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Unit III Part II

This document discusses various methods for dissipating the kinetic energy of water flowing over a spillway to prevent erosion of the downstream channel. It describes hydraulic jumps, which occur when fast-moving supercritical flow transforms into slower subcritical flow, dissipating energy. Stilling basins using sills and baffles are also discussed to induce a hydraulic jump. Finally, bucket energy dissipaters like roller and ski jump buckets, as well as plunge pools below waterfalls, are summarized as alternatives to dissipate excess energy where hydraulic jumps cannot form.

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ravindra kashimalla
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Unit III Part II

This document discusses various methods for dissipating the kinetic energy of water flowing over a spillway to prevent erosion of the downstream channel. It describes hydraulic jumps, which occur when fast-moving supercritical flow transforms into slower subcritical flow, dissipating energy. Stilling basins using sills and baffles are also discussed to induce a hydraulic jump. Finally, bucket energy dissipaters like roller and ski jump buckets, as well as plunge pools below waterfalls, are summarized as alternatives to dissipate excess energy where hydraulic jumps cannot form.

Uploaded by

ravindra kashimalla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTEN

T
• ENERGY DISSIPATION BELOW SPILLWAY
• HYDRAULIC JUMP
• STILLING BASINS
• BUCKET TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATION
• PLUNGE POOLS
ENERGY DISSIPATION
BELOW SPILLWAY
CHAPTER -1
ENERGY DISSIPATION BELOW
SPILLWAY
• Water flowing over a spillway acquires a lot of kinetic energy
because of the conversion of the potential energy into kinetic
energy.
• If the water flowing with such a velocity is discharged into kinetic
energy.
• If the water flowing with such a high velocity is discharged into
river it will
scour the river bed.
• If the scour is not properly controlled, it may extend
backward and may endanger the spillway and the dam.
• In order to protect the channel bed against scour, the kinetic
energy of the water should be dissipated before it is discharged
into the d/s channel.
• For the dissipation of the excessive kinetic energy of water, the
following two methods are commonly adopted.
1. By developing a hydraulic jump
2. By using different types of buckets
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
CHAPTER - 2
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
• Hydraulic jump is the sudden rise of water that takes
place when the flow changes from supercritical flow
state to the subcritical state.
• When a stream of water moving with a high velocity and
low depth strikes another stream of water moving with
low velocity and high depth, a sudden rise in the surface
of water place.
• This phenomenon is called hydraulic jump.
• This is generally accompanied by a large scale turbulence,
dissipating most of the kinetic energy of supercritical
flow.
• Such a phenomenon may occur in a canal below a
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
• It may be noted that the depth before the jump is always less than
the depth after the jump.
• The depth before the jump is always less than the depth after the
jump is called the initial depth(y1) and the depth after the jump is
called the sequent depth(y2) .
• In the specific energy diagram, the specific energy is minimum at
point C. this depth of water in the channel, corresponding to the
minimum specific energy ( at point C ) is known as critical depth.
HYDRAULIC
JUMP

Where yc = critical depth


q = discharge per unit width (meter cube/second) = Q/b
g = 9.81 meter/second square
• From the static energy curve, If y = yc …critical flow
If y1 < yc …supercritical flow If y2 > yc …subcritical flow
HYDRAULIC JUMP
FORMATION
• For hydraulic jump to be developed in a horizontal
rectangular channel , the following equation must be
classified.

• For a given discharge intensity over a spillway, the depth


y1 is equal to q/v1 and v1 is determined by the drop H1 as
HYDRAULIC JUMP
FORMATION
HYDRAULIC JUMP
FORMATION
JUMP HEIGHT CURVE(J.H.C.) JUMP WATER CURVE (J.W.C.)
• y’2 for different • The actual tail water
the tail water depth is found
discharges, depth (y’2)
by actual gauge discharge
observations and by hydraulic corresponding to any
computations. The post jump discharge intensity q will
depths(y2) for all those however depend on the
discharges , are also hydraulic condition of the
computed from equation. If a
graph is now plotted between river channel on the
q and y2 downstream side. The
, the curve(J.H.C.)
height curve is knownor yas2 values of y’2
jump
curve. corresponding to different
HYDRAULIC JUMP
FORMATION
RELATIVE POSITION OF J.H.C. AND
T.W.C.
SIMPLE HORIZONTAL
APRON
SLOPING APRON BELOW
THE BED
SLOPING APRON ABOVE THE
BED
SLOPING APRON COMBINED WITH
STILLING BASIN
SLOPING APRON PARTLY ABOVE AND
PARTLY BELOW THE RIVER BED
SLOPING APRON PARTLY
ABOVE AND PARTLY BELOW
THE GROUND LEVEL
STILLING
BASINS
CHAPTER - 3
STILLING
BASINS
• Stilling basins are external energy dissipators placed at
the outlet of a culvert, chute or rundown.
• These basins are characterized by some combination of
chute blocks, baffle blocks and sills designed to trigger a
hydraulic jump in combination with a required tail
water condition.
• With the required tail water, velocity leaving a properly
designed stilling basin is equal to the velocity in the
receiving channel.
• While various stilling basin designs ODOT practice is to
use the St. Anthony Falls (SAF) stilling basin, which can
operate over a range of approach flow Froude numbers
from 1.7 to 17
TYPES OF STILLING
BASINS
• [A] U.S.B.R. Stilling basin
1. Type – 1 Basin
2. Type – 2 Basin
3. Type – 3 Basin
• [B] Indian Standard Basin
1. Horizontal Apron Type -1
2. Horizontal Apron Type -2
3. Sloping Apron Type -3
4. Sloping Apron Type -4
U.S.B.R. STILLING
BASIN
U.S.S.R. TYPE -1 STILLING
BASIN
U.S.S.R. TYPE -2 STILLING
BASIN
U.S.S.R. TYPE -3 STILLING
BASIN
INDIAN STANDARD
STILLING BASIN
I.S. TYPE -1
BASIN
I.S. TYPE -2
BASIN
I.S. TYPE -3 AND TYPE -4
BASIN
BUCKET TYPE
ENERGY DISSIPATION
CHAPTER - 4
BUCKET TYPE ENERGY
DISSIPATION
BUCKET TYPE ENERGY
DISSIPATION
• Types of bucket type energy dissipation.
1. Solid roller bucket
2. slotted roller bucket
3. ski jump bucket
ROLLER
BUCKET
SOLID ROLLER BUCKET ENERGY
DISSIPATER
SLOTTED ROLLER
BUCKET
SKI-JUMP
BUCKET
SKI JUMP
BUCKET
PLUNGE
POOLS
CHAPTER - 5
PLUNGE
POOLS
• Plunge pool is an energy dissipater structure
constructed below water fall or rapids.
• In case of high supercritical flow, swirling of water or
formation of eddies takes place and it is not possible
to dissipate the energy by hydraulic jump type stilling
basin.
• In such cases energy can be dissipated the energy by
plunge pools.
PLUNGE
POOLS
• Plunge pool can develop as the result of :
-> scour from spillway and bridge abutments
-> jet issued from ski-jump bucket type energy dissipater
-> jet issued from gated spillway
• Plunge pool is constructed in high dam structure. It is not
feasible in case of low dam structure as it is
uneconomical.
• Plunge pool scour involves a significant risk with
trajectory of spillway may cause structural undermining
at the foot of a dam.
PLUNGE
POOLS
• The plunge pool scour depends upon the following factors
1. Jet velocity
2. Jet shape
3. Air content of the jet
4. Level of tail water
5. Velocity of upstream flow
6. Gradation of sediment
PLUNGE
POOLS
THANK YOU

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