simple organizational structure.

 Avoid information overload. 1. Dyadic Communication
 Have flexibility in meeting targets.
 Involves only two participants forming the
dyad. One speaker and listener come
SPEECH CONTEXT together to exchange information, ideas,
thoughts, or opinions.
 The role of both speaker and listener is not
Refers to the situation or environment and the fixed, or interchangeable.
circumstances in which communication occurs. It
includes factors such as the audience, purpose,
location, and social or cultural norms, all of 2. Small Group Communication
which influence how messages are conveyed and  Requires 3 to 15 people discussing a
interpreted. problem or an issue and looking for a
sensible solution and plan to address such
problem or issue. Rules are being followed
4 TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT to facilitate order in considering that anyone
from the group can be a speaker and a
listener.
1. Intrapersonal Communication  Study or Task-Oriented
 There are situations where we often  Examples: Organizations that seek to aid
communicate, talk, or write to, or even the problem about an issue or sales.
think ourselves. This may include
 SPEECH STYLES
OTHER TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL  The way the language is used.
COMMUNICATION  Variations of speech used when people
communicate with others.
 These are important parts of
Organizational Communication communication for different goals and
different topics.
 Refers to the interaction of members along  Each speech style varies with the functions
with the links in an organizational of communication.
structure.

FIVE SPEECH STYLES

Intercultural Communication
 refers to the exchange of concepts,
traditions, values, and practices between 1. Intimate Speech Style
and among people of different nationalities
 Private, which occurs between or among
and ways of life.
close family members or individuals.
 The language used may not be shared in
3. Public Communication public.
 Uses personal language codes.
 One speaker addresses many listeners,  Grammar is unnecessary.
collectively known as an audience. There is  Certain terms of endearment, slangs, or
no interchanging of the speaker and the expressions whose meaning is shared with a
listener roles. Most of public communication small subset of person.
events are formal. The speech is well  Examples: Mother-daughter/son, close
prepared, the speaker is dressed properly friends
and appropriately, and the listeners are set to
listen to the message.
 Examples: Speech by the keynote speaker,
2. Casual Speech Style
paper presenter/presentation, closing
remarks and speech during protest/rallies,  Common among peers and friends.
and SONA.  Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language
are used.
 Often very relaxed and focused on just
4. Mass Communication getting the information out.
 Used in informal situations and language.
 This refers to any of the above human  Examples: Talking with your friends
verbal interactions carried out with the
aid of mass media technology. Before,
mass media such as radio and television
3. Consultative Speech Style
which reached more people with the use of
their technical systems but with the advent  The standard one.
of the internet and worldwide web, mass  Professional or mutually acceptable
communication now includes social media, language is a must in this style.
 Examples: Videos and webcasts/podcasts.
 PEOPLE features that contribute to the meaning of the
SPEECH LEVEL OF WHO USE interaction.
STYLE FORMALITY THE  Contextualized speech. The concern is not
STYLE so much whether or not an utterance is
Spouse, grammatically correct, but whether or not
Very the speaker achieves his/her communicative
Intimate family
Causal/Informal
members purpose.

Casual Casual/Informal Friends

Professional, THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
Consultative Semi-Formal
strangers

Locutionary
4. Formal Speech Style
 The actual act of uttering or saying
 Used in formal setting. Unlike the
something.
consultative style, this is one-way.
 Happens with the utterances of a sound, a
 Speaker must frame whole sentences
word or even a phrase as a natural unit of
ahead before they are delivered.
speech.
 Using of slang should be avoided.
 It has a sense, has the same meaning to both
 Language is comparatively rigid and has a
the speaker and the listener, and utterances
set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well-
give rise to shared meaning when it is
documented.
adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
 Used in formal settings.
 Examples: SONA, Delivering a speech as
the guest speaker, Teacher
Illocutionary
 The social function of what is said.
5. Frozen Speech Style
 Not just saying something but the act of
 “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. saying something must have an intention.
Mostly occurs in ceremonies.
 Used generally in a very formal setting.
 Most formal communicative style for SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION FOR TYPES OF
respective situation. ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
 Does not require any feedback from the
audience. (According to John Searle)
 Usually use very long sentences with good
grammar.
 The use of language is fixed and relatively 1. Assertive (or representative)
static.  Represent a state of affairs.
 Examples: Stating pledges, wedding  Examples: stating, claiming, or swearing,
suggesting, putting forward, boasting, and
SPEECH ACTS concluding.
 Example: I hereby testify that I sold that
 An utterance that a speaker makes to property on July 3, 1989.
achieve an intended effect.
 Not simply the act of speaking but the whole
communicative situation including all 2. Directives
  Designed to get the addressee to do inspiring or insulting, persuading, or
something. convincing, deterring or scaring.
 Examples: ordering, commanding, daring,
defying, challenging, asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
 Example: I recommend that you eat less
foods with cholesterol.
Nomination

3. Commissive  Where one speaker introduces a topic to

be talked about.
 Designed to the speaker (i.e., the one  Also, a strategy that one uses when they
performing the act). want to continue an interaction.
 Examples: promising, threatening,  Example: For our first item on the agenda,
intending, vowing to do or to refrain from let’s talk about the budget for the council.
doing something, betting.
 Example: I pledge to donate 500,000 to
your favorite charity. Restriction
 Where responses are limited or restricted
4. Expressive according to a set standard.
 Allows the conversation to be specific and
 Express the mental state of the speaker. focused.
 Examples: congratulating, thanking,  Example: Please identify three possible
deploring, condoling, welcoming, problems with implementing the project.
apologizing
 Example: I praise you for winning the
competition! Congratulations! Turn-Taking
 Where one speaker knows when to stop
5. Declaration talking and gives the other speaker the
chance to talk about the topic.
 Acts that bring about the state of affairs to  Example: Should we add another activity to
which they refer. the program? What do you think, Rosa?
 Examples: blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing sentence, excommunicating
 Example: I know declare you, husband, and Topic Control
wife. You may now kiss the bride.
 Where one speaker leads the conversation
by asking questions
Perlocutionary  Keeps the communication flowing without
moving away from the topic.
 Refers to the consequent effect of what was  Example: Let’s focus first on our first
said. agenda before we talk about that.
 Based on the particular context in which
the speech act was mentioned.
 The response may not necessarily be Topic Shifting
physical or verbal and is elicited by
  Appropriate for introducing a new topic;
this is where the speaker intentionally or
unintentionally changes the topic.
 Example: The game is a great idea; what
about inviting a speaker?
Repair
 When communications break down, one can
use repair as a communication strategy
because it fixes or resolves what has been
broken down by clarification and
repetition.
 Example: I would like to clarify that the
meeting of the organization is on Monday
afternoon.

Termination
 A communication approach in which both
speakers agree to conclude the
conversation with verbal or nonverbal
signals. Sometimes the termination is fast
and brief.
 Example: I think that would be all If you
have any questions, feel free to drop me an
e-mail.