Chapter3 Motion in 1D

Chapter 3: Motion in One
Dimension
PHY0101/PHY(PEN)101
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fulya Bağcı

Outline
3.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
3.3 Acceleration
3.4 Motion Diagrams
3.5 One Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
3.6 Free Falling Objects
3.7 Kinematic Equations Derived From
Calculus
Motion
Motion: Change of position over time.
Translational Motion = Straight line motion.

Chapters 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Rotational Motion = Moving (rotating) in a circle.

Chapters 5,6,10,11
Oscillations = Moving (vibrating)

back and forth in same path.
Chapter 15
Kinematics
• Describes motion while ignoring the agents

that caused the motion
• For now, will consider motion in one
dimension
– Along a straight line
• Will use the particle model
– A particle is a point-like object, has mass but
infinitesimal size
Position
• The object’s position is its
location with respect to a
chosen reference point
– Consider the point to be the
origin of a coordinate
system
• In the diagram, allow the
road sign to be the
reference point
© Brooks/Cole Thomson
2006 College Physics
Position-Time Graph
position–time
graph
Displacement
The Distance traveled by an object
 The Displacement of the object!
• Displacement  The change in position of an object.
• Displacement is a vector (magnitude & direction).

• Distance is a scalar (magnitude).
• Assume a player moves from one end of the court to the other
and back. Distance is twice the length of the court. (Distance is
always positive.) Displacement is zero.
• Displacement has SI unit of meter.
Average Velocity
Speed: how far an object travels in a given time
interval
Velocity includes directional information:
Dx x f - xi
v= =
Dt t
Note that the SI unit of speed or velocity is m/s.
• If the coordinate of the particle increases in time,
then the average velocity is positive.
• We can interpret average velocity geometrically
by drawing a straight line between any two points
on the position–time graph
position–time
graph
Example 2.1 Calculating the Average Velocity and Speed
Find the displacement, average velocity, and
average speed of the car between points A and F.
Displacement:
Distance:
From A to B 22 m and from
B to F 105 m, totally 127 m
Instantaneous Velocity
 velocity at any instant of time
 average velocity over an infinitesimally short time
• Mathematically, the instantaneous velocity is
defined by:
 ratio considered as a
whole for smaller & smaller ∆t. As you should
know, mathematicians call this a derivative.
 Instantaneous Velocity
v ≡ Time Derivative of Displacement x
• Instantenous velocity:
• It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t).

• From here on, we use the word velocity to
designate instantaneous velocity.
instantaneous velocity =
average velocity
These graphs show

(a) constant velocity 
and
instantaneous velocity
 average velocity
(b) varying velocity 
Example 2.3 Average and Instantaneous Velocity
Note that the particle moves

in the negative x direction
for the first second of
motion, is momentarily at
rest at the moment t =1 s,
and moves in the positive x
direction at times t > 1 s.
(a) Determine the
displacement of the particle
in the time intervals t=0 to
t=1 s and t=1 to t=3 s.
(B) Calculate the average velocity during these two time intervals.
(C) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 2.5 s.

Acceleration
• Just as the velocity of a moving particle is the
slope at a point on the particle’s x-t graph, the
acceleration of a particle is the slope at a point on
the particle’s vx-t graph.
• Velocity as a function of time
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Fulya Bağcı

• For 1D motion, when the object’s velocity and acceleration
are in the same direction, the object is speeding up. On the
other hand, when the object’s velocity and acceleration are in
opposite directions, the object is slowing down. Acceleration
is caused by force.
Example : Acceleration given x(t). A particle moves in a straight
line so that its position is given by x = (2.10 m/s2)t2 + (2.80 m).
Calculate: (a) its average acceleration during the time interval from t1
= 3 s to t2 = 5 s, & (b) its instantaneous acceleration as a function of time.
In this case, position vs Velocity vs time Acceleration is

time curve is a parabola curve is a straight line constant here!
  
position vs time curve velocity vs time curve acceleration vs time curve

Example 2.4: Graphical Relations between x, v, & a
Problem: The position of an object moving along the x axis varies
with time as in the figure. Graph the velocity versus time and
acceleration versus time curves for the object.
Example 2.5: Average & Instantaneous Acceleration
Problem: The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies in

time according to the expression v = (44 - 10t 2), where t is in seconds.
a) Calculate the average
acceleration in the time interval
t = 0 to t = 2.0 s.
b) Calculate the
acceleration at t = 2.0 s.
Because the velocity of the particle is positive and the

acceleration is negative, the particle is slowing down.
2.4 Motion Diagrams
constant positive velocity and zero acceleration
positive velocity and a positive acceleration
positive velocity but with a negative acceleration
©Serways Physics 9th Ed. (Serway, Jewett)

2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.6 Freely Falling Objects
Do heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones ???
y=0, t=0
In the absence of air resistance, all objects dropped

near the Earth’s surface fall toward the Earth with the
same constant acceleration under the influence of the
Earth’s gravity.
Freely falling object is any object
moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone, regardless of its initial
motion.
Objects thrown upward or downward

and those released from rest are all
falling freely once they are released.
Any freely falling object experiences
an acceleration directed downward,
regardless of its initial motion.
At the Earth’s surface, the value of g

is approximately 9.80 m/s2.
Example 2.12: Not a bad throw for a rookie!
A stone is thrown at point (A) from the top
of a building with initial velocity v0 = 20
m/s straight up. The building is H = 50 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of
the roof on its way down, as in the figure.
Calculate:
a) The time at which it reaches its
maximum height.
b) It’s maximum height above the rooftop.
c) The time at which it returns to the
thrower’s hand.
d) It’s velocity when it returns to the
thrower’s hand.
e) It’s velocity & position at time t = 5 s.
Figure©Serways Physics 9th Ed. (Serway, Jewett)
a)
b)
c) t=4.08 s
d)
e)
2.7 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
This is a graph of x vs. t for an

object moving with constant
velocity. The velocity is the slope of
the x-t curve.
© Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.

On the left we have a graph of velocity vs. time for
an object with varying velocity; on the right we have
the resulting x vs. t curve. The instantaneous
velocity is tangent to the curve at each point.
The displacement, x, is
the area beneath the v vs.
t curve.
• Displacement, distance
• Average velocity, average speed, instantaneous
velocity, instantaneous speed
• Average acceleration, instantaneous acceleration
• Equations of kinematics
• Freely falling objects

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Chapter 3: Motion in One

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fulya Bağcı

3.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Translational Motion = Straight line motion.

Rotational Motion = Moving (rotating) in a circle.

Oscillations = Moving (vibrating)

• Describes motion while ignoring the agents

• Displacement is a vector (magnitude & direction).

Velocity includes directional information:

• It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t).

Note that the particle moves

(C) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 2.5 s.

• Velocity as a function of time

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Fulya Bağcı

In this case, position vs Velocity vs time Acceleration is

position vs time curve velocity vs time curve acceleration vs time curve

Problem: The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies in

Because the velocity of the particle is positive and the

constant positive velocity and zero acceleration

positive velocity and a positive acceleration

positive velocity but with a negative acceleration

©Serways Physics 9th Ed. (Serway, Jewett)

In the absence of air resistance, all objects dropped

Objects thrown upward or downward

At the Earth’s surface, the value of g

This is a graph of x vs. t for an

© Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.

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